7/25/2019 Ethical Implications of Behavior Modification: Historical and Cur

1/12

Zmn \sykmhahbckga Pnkhrj,

7332,:2

, ?;2-?:=

NZMCKGA CF\ACKGZCHD[ HO @NMG_CHP FHJCOCKGZCHD9 MC[ZHPCKGA

GDJ K^PPNDZ C[[^N[

I^ACGD

K

AN[ACN

^dcvnrscty ho ^astnr t hrjgdsthwd

G duf`nr

ho

shkcga ogkthrs grn khf`cdcdb th rgcsn

tmn

prhocan

ho ntmckga cssuns ohr `nmgvchr gdgaysts gdj `nmgvchr-fhjcockgtchd

prhonsschdgas, gs ohr gaa psykmhahbcsts . [hfn phpuagr

fcskhdknptchds

mgvn anj th

`nmgvchr fhjcockgtchd `ncdb snnd gs

khnrkcvn. Zmnsn fcskhdknptchds grn rn`uttnj , gdj tmn ntmckga

`gscs ho `nmgvchr fhjcockgtchd cd `nmgvchrga gdgayscs

cs

nxgfcdnj.

Zmn eny ongturns ho khdtnfphrgry `nmgvchrga gdgayscs gdj

`nmgvchr fhjcockgtchd grn tmn pu`ack spnkcockgtchd ho h`inktcvns

gdj fntmhjs, gdj tmn usn ho oudktchdga gdgayscs. Mhwnvnr,

kurrndt prh`anfs wctm oudktchdga gdgayscs fgy fgen tmn usn ho

mcbmnr hrjnr prcdkcpans sukm

gs

prhonsschdga khjns ho ntmcks

gpprhprcgtn. Ntmckga khdknrds rgcsnj `y

tmn

pgrtckuagr nxgfpans

ho

shkcga vgacjcty fngsurns gdj pgrndt trgcdcdb prhbrgfs grn

rnvcnwnj . Zmnsn nfpmgsczn tmn cfphrtgdkn ho puttcdb `nmgvchr

fhjcockgtchd cdth cts shkcga khdtnxt gdj tmus ndsurcdb tmgt tmn

vgauns

ho

tmn wcjnr khffudcty grn gkedhwanjbnj.

Gkkhrjcdb th tmn ''ohae psykmhahby ho Rnstnrd shkcntcns, cdjcvcjugas grn

bndnrgaay mnaj

th

`n rnsphdsc`an ohr

tmncr

hwd gktchds. Hkkgschdgaay,

mhwnvnr,

`nmgvchr

cs sgcj th `n

kgusnj `y

htmnr, nxtnrdga, ogkthrs, hr

rnsphdsc`cacty cs gttrc`utnj th htmnr cdjcvcjugas. Zmcs

cs

g fcxnj fhjna, gdj

ct khuaj `n sgcj th `n nctmnr pmcahshpmckgaay shpmcstckgtnj

hr

nvnd khdousnj.

Cs ct rngshdg`an th stgtn tmgt hdn bndnrga kagss ho kgusn (ohr nxgfpan, tmn

nxtnrdga ndvcrhdfndt) cs shfntcfns noonktcvn `ut htmnrwcsn dht8 Mcdnacdn

(7330) subbnsts tmgt tmcs tndjndky th vgry hur nxpagdgthry fhjna jnrcvns

orhf

hur

uscdb `cphagr kgusga tgae cd tmn nxpagdgtchd ho psykmhahbckga

pmndhfndg (gdj tmus fcfckecdb tmn shrt ho `cphagr nxpagdgtchd khffhd cd

fgdy htmnr grngs ho

jcskhursn

nvnd

tmhubm tmrnn ndtctcns, tmn

ndvcrhdfndt, tmn pnrshd, gdj mcs hr mnr `nmgvchr, grn cdvhavnj. Ct knrtgcday

snnfs th `n trun tmgt wn swctkm orhf tcfn th tcfn `ntwnnd spngecdb ho g

C gf cdjn`tnj th Phddy [wgcd gdj @rygd Phkmn ohr tmncr cdkcscvn khffndts

hd

gd

ngracnr vnrschd ho tmcs pgpnr. Pnprcdt rnqunsts fgy `n sndt th I K Ansacn, [kmhha ho

@nmgvchrga [kcndkn, ^dcvnrscty ho ^astnr gt Ihrjgdsthwd,

Kh

Gdtrcf, Dhrtmnrd Crnagdj @Z;2

Jg@, ^E. (Nfgca9 IK.AnsacnLuast.gk.ue)

7/25/2019 Ethical Implications of Behavior Modification: Historical and Cur

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? =

AN[ACN

hdn-wgy kgusga acde `ntwnnd tmn cdjcvcjuga gdj `nmgvchr

th

spngecdb ho g

hdn-wgy kgusga acde `ntwnnd tmn ndvcrhdfndt gdj `nmgvchr. Rnstnrd

trgjctchds, gdj tmn anbga systnfs tmgt rnoankt tmnf, jh dht bndnrgaay

jcstcdbucsm `ntwnnd kgusn gdj rnsphdsc`cacty, sh hdkn

gd

gbndky

cs

sgcj th

`n tmn kgusn ho gd nvndt, ct cs gash sgcj th `n rnsphdsc`an ohr tmgt nvndt.

Khdsnqundtay, wn swctkm `ntwnnd bndnrgaay mhajcdb

pnhpan cdkaujcdb

hursnavns-rnsphdsc`an ohr tmncr hwd gktchds th hkkgschdgaay gttrc`utcdb tmn

rnsphdsc`cacty

th

nxtnrdga ogkthrs, cdkaujcdb htmnr pnhpan.

Ct fgy `n tmgt tmcs systnfgtck gf`cbucty

cd

Rnstnrd pmcahshpmcns, gs th

wmnrn tmn rnsphdsc`cacty ohr gdy pgrtckuagr gktchd acns, fgens ct anss acenay

tmgt kacndts wcaa `agfn psykmhahbcsts wmnd tmny grn udmgppy wctm tmn

prhknss hr tmn hutkhfn ho trngtfndt tmny mgvn rnkncvnj. Rmntmnr hr dht ct

cs tmn kgsn tmgt kacndts tndjnj dht th `agfn psykmhahbcsts, khfpagcdts

gbgcdst psykmhahbcsts usnj th `n khfpgrgtcvnay rgrn cd @rctgcd gdj Crnagdj.

Mhwnvnr, tmn ornqundky ho khfpagcdts mgs `nbud th kmgdbn9 Acdjsgy (733>)

rnphrts g fgrenj cdkrngsn cd @rctgcd cd tmn agst onw yngrs gdj Ansacn (733?g)

ocdjs g scfcagr trndj, `gsnj hd g fukm sfgaanr phpuagtchd ho psykmhahbcsts

gdj kacndts, cd Crnagdj. Acdjsgy subbnsts tmgt kmgdbn cs hkkurrcdb `nkgusn

kacndts dhw gttgkm fhrn cfphrtgdkn th tmn shkcntga vgaun ho prhonsschdga

khfpntndkn gdj anss th tmgt ho khaanktcvn

rnsphdsc`cacty

gfhdb

prhonsschdgas. Zmgt cs, tmny wcaa `n fhrn acenay th qunstchd tmn prhonsschdga

khfpntndkn ho cdjcvcjuga psykmhahbcsts, gdj anss acenay th gssufn tmgt ''tmny

Utmn prhonsschdgasV edhw `nst. Khdsnqundtay, tmny grn dhw fhrn krctckga ho

tmn prhonsschdga `nmgvchr ho cdjcvcjugas prhvcjcdb snrvckns. Rmgtnvnr tmn

rngshd ohr tmn kmgdbn, tmcs cs gd gpprhprcgtn tcfn th rnvcnw shfn bndnrga

gdj spnkcock ntmckga cssuns orhf tmn stgdjphcdt ho `nmgvchrga gdgayscs gdj

`nmgvchr fhjcockgtchd.

@nbcddcdb wctm bndnrga cssuns, tmnrn grn shfn kurchus khdudjrufs, gt

angst orhf tmn pnrspnktcvn ho `nmgvchrga gdgayscs. Gs cdjckgtnj, tmn

khdvndtchdga vcnw cs tmgt cdjcvcjugas grn rnsphdsc`an ohr shfn, `ut dht gaa,

gktchds. Fy vcnw

cs

tmgt dh prhphdndt ho g skcndkn-`gsnj psykmhahby kgd

gkknpt tmcs `nkgusn ct cfpacns tmgt shfn gktchds grn kgusnj wmnrngs

htmnrs grn dht (`ut snn [tgjjhd, 733;, ohr g jcoonrndt cdtnrprntgtchd).

Mhwnvnr, co wn tgen rnsphdsc`an ohr th fngd fnjcgtnj `y, khbdctcvn

psykmhahbcsts whuaj

gssnrt

tmgt fgdy, pnrmgps gaa, gktchds grn tmn

rnsphdsc`cacty ho tmn cdjcvcjuga. Cdjnnj, hdn khuaj grbun tmgt ct

cs

tmcs jnvckn,

ho uscdb fnjcgtchd th rnnstg`acsm mhfhkndtrck vgauns gdj khdknpts, tmgt

rndjnrs khbdctcvcsf sh gppngacdb. @nmgvchr gdgaysts, cd khdtrgst, grn edhwd

th, cdjnnj tmny grn nxpnktnj th, rhudjay rninkt tmn dhtchd ho ahkgtcdb tmn

kgusn ho gdy mufgd gktchd

cd

tmn cdjcvcjuga.

Cd

[ecddnr's gdj htmnr `nmgvchr

gdgaysts' tnrfs, tmn cdjcvcjuga cs dht tmn kgusn ho `nmgvchr, `ut cs tmn ahkus

ho gktchd ho g agrbn duf`nr ho nxtnrdga ogkthrs.

Cd tmn vnrdgkuagr, gs wnaa gs cd fhrn ohrfga pmcahshpmckga gkkhudts, tmn

dhtchd ho rnsphdsc`cacty cs strhdbay acdenj th ntmckga khdknrds, gdj, pnrmgps

`nkgusn ho tmn gf`cbucty ho tmn khbdctcvcst phsctchd hd rnsphdsc`cacty, tmhsn

hutscjn psykmhahby mgvn tgend g khdscjnrg`an cdtnrnst cd tmn phsctchd ho

`nmgvchrcsts hr `nmgvchr gdgaysts. Zmn bndnrga `nmgvchr-gdgayscs vcnw

7/25/2019 Ethical Implications of Behavior Modification: Historical and Cur

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NZMCKGA CF\ACKGZCHD[ HO @NMG_CHP FHJCOCKGZCHD ?;3

rnfhvns tmn gf`cbucty

gdj

gjhpts

gd

gppgrndtay strgcbmtohrwgrj

jntnrfcdcst phsctchd. Zmcs phsctchd,

gs

[ecddnr (7327) khdtrhvnrscgaay phcdts

hut

rninkts trgjctchdga dhtchds ho mufgd ornnjhf ho tmn wcaa, hr ho gktchd.

Gaa

shrts ho khfpanxctcns grcsn, mhwnvnr, `nkgusn tmn dhtchd ho cdjcvcjuga

gbndky

cs

jnnpay nf`njjnj

cd

tmn agdbugbn wn usn th jnskrc`n hur hwd

`nmgvchr gdj tmgt ho htmnrs. [tgjjhd (733;) subbnsts tmgt [ecddnr's rgjckga

gttgke

hd

tmn dhtchd ho mufgd gbndky

cs

nxknsscvn ohr g duf`nr ho rngshds.

Gfhdbst tmnsn grn tmgt

cd

tmn ocrst pagkn wn grn dht ynt

cd

g phsctchd th

gkkhudt ohr gaa mufgd `nmgvchr, hr nvnd g scbdcockgdt orgktchd ho

ct cd

hur

jntnrfcdcstck orgfnwhre, gdj snkhdjay tmgt tmn onnacdb ho ornnjhf tmgt

pnhpan fgy mgvn hr gspcrn th cs ahbckgaay udrnagtnj th tmn cssun gs th

wmntmnr mufgd `nmgvchr

cs cd

prcdkcpan prnjcktg`an.

Fcskhdknptchds g`hut tmn Ntmckga Cfpackgtchds ho @nmgvchr Fhjcockgtchd

C wcaa rnturd th gd nxpackct khdscjnrgtchd ho tmn bndnrga stgdkn ho

`nmgvchrga gdgayscs

hd ntmckga cssuns, `ut ct smhuaj ocrst `n gkedhwanjbnj

tmgt g duf`nr ho ogkthrs mgvn anj th `nmgvchrga gdgayscs gdj `nmgvchr

fhjcockgtchd `ncdb snnd gs khnrkcvn hr fgdcpuagtcvn. Hdn ho tmnsn cs

[ecddnr's usn ho tmn agdbugbn ho khdtrha5 hd fgdy hkkgschds mn gssnrts

tmgt tmn bhga ho g skcndkn ho `nmgvchr

cs

tmn prnjcktchd gdj khdtrha ho mufgd

`nmgvchr. Jnspctn tmn ogkt tmgt mn khf`cdns mcs dhtchd ho khdtrha wctm

gd

nfpmgtck rninktchd ho mufgd guthdhfy, gdj tmgt

mn

gash prhvcjns andbtmy

jcskusschds ho tmnsn khfpanx cssuns (snn, ohr nxgfpan, [ecddnr, 732:), ct

mgs stcaa `nnd phssc`an th phrtrgy `nmgvchrga

gdgaS[c[

rgtmnr tmgd htmnr

gpprhgkmns th psykmhahby, gs cdvhavcdb tmcdbs `ncdb jhdn th tmn cdjcvcjuga,

rgtmnr tmgd `ncdb khdknrdnj wctm tmn cdtnrgktchd `ntwnnd cdjcvcjuga gdj

ndvcrhdfndt. Jcdsfhhr (7330) dhtns tmgt

cd

mcs usn ho agdbugbn [ecddnr

gawgys snnfs th gjhpt

gd

nxtrnfn phsctchd

cd

hrjnr

th

prhvhen mcs krctcks.

Mn mgs hotnd sukknnjnj

cd

jhcdb tmcs th tmn nxtndt tmgt mcs krctcks mgvn

tgend

up

nxtrnfn gdj udtndg`an phsctchds tmnfsnavns,

`ut

gs Jcdsfhhr

ourtmnr

dhtns, ct jhns dht

gppngr

uphd fgturn rnoanktchd tmgt tmhsn

cdtnfpnrgtn krctcks mgvn khfn th udjnrstgdj [ecddnr's gktuga phsctchd.

[ecddnr s

khdtnfphrgry, I.

P.

Egdthr, gawgys

tgens brngt pgcds

th

jcstcdbucsm mcs phsctchd, hr gt angst mcs usn ho agdbugbn, orhf [ecddnr's. Mn

wrctns, ohr nxgfpan, ho tmn futuga gdj khhrjcdgtn rnagtchdsmcp ho stcfuaus

gdj rnsphdsn, gdj mn jnskrc`ns mcs phsctchd gs cdtnr`nmgvchrga

hr

cdtnrgktchdcst (snn, ohr nxgfpan, Egdthr, 73;;). Zmnsn tnrfs grn usnj, C

`nacnvn, prcfgrcay th gvhcj tmn rnbuagr, `ut udogcr, krctckcsf tmgt [ecddnr's

whre rnkncvns ohr gppgrndtay prhfhtcdb tmn khdtrha ho mufgd `nmgvchr.

Gdhtmnr shurkn ho tmn vcnw tmgt gppackgtchds ho `nmgvchrga gdgayscs grn

cdmnrndtay khnrkcvn grcsns orhf tmn prnsufnj acde `ntwnnd `nmgvchrga

gdgayscs gdj [-P psykmhahby. Gatmhubm [ecddnr gdj htmnrs

cd

`nmgvchrga

gdgaS[cs

(ohr nxgfpan, Ansacn, 733?`) rninkt shfn ho tmn eny ongturns ho [-P

psykmhahby, sukm gs tmgt put ohrwgrj `y Muaa (73:;), `nmgvchrga gdgayscs

cs

dhdntmnanss ornqundtay jnskrc`nj gs [-P psykmhahby. Khdsnqundtay,

`nmgvchrga gdgayscs

cs

krctckcznj ohr prhphscdb fnkmgdcstck nxpagdgtchds tmgt

7/25/2019 Ethical Implications of Behavior Modification: Historical and Cur

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?:

AN[ACN

grn snnd th `n cdgjnqugtn gdj jnfngdcdb. Zmn grbufndt ruds rhubmay

tmus9 (7) @nmgvchr fhjcockgtchd cs `gsnj hd `nmgvchrga gdgayscs5 (0)

`nmgvchrga gdgayscs cs g spnkcns ho [-P psykmhahby,

;)

[-P psykmhahby

kagcfs tmgt gaa mufgd gktchds grn kgusnj `y hvnrt hr khvnrt cffnjcgtnay

prnknjcdb stcfuac5 gdj :) tmcs nackctgtchd fhjna ho kgusgtchd cfpacns tmgt gaa

`nmgvchr cs ohrknj hut, hr khnrknj orhf cdjcvcjugas, pgrtckuagray

cd

`nmgvchr

fhjcockgtchd skmnfns wmnrn tmn khdtcdbndkcns ho rncdohrknfndt grn fgjn

nxpackct. @nmgvchr gdgaysts whuaj tgen cssun wctm snvnrga stnps cd tmcs

fujjanj grbufndt gdj oagtay rninkt [tnp 09 @nmgvchr gdgayscs cs dht g typn

hr [-P psykmhahby, `nkgusn (snn [tnp ;) ct jhns dht usn g fnkmgdcstck

fhjna wmnrn ngkm rnsphdsn cs kgusnj `y gd cffnjcgtnay prnknjcdb

stcfuaus.

Pgtmnr, ct

stgtns

tmgt

g

rnsphdsn hkkurs `nkgusn ho

tmn

cdjcvcjuga's prnvchus `nmgvchr gdj cts khdsnqundkns

cd

tmcs gdj scfcagr

sctugtchds. Dhdntmnanss, tmn prnsufnj acde `ntwnnd `nmgvchrga gdgayscs

gdj [-P psykmhahby khdtrc`utns th tmn fcsrnprnsndtgtchd ho `nmgvchrga

gdgayscs gs khnrkcvn.

G tmcrj khdtrc`utchd th tmn vcnw tmgt `nmgvchrga gdgayscs cs khnrkcvn

khfns orhf fnjcg fcsrnprnsndtgtchds. Gatmhubm tmnrn grn g sfgaa duf`nr

ho jhkufndtnj kgsns (wctm fnjcg rnphrts fhstay

cd

tmn 73? yngrs tmn duf`nr ho rnonrndkns mgj ogaand

th

7: wctm hday tmrnn snrchus fcsrnprnsndtgtchds. Kgrny nt

ga.

khdkaujn tmgt

gatmhubm tmn phrtrgyga ho `nmgvchr fhjcockgtchd

cd

hur survny wgs bndnrgaay

phsctcvn, dnbgtcvn fnjcg prnsndtgtchds ho `nmgvchr fhjcockgtchd khdtcdun th

mgudt cts prhonsschdga cfgbn. Zmnrn cs g scfcagr pgttnrd

cd

tmn gkgjnfck

actnrgturn, wmnrn `nmgvchrga gdgayscs cs ornqundtay phrtrgynj gs mgvcdb

khnrkcvn thtgactgrcgd tndjndkcns. Zhjj gdj Fhrrcs (7330) dhtn tmgt tmnsn

fcsrnprnsndtgtchds khfn orhf tmn phactckga anot (ohr nxgfpan, Anwhdtcd,

Phsn, & Egfcd, 73=:) gs wnaa gs tmn rcbmt (Rcaacgfs, 73=

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NZMCKGA CF\ACKGZCHD[ HO @NMG_CHP FHJCOCKGZCHD

?:7

stujy wmnrn

gaa

pgrtckcpgdts wgtkmnj tmn sgfn vcjnh fgtnrcga ho g tngkmnr

uscdb rncdohrknfndt tnkmdcquns wctm kmcajrnd. Co tmn vcjnh fgtnrcga wgs

ag`nanj

gs

mufgdcstck njukgtchd

ct

wgs rgtnj fhrn ogvhrg`ay gdj

gs

fhrn

acenay th prhfhtn gkgjnfck angrdcdb gdj nfhtchdga brhwtm, tmgd co

ct

wgs

ag`nanj

gs

`nmgvchr fhjcockgtchd (Rhhaohae, Rhhaohae,

&

Rcashd, 7322). G

scfcagr pmndhfndhd cs nvcjndt cd tmn rnsuats ho g survny wmnrn snvnrga

stujndt brhups wnrn gsenj wmntmnr `nmgvchr fhjcockgtchd smhuaj `n usnj

wctm vgrchus tgrbnt brhups (@hcvcd, [nwnaa, [khtt, 73=?). Zmn gttctujns

nxprnssnj jnpndjnj

hd

wmntmnr tmn tgrbnt brhup wgs hdn stcbfgtcznj `y

tmn brhup orhf wmckm tmn stujndts wnrn jrgwd.

Zh suffgrczn, vgrchus ahdb-stgdjcdb ogkthrs khf`cdn th fgen ct

acenay

tmgt `nmgvchr fhjcockgtchd

wcaa `n

cdgkkurgtnay pnrkncvnj

gs

khnrkcvn. Mhwnvnr, tmcs pnrknptchd snnfs th `n anssndcdb, gdj tmcs trndj

fgy `n khdtcdunj `y nxnrkcsns sukm gs tmn prnsndt hdn orhf wctmcd

`nmgvchrga gdgayscs wmckm snne th nxpackctay cjndtcoy gdj khffndt uphd

fcskhdknptchds, gdj ct fgy `n gpprhprcgtn ohr `nmgvchr gdgaysts th tgen

ourtmnr stnps

cd

htmnr fnjcg th khrrnkt tmnsn nrrhrs. C wcaa dhw `rcnoay

rnvcnw tmn ntmckga ohudjgtchds

ho `nmgvchr

fhjcockgtchd

orhf

tmn

pnrspnktcvn ho `nmgvchrga gdgayscs ctsnao, gdj C wcaa bh hd th khdscjnr

shfn khdtnfphrgry cssuns.

Zmn Ntmcks ho @nmgvchrga Gdgayscs gdj @nmgvchr Fhjcockgtchd

Ct

cs

dht usuga ohr psykmhahbcsts th bcvn prhfcdndkn th ntmckga cssuns,

gdj [ecddnr

cs

dh nxknptchd. Mhwnvnr, cd wrctcdb g`hut tmn gppackgtchd ho

`nmgvchrga gdgayscs

th

scbdcockgdt cssuns cd mufgd `nmgvchr, [ecddnr (73>;,

7327, gdj nasnwmnrn) strnssns tmrnn cssuns wmckm mgvn bndnrga ntmckga

cfpackgtchds9 tmn usn

ho

phsctcvn rncdohrknfndt, tmn fcdcfczgtchd

ho

pudcsmfndt khdtcdbndkcns, gdj tmn spnkcockgtchd ho h`inktcvns. Zmn ocrst twh

ho tmnsn tgend thbntmnr prhjukn g phacky ho gkkndtugtcdb tmn phsctcvn, ho

ohkuscdb

hd

tmn rncdohrknfndt ho jnscrg`an `nmgvchr, rgtmnr tmgd

hd

tmn

nacfcdgtchd

ho

udjnscrg`an

`nmgvchr.

Cd

tmn

`rhgjnr

spmnrn, tmn

rnkhffndjgtchd ho phsctcvn rncdohrknfndt wctm fcdcfczgtchd ho pudcsmfndt

cs

gd

noonktcvn pu`ack rnagtchds strgtnby wmckm khudtnrs tmn dnbgtcvn fnjcg

cfgbn jcskussnj g`hvn.

Ct

cs dht, mhwnvnr,

gd

ntmckgaay dnutrga gpprhgkm.

Pgtmnr, ct cdvhavns g snt ho iujbfndts tmgt mgvn ntmckga khfphdndts. Zmnsn

grn ocrstay tmn vcnw tmgt, htmnr tmcdbs `ncdb nquga, phsctcvn rncdohrknfndt

khdtcdbndkcns grn prnonrg`an th tmhsn tmgt cdvhavn gvnrscvn nvndts,

cd

tmgt

tmny grn fhrgaay fhrn gkknptg`an. [nkhdjay, tmnrn cs tmn vcnw tmgt

prgbfgtckgaay phsctcvn rncdohrknfndt khdtcdbndkcns grn prnonrg`an `nkgusn

tmny jh dht bndnrgtn udjnscrg`an scjn-noonkts (sukm gs

ongr

nskgpn, gdj

gvhcjgdkn). Zmcrjay, tmnrn

cs

tmn iujbfndt, `gsnj acen tmn snkhdj hdn

hd

rnsngrkm ocdjcdbs, tmgt phsctcvn rncdohrknfndt khdtcdbndkcns grn gt angst gs

noonktcvn gs tmhsn cdvhavcdb gvnrscvn nvndts. Mhwnvnr, gs

wn

smgaa snn agtnr,

tmcs ocdga iujbfndt

cs

dht tmn cdnvctg`an khdkauschd ho

gd

gdgayscs ho tmn

`nmgvchrga gdgayscs actnrgturn.

[ecddnr s tmcrj prnknpt,

tmn

cfphrtgdkn ho

tmn

spnkcockgtchd ho

7/25/2019 Ethical Implications of Behavior Modification: Historical and Cur

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?:

AN[ACN

h`inktcvns, mgs prhvnj tmn angst khdtrhvnrscga gdj pnrmgps tmn fhst

cfphrtgdt

cd

nstg`acsmcdb `nmgvchr fhjcockgtchd gs g fgihr strgtnby ohr

psykmhahbckga gdj `nmgvchrga kmgdbn. Zmcs prnknpt gash mgs ntmckga

cfpackgtchds. Fgecdb tmn spnkcockgtchd ho h`inktcvns g mcbm prchrcty mnaps

rn`ut tmn kagcf tmgt `nmgvchr fhjcockgtchd cs fgdcpuagtcvn. Zmgt cs, cd

`nmgvchrga gdgayscs hr `nmgvchr fhjcockgtchd ct

cs

stgdjgrj prhknjurn ohr tmn

kacndt gdj tmn psykmhahbcst hr htmnr prhonsschdga th gbrnn tmn h`inktcvns gdj

fntmhjs ho trngtfndt prchr th tmn stgrt ho tmgt trngtfndt. Khdsnqundtay, gdj

cd khdtrgst wctm shfn psykmhgdgaytck trgjctchds, tmn kacndt ho g `nmgvchrga

prhbrgf cs gwgrn ho gdj

cd

gbrnnfndt wctm, tmn eny nanfndts ho trngtfndt

tmrhubmhut tmn prhknss.

Ourtmnr ntmckga cfpackgtchds ho tmn `nmgvchr-gdgayscs gpprhgkm nfnrbn

co

wn

khdscjnr g rnkndt gdj usnoua suffgry `y g `nmgvchr gdgayst wmckm

gjjrnssns

gaa

tmn phcdts hrcbcdgaay fgjn `y [ecddnr. Hwnds (733>) stgtns

tmgt tmn bndnrga strgtnby wmnd g kacndt gdj tmnrgpcst khfn thbntmnr th

rnshavn g `nmgvchrga prh`anf smhuaj `n gs ohaahws9 G oudktchdga gdgayscs ho

tmn kacndt's prh`anf smhuaj angj th smgrnj jnkcschds hd h`inktcvns gdj

fntmhjs ho trngtfndt, `ut tmgt gaa tmn trngtfndts snanktnj smhuaj cdvhavn

phsctcvn rncdohrknfndt. Zmn gjjctchdga nxpackct ongturn mnrn cs tmn rnonrndkn

th oudktchdga gdgayscs, wmckm mgs `nkhfn g vnry cfphrtgdt pgrt ho tmn

khdtnfphrgry `nmgvchr gdgayscs strgtnby. Oudktchdga gdgayscs mgs `nkhfn

cfphrtgdt `nkgusn gdhtmnr ongturn ho tmn [ecddnrcgd cdmnrctgdkn cs g

khffctfndt th tmn usn ho noonktcvn khdtcdbndkcns, hr tmn vcnw tmgt co g

khdtcdbndky mgs phwnroua noonkts hd `nmgvchr ct smhuaj `n rnbgrjnj gs

cfphrtgdt (snn [cjfgd, 73?

7/25/2019 Ethical Implications of Behavior Modification: Historical and Cur

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NZMCKGA CF\ACKGZCHD[ HO @NMG_CHP FHJCOCKGZCHD ?:;

grn gttnfptcdb th shavn g khffhd prh`anf gdj `htm mgvn kangray jnocdnj

grngs ho nxpnrtcsn. Zmn prhonsschdga mgs tmn tnkmdckga nxpnrtcsn, edhwcdb

mhw acenay ct cs tmgt knrtgcd hptchds grn ongsc`an5 tmn pnrshd wctm tmn prh`anf

mgs pnrshdga nxpnrtcsn, edhwcdb fhrn g`hut tmncr hwd acon tmgd gdyhdn nasn

gdj wmckm ho tmn gvgcag`an hptchds grn prnonrg`an th htmnrs. p. 7:). Bcvnd

tmn phwnr jcoonrndtcga `ntwnnd prhonsschdgas gdj kacndts, g truay nquga

pgrtdnrsmcp cs g rgtmnr udacenay skndgrch, gdj g brngt jnga fhrn shkcga

phwnr rnsts wctm nvnd tmn `nst-cdtndtchdnj prhonsschdga tmgd wctm tmn kacndt.

Khdsnqundtay tmn prhonsschdga smhuaj ndbgbn cd vgrchus

rhutcdn

prhknjurns th ndsurn tmgt trngtfndt jnkcschds grn fgjn hd tmn nquga `gscs

wmckm Hwnds rnkhffndjs. Zmnsn prhknjurns smhuaj, wmnrn phssc`an,

cdvhavn smgrcdb cdohrfgtchd wctm khaangbuns g`hut tmn jnkcschds fgjn gdj

tmn `gscs ohr tmnf.

Rmntmnr hr

dht ct cs phssc`an th cdvhavn khaangbuns

jcrnktay, tmn cdohrfgtchd smhuaj `n fgjn pu`ack cd tmn ohrf ho g khdtrgkt

`ntwnnd tmn prhonsschdga gdj tmn kacndt wmckm stgtns tmn fntmhjs gdj

h`inktcvns, gdj tmn rngshds ohr tmnsn kmhckns.

Ant us dhw nxgfcdn tmn vcnw, smgrnj `y [ecddnr gdj Hwnds, tmgt

pudcsmfndt smhuaj dht `n usnj, gdj tmus phsctcvn rncdohrknfndt smhuaj `n

usnj fhrn

hr anss nxkauscvnay. Cd bndnrga, sctugtchds cdvhavcdb gvnrscvn

nvndts snt up g vgrcnty ho khdtcdbndkcns tmgt kgd prhjukn udwgdtnj gdj

shfntcfns udnxpnktnj hutkhfns. G pudctcvn rnbcfn

cd skmhha, ohr nxgfpan,

fgy prhjukn khfpacgdt,

hr

gt angst jhkcan, `nmgvchr jurcdb kagss, gt tmn

phssc`an khsts ho ornqundt skmhha rnousga, pgrndt jcssgtcsogktchd, gdj

stujndts wmh jh dht wcsm th khdtcdun cd njukgtchd gdj wmh mgvn dnbgtcvn

gttctujns th skmhha wmnd tmny tmnfsnavns `nkhfn pgrndts. Dhdntmnanss, g

oudktchdga gdgayscs fgy rnvnga mhw wn kgd cdoaundkn tmn `nmgvchr tmgt cs ho

kndtrga khdknrd, gdj ct fgy subbnst cdtnrvndtchds tmgt jh cdvhavn gvnrscvn

nvndts. Ohr nxgfpan, jcoockuat cssuns hotnd grcsn cd tmn trngtfndt ho snao

cdiurchus `nmgvchr, wmckm kgd prhvn cdsndsctcvn th tmn cdtrhjuktchd ho phsctcvn

rncdohrknfndt

khdtcdbndkcns jnscbdnj

th

cdkrngsn

tmn

ornqundky

ho

gatnrdgtcvn `nmgvchr.

Co,

cd sukm g kgsn, oudktchdga gdgayscs mgs subbnstnj

tmgt g pudcsmfndt khdtcdbndky fcbmt prhvn noonktcvn, cts usn smhuaj surnay

`n khdscjnrnj (snn Phacjnr, Kuffcdbs & _gd Mhutnd 7337, ohr gd

nxgfpan ho tmcs).

Zh suffgrczn tmn ohrnbhcdb jcskusschd, `nmgvchr gdgaysts khdkur wctm

htmnrs, cdkaujcdb fgdy fhrga pmcahshpmnrs, cd rnkhffndjcdb tmgt phsctcvn

rncdohrknfndt `n prnonrrnj th

pudcsmfndt

khdtcdbndkcns. Ourtmnr, tmny

rnkhffndj tmgt tmn h`inktcvns ho gdy cdtnrvndtchd cd g kacndt's acon th kmgdbn

tmncr `nmgvchr smhuaj `n fgjn nxpackct, tmny smhuaj `n `gsnj hd g ouaa

khdscjnrgtchd ho

tmn

fntmhjs ho cdtnrvndtchd

gdj tmncr

phssc`an

khdsnqundkns, gdj tmn rnsuats ho tmgt khdscjnrgtchd smhuaj `n gvgcag`an th

tmn kacndt. Mhwnvnr, `nmgvchr gdgaysts jh dht mhaj tmn vcnw tmgt pudcsmfndt

(hr htmnr prhknjurns cdvhavcdb gvnrscvn nvndts) grn g wgys wrhdb. Pgtmnr

tmny `nacnvn tmgt tmnsn prhknjurns grn fhst hotnd wrhdb `nkgusn tmncr

hvnrgaa noonkt wcaa `n th rnjukn tmn qugacty ho acon ohr tmn kacndt (hr, fhrn

`rhgjay, ohr gaa

tmhsn

cdoaundknj `y tmn trngtfndt prhbrgf). Zmn `nst

jnkcschds g`hut trngtfndt hr cdtnrvndtchd wcaa `n `gsnj hd kgsn-spnkcock

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oudktchdga gdgayscs. @htm tmn bndnrga prcdkcpans ho `nmgvchr gdj fukm

prhonsschdga nxpnrcndkn cdjckgtn tmgt tmnrn wcaa `n dh khfpantnay bndnrga

ruans g`hut wmgt cs `nst ohr tmn kacndt.

G ourtmnr qunstchd tmgt grcsns gt tmcs phcdt

cs

wmntmnr tmnrn smhuaj `n

gdy mcbmnr hrjnr prcdKcpans tmgt fcbmt hvnrruan tmn rnsuats ho tmn kgsn

spnkcock oudktchdga gdgayscs. Zmcs cs g fgttnr ho kurrndt khdknrd

cd

fgdy

pu`ack snrvckns

cd

tmn ^[G wmckm grn rnqucrnj th hpnrgtn udjnr tmn angst

rnstrcktcvn gatnrdgtcvn (APG) prcdkcpan. Zmgt

cs

tmnrn cs g anbga rnqucrnfndt

tmgt cd knrtgcd kgsns, ohr nxgfpan tmhsn cdvhavcdb cdjcvcjugas wctm angrdcdb

jcsg`cactcns, tmn trngtfndt snanktnj smhuaj dht `n udjuay rnstrcktcvn. Gs

Ihmdsthd gdj [mnrfgd (733;) dhtn, gatmhubm tmcs prgktckn gppngrs th `n g

stnp thwgrjs prhtnktcdb tmn cdjcvcjuga gbgcdst uddnknssgry cdorcdbnfndt ho

mufgd rcbmts `y tmn stgtn, tmnrn grn prh`anfs wctm jnocdctchd ho rnstrcktcvn,

gdj cfpanfndtgtchd ho tmcs prcdkcpan

cd

ocxnj hr ohrfuagck wgys khdoackts wctm

tmn ntmckga stgdjgrjs jnrcvnj orhf `nmgvchrga gdgayscs. Zypckgaay, tmn APG

prcdkcpan cs tgend th supphrt tmn usn ho g mcnrgrkmy ho trngtfndt fntmhjs

wmnrn gt angst shfn ho tmn anss rnstrcktcvn fntmhjs grn usnj `nohrn g

prhknjurn khdscjnrnj snvnrnay rnstrcktcvn cs usnj. Zmn fgcd cssun cjndtcocnj

`y hmdsthd

gdj

[mnrfgd cs tmn sgfn hdn tmgt grcsns orhf

hur

khdscjnrgtchd ho oudktchdga gdgayscs mnrn9 Zmnrn cs dh mcnrgrkmy ho fntmhjs

tmgt wcaa gppay th gaa cdjcvcjugas. Pgtmnr, g khdscjnrgtchd ho tmn cdjcvcjuga

kgsn (tmgt

cs

g oudktchdga gdgayscs)

cs

rnqucrnj, gdj tmcs

fgyhr

fgy dht

prhjukn rnsuats tmgt grn khdscstndt wctm tmn usn ho g ocxnj mcnrgrkmy ho

fntmhjs. Co cdkhrrnkt fntmhjs, gs jnocdnj y g oudktchdga gdgayscs, grn

usnj tcfn wcaa `n ahst

cd

wmckm, gs Ihmdsthd gdj [mnrfgd phcdt hut, tmn

kacndt wcaa khdtcdun th suoonr tmn rnstrcktchds cfphsnj `y tmn `nmgvchrga

prh`anf (ohr nxgfpan, snao-cdiurchus `nmgvchr). Zmn ahbck ho tmcs grbufndt cs

tmgt ct fgy `n ntmckga th cfpanfndt g tnkmdcqun jnnfnj th `n fhrn

rnstrcktcvn, hr cdvhavn fhrn gvnrscvn ongturns, rgtmnr tmgd wgstcdb tcfn hd

cdnoonktcvn fntmhjs.

Ct khuaj `n h`inktnj th tmn grbufndt jnvnahpnj mnrn tmgt ct gfhudts,

cd

tmn ndj, th g kagcf tmgt tmn `nmgvchr gdgaysts edhw `nst, gdj tmgt

trngtfndt jnkcschds ohr tmncr kacndts smhuaj dht `n cfphsnj `y gdhtmnr

gutmhrcty. Knrtgcday, gs cdjckgtnj ngracnr, fntmhjs ho oudktchdga gdgayscs,

wmckm grn kndtrga th tmn grbufndt, grn anss tmgd pnronkt. Zmnrnohrn ct fgy

`n

rngshdg`an

ohr tmn

wcjnr

khffudcty

th cfphsn rnstrgcdts

hd

`nmgvchrga gdgayscs gdj `nmgvchr fhjcockgtchd, nspnkcgaay wmnd, gs

Ihmdsthd gdj [mnrfgd ourtmnr phcdt hut, trngtfndt jnkcschds grn hotnd

fgjn `y pgrgprhonsschdgas, hr nvnd dhdprhonsschdgas. Mhwnvnr, gs

oudktchdga gdgayscs jnvnahps wn smhuaj gpprgcsn tmn wcjnr khffudcty ho

cts cdkrngscdb noonktcvndnss gs tmn `gscs ohr cdtnrvndtchd gdj trngtfndt.

Cdjnnj, ct whuaj `n g vgaug`an nxnrkcsn cd ctsnao th `rcdb tmn cjngs ho

oudktchdga gdgayscs th tmgt wcjnr gujcndkn.

Htmnr

mcbmnr hrjnr prcdkcpans tmgt fcbmt

hvnrrcjn tmn rnsuats ho

oudktchdga gdgayscs grn

nf`njjnj

cd ntmckga khjns ohr prhonsschdga

psykmhahbcsts (ohr nxgfpan, Gfnrckgd \sykmhahbckga Gsshkcgtchd, 7330).

[ukm khjns grn

cd

prcdkcpan su`inkt th tmn sgfn gdgayscs gs tmgt gppacnj

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NZMCKGA CF\ACKGZCHD[ HO @NMG_CHP FHJCOCKGZCHD ?:>

mnrn th tmn APG prcdkcpan. Zmny jnrcvn orhf tmn gvnrgbn vcnws ho g wcjnr

khffudcty,

cd

tmcs kgsn hdn ho prgktckcdb psykmhahbcsts, gdj spnkcock

ntmckga prcdkcpans fgy dht

`n

supphrtnj

`y

oudktchdga gdgayscs. Zmny grn

snts ho mcbmnr hrjnr prcdkcpans, gdj gbgcd ct khuaj `n sgcj tmgt udtca

`nm vchr d ayscs kmcnvns g mcbmnr st dj rj

ho

khfpntndkn

cd

oudktchdga gdgayscs ct cs wcsn th hpnrgtn strcktay wctmcd g prhonsschdga khjn

ho ntmcks. Hdkn ct `nkhfns kangr tmgt g pgrtckuagr khjn khdoackts wctm tmn

rnbuagray h`tgcdnj rnsuats ho oudktchdga gdgayscs cd knrtgcd kgsns, ct

smhuaj `n phssc`an ohr tmn prhonsschd th fhjcoy tmn khrrnsphdjcdb

gspnkts ho tmn khjn. Myphtmntckgaay, ct fcbmt

`n

nstg`acsmnj tmgt tmnrn cs g

typn ho gbhrgpmh`cg wmnrn oudktchdga gdgayscs rnbuagray cdjckgtns tmgt

sukknssoua cdtnrvndtchd cdvhavns fgecdb tmn kacndt's mhfn ndvcrhdfndt

anss gttrgktcvn (gdj tmus fgecdb tmn hutscjn whraj fhrn gttrgktcvn), `ut

kurrndt ntmckga khjns grn acenay th prhskrc`n sukm cdtnrvndtchd. Zmcs

prhknss ho gkkrucdb nvcjndkn gdj tmnd rnagtcdb ct th tmn nxcstcdb khjn

gfhudts th tmn nfpcrckga gssnssfndt ho mcbmnr hrjnr prcdkcpans.

Gppackgtchds

th

Khdtnfphrgry Cssuns

Zmn agttnr pgrt ho tmcs jcskusschd `rcdbs

us

kahsn th twh cssuns wmckm

mgvn `nkhfn fhrn cfphrtgdt cd tmn agst twh jnkgjns ho prgktckn cd

`nmgvchr fhjcockgtchd, gdj wmckm ngkm mgvn ntmckga cfpackgtchds tmgt grn

whrtm nxpahrcdb. Zmnsn grn shkcga vgacjcty gdj pgrndt trgcdcdb.

Rhao (732=) jnocdnj shkcga vgacjcty ho `nmgvchrga gdgayscs gs gssnsscdb

pu`ack hpcdchd

hd

tmn shkcga scbdcockgdkn ho cts bhgas, tmn gpprhprcgtndnss ho

cts prhknjurns gdj tmn cfphrtgdkn ho cts noonkts. [cdkn tmnd, shkcga vgacjcty

gssnssfndts mgvn `nnd cdkaujnj cd grhudj hdn-ocotm ho tmn rnphrts

pu`acsmnj

cd

twh ho tmn fgcd ihurdgas (Enddnjy, 7330). ^sn ho shkcga vgacjcty

tnkmdcquns rgcsns g vgrcnty ho ntmckga cssuns wmckm fust `n `gagdknj

cd

tmn

ocdga jnscbd ho prhbrgfs. Ohr nxgfpan, tmnsn tnkmdcquns rnbuagray smhw

tmgt tmn usn ho pmysckga pudcsmfndt cs fgrenjay anss gkknptg`an th tmn

bndnrga pu`ack tmgd htmnr phssc`an gvnrscvn cdtnrvndtchds (snn ohr nxgfpan,

@agfpcnj Egmgd, 7330).

Rn

mgvn snnd tmgt g bndnrga `gd hd knrtgcd

prhknjurns fgy

`n cd khdoackt wctm tmn rnsuats ho oudktchdga gdgayscs, `ut hd

`gagdkn, shkcga vgacjcty nxnrkcsns mnap th ndsurn tmgt `nmgvchr gdgaysts

`nmgvn cd g fhrn ntmckga ogsmchd. Zmgt cs shkcga vgacjcty cs ndmgdknj co

pgrtckcpgdts htmnr tmgd kacndts gdj tmn wcjnr khffudcty grn ouaay cdohrfnj

g`hut tmn kmhckn ho fntmhjs gdj bhgas ho g prhbrgf, grn g`an th jn`gtn

tmnsn wctm tmn jnscbdnrs ho tmn prhbrgf, gdj tmus `n gktcvnay cdvhavnj

cd

tmn jnscbd. Zmcs cdvhavnfndt

cs

kangray khdscstndt wctm tmn bndnrga h`inktcvn

stgtnj ngracnr ho fgecdb pu`ack tmn gcfs gdj h`inktcvns ho gdy prhbrgf, gdj

fgy cdjnnj bh ourtmnr `y cdvhavcdb g wcjnr rgdbn ho pnhpan

cd

snanktcdb

tmhsn gcfs gdj h`inktcvns.

\grndt trgcdcdb, gdj cdvhavnfndt ho pgrndts, htmnr kgrnrs, gdj ogfcay

fnf`nrs cd tmn cfpanfndtgtchd ho `nmgvchr-fhjcockgtchd prhbrgfs,

scfcagray kgrrcns phssc`an ntmckga khsts gdj `ndnocts. Zmn phssc`an khsts grn

snrchus `nkgusn tmnrn grn rnga rcses tmgt tmn prhknjurns wcaa dht `n

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cfpanfndtnj prhpnray `y dhdprhonsschdgas. Zmcs khuaj `n g vnry snrchus

fgttnr cd

tmn

pgrtckuagr kgsn gdj tmn prhonsschdga wctm

hvnrgaa

rnsphdsc`cacty khuaj

`n

sgcj th mgvn `nmgvnj udntmckgaay

cd

dht fhdcthrcdb

suoockcndtay tmn cfpanfndtgtchd ho tmn prhbrgf `y tmn pgrndts hr htmnr

dhdprhonsschdgas. Ourtmnrfhrn, tmnrn fgy `n wcjnr khst cd tmn pnrknptchd

`y tmn khffudcty tmgt cfpanfndtgtchd wgs anot th dhdprhonsschdgas gdj

tmgt tmn wmhan skmnfn wgs g ogcaurn. Mhwnvnr, tmnrn grn gash su`stgdtcga

phtndtcga ntmckga `ndnocts gs wnaa. \rhonsschdgas

cd

tmn pu`ack snrvckns edhw

tmgt tmny wcaa gawgys hpnrgtn cd gd ndvcrhdfndt wmnrn rnshurkns grn

snvnrnay acfctnj, gdj tmny wcaa knrtgcday dht `n g`an th jnacvnr jcrnktay gaa tmn

snrvckns tmgt mgvn `nnd rnqunstnj. Khdsnqundtay, pgrndt trgcdcdb wmckm cs

khfpntndtay jnacvnrnj, gdj cd prhbrgfs wmckm grn gjnqugtnay fhdcthrnj,

fgy `n

gd

nxknaandt usn ho tmncr tcfn

cd

prhvcjcdb snrvckns ohr tmn brngtnst

duf`nr ho pnhpan. Zmn prhvcschd ho snrvckns th tmn brngtnst duf`nr ho

pnhpan cs gdhtmnr ntmckga vgaun wmckm whuaj `n ndjhrsnj `y `nmgvchr

gdgaysts gs wnaa gs `y psykmhahbcsts cd bndnrga. Gjjctchdgaay, sukm

prhbrgfs ndsurn tmgt tmn h`inktcvns gdj vgauns nf`hjcnj cd tmn prhbrgfs

grn smgrnj wctm tmn pgrndts.

Zmn ntmckga cssuns rgcsnj `y shkcga vgacjcty fngsurns gdj pgrndt

trgcdcdb prhbrgfs grn dht nssndtcgaay jcoonrndt orhf tmhsn jcskussnj ngracnr,

`ut tmny jh prhvcjn spnkcock nxgfpans ho gd cfphrtgdt trndj. Zmcs trndj cs

thwgrjs puttcdb `nmgvchrga gdgayscs gdj `nmgvchr fhjcockgtchd cdth g

`rhgjnr shkcga khdtnxt snn @nrdstncd, 73=0, ohr g usnoua fhjna ho tmcs).

Orhf gd ntmckga phcdt ho vcnw tmn shkcga khdtnxt

cs

gawgys krukcga, gdj tmhsn

hkkgschds wmnrn ct

cs

khdspckuhus fgen ct ngscnr th cjndtcoy ntmckga cssuns

tmgt grn gawgys prnsndt. Zmgt cs nvnd cd tmn trgjctchdga dgrrhway jnocdnj

kgsn, wmnrn g `nmgvchr-fhjcockgtchd prhonsschdga cs whrecdb jcrnktay wctm

hdn kacndt, wmgt cs jhdn fust

`n

fgjn gvgcag`an

th

gdj iustcocnj

th

tmn

wcjnr khffudcty.

[uffgry gdj Khdkauschds

Gatmhubm gaa prhvcschd ho psykmhahbckga snrvckns rgcsns ntmckga cssuns,

rnbgrjanss ho cts tmnhrntckga udjnrpcddcdbs, `nmgvchr fhjcockgtchd mgs

gawgys rnkncvnj khdscjnrg`an skrutcdy. Zmgt skrutcdy mgs hotnd `nnd

khfpackgtnj `y tmn nxcstndkn ho g dnbgtcvn cfgbn ho `nmgvchr fhjcockgtchd,

`gsnj hd g duf`nr ho phpuagr, gdj ahdb-mnaj, fcskhdknptchds. Zmnsn

cdkaujn tmn vcnw tmgt `nmgvchr fhjcocnrs snne th cfphsn khdtrha hvnr mufgd

`nmgvchr, tmgt `nmgvchrga gdgayscs

cs g typn ho fnkmgdcstck [-P psykmhahby,

gdj tmgt gvnrscvn gdj pudctcvn fntmhjs grn rhutcdnay pgrt ho `nmgvchr

fhjcockgtchd.

Gaa

tmnsn fcskhdknptchds smhuaj

`n

khrrnktnj gs g prnacfcdgry

th khdscjnrcdb tmn gktuga ntmckga `gscs ho `nmgvchr fhjcockgtchd.

Zmrhubmhut tmn jnvnahpfndt ho `nmgvchr fhjcockgtchd, tmn spnkcockgtchd

ho h`inktcvns mgs `nnd g eny ongturn, gdj tmcs prhknjurn prhvcjns g

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