ethics part two - steward observatory webgbesla/astr_520_files/lecture28... ·...

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Professional Ethics part two Research Misconduct (Co) Authorship Grant Management Conflicts of Interest *with lots of help from Paul Kalas and Michael Meyer

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Professional  Ethics  part  two  

Research  Misconduct  (Co-­‐)  Authorship  

Grant  Management  Conflicts  of  Interest  

 

*with  lots  of  help  from  Paul  Kalas  and  Michael  Meyer  

What  does  “professional  ethics”mean?  

•  APS  task  force  on  ethics    (Kate  Kirby  &  Frances  A.  Houle,  2004):  

– Truthful,  careful  handling  and  reporTng  of  data  – Responsible,  respecUul  interacTons  with  colleagues  and  subordinates  

– Adherence  to  publicaTon  guidelines,  including  proper  recogniTon  of  research  contribuTons  

Ethical  Misconduct  (Ethics  in  Engineering  PracTce  and  Research  by  Caroline  Whitbeck)  

•  1998:    Victor  Ninov  claimed  the  discovery  of  two  new  elements  (“super-­‐heavy”  element  called  118  and  decay  product  116)  

•  Ninov’s  colleagues  and  coauthors  le^  it  to  him  alone  to  deal  with  the  raw  data  –  only  he  knew  how  to  run  the  computer  programs  that  analyzed  the  data  

•  Other  invesTgators  were  not  able  to  replicate  the  experimental  results  

•  Officials  at  Lawrence  Berkeley  NaTonal  Lab  invesTgated  in  2002  

•  Computer  log  file  found  with  evidence  that  data  had  been  cut  and  pasted  and  numeric  values  were  changed  

•  Ninov  was  fired,  coauthors  reprimanded  and  news  release  made  to  withdraw  the  discovery  

The  Influence  of  ExpectaTons  

On  Being  a  ScienTst:      Responsible  Conduct  in  Research    2000,  The  NaTonal  Academy  of  Sciences  

APS  task  force  on  ethics:  origin  of  research  misconduct?  

“By  far  the  highest  response  rate  and  the  most  extensive  and  hearUelt  answers  ..  came  from  the  junior  members  of  APS”  EXCERPT  QUOTES:    •  The  only  real  answers  to  the  ethics  problem  is  for  tenure  review  

boards  to  stop  rewarding  the  Science/Nature  culture  above  all  else  

•  Out  scienTfic  community  promotes  the  search  of  the  surface  and  superficiality  [to  the]  detriment  of  content  and  deepness  

•  Many  breaches  of  ethics  arise  from  the  pressure  to  publish  …    •  The  researcher  ..  will  be  judged  [by]  the  number  of  arTcles  ..  

appearing  on  the  CV.  He  or  she  will  not  be  judged  [by]  the  work  spent  on  each  paper,  how  many  backup  checks  were  performed  to  confirm  the  results  and  so  on.    …  for  many  people  it  is  more  important  to  publish  spectacular  results  than  to  publish  true  results  

ResponsibiliTes  as  a  Co-­‐author  

•  Research  Misconduct  (APS  Task  Force  on  Ethics)  :    –   must  every  coauthor  in  an  interdisciplinary  collaboraTon  understand  and  vouch  for  every  detail  of  the  paper?  

– Are  all  coauthors  responsible  when  one  of  them  has  violated  professional  ethics  in  the  published  work?  If  so,  how  can  they  be  held  accountable?  

 

ResponsibiliTes  as  a  Co-­‐author  •  Nature  2007:    Who  is  accountable?      "I  have  ensured  that  every  author  in  my  research  group  has  seen  and  approved  this  manuscript.  The  data  that  are  presented  in  the  figures  and  tables  were  reviewed  in  raw  form,  the  analysis  and  staTsTcs  applied  are  appropriate  and  the  figures  are  accurate  representaTons  of  the  data.  Any  manipulaTons  of  images  conform  to  Nature's  guidelines.  All  journal  policies  on  materials  and  data  sharing,  ethical  treatment  of  research  subjects,  conflicts  of  interest,  biosecurity  etc.  have  been  adhered  to.  I  have  confidence  that  all  of  the  conclusions  presented  are  based  on  accurate  extrapolaTons  from  the  data  collected  for  this  study  and  that  my  colleagues  listed  as  co-­‐authors  have  contributed  and  deserve  the  designaTon  'author'.”    •  If  the  damage  to  reputaTons  were  more  widespread  in  the  event  of  

fraud,  researchers  would  be  even  more  fasTdious  about  the  data  emanaTng  from  their  labs.  

 

(Co-­‐)Authorship  

Authorship  establishes  one’s  record  of  scienTfic  progress  and  claim  to  originality.  

•  How  does  one  decide  who  will  be  an  author?  •  How  does  one  decide  the  order  of  authors?  (protocols?)  

Authorship  Diplomacy    (Credit)    Anderson  +2011  

1)  Omission  of  authors    (denying  credit)  2)  Undeserved  Credit        -­‐  surprise  authorship    (think  proposals…)    -­‐  gi-  authorship        -­‐  honorary  authorship:  to  get  tenure,  “name  a  

senior  department  member  as  a  co-­‐author”    -­‐  legi1mizing  authorship  

3)  APS  Task  Force-­‐-­‐>  Funding:    should  the  person  who  secures  the  funding  automaTcally  be  listed  as  a  coauthor?      

Authorship  Order  Anderson+2011  

“Authorship  sits  at  the  intersecTon  between  collecTve  effort  and  personal  ambiTon”  

•  Last  posiTon:    signify  seniority  ?  Or  minimal  contribuTon?  

•  AlphabeTcal  (e.g.  SDSS)?  Rotate  the  order?  •  First  /  Second  author  as  more  important?  

Soln’s  :    CollaboraTon  Name  +  alphabeTcal  

On  Being  a  ScienTst:      Responsible  Conduct  in  Research    2000,  The  NaTonal  Academy  of  Sciences  

Hewish,  Bell  et  al.  1968    

InteresTng  Series  about  Jocelyn  Bell  Burnell  and  the  discovery  of  pulsars:    hxps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tGi-­‐GmSsFOA  

Soln’s    Authorship  Index:  

   Hunt  1991  Maximum  score  is  100    Minimum  score  to  be  a    co-­‐author  is  25  

Soln’s:  Authorship  Policies  in  CollaboraTons  

SMASH  in  pracTce  

TiNy  Titans  

On  Being  a  ScienTst:      Responsible  Conduct  in  Research    2000,  The  NaTonal  Academy  of  Sciences  

Case  Study:      Publishing  data  from  a  collaboraTon  

You  are  part  of  a  collaboraTon  that  proposes  to  obtain  a  parTcular  HST  data  set.  A  publicaTon  plan  is  developed  and  submixed  as  part  of  the  proposal.  The  data  are  taken  and  have  gone  public  in  the  archive.  You  decide  to  publish  the  data  (or  a  subset  of  the  data)  yourself  without  your  co-­‐Is  as  coauthors.    Are  you  violaTng  professional  ethics?    What  are  your  responsibiliTes  as  a  co-­‐I?    When  does  your  obligaTon  to  a  publicaTon  plan  (or  as  a  co-­‐I)  end?  What  are  possible  consequences  of  your  decision?    

Courtesy  Michael  Meyer,  ETH