ethnocentrism, stereotype and acculturation

Hangzhou, January 2011Prof. Dr. Hora Tjitra & Liu Jun, Zhejiang University

Ethnocentrism & Enculturation Culture and Psychology Matsumoto, D. & Juang, L. (2007).

Culture and Psychology (4th Ed.). Wadsworth.

An Introduc+on to Ethnocentrism and Accultura+on

Ethnocentrism: Definition and Development

2



EthnocentrismThe tendency to view the world through one’s own cultural filters.

2



Ethnocentrism

A normal consequence of socializa+on and encultura+on.

The tendency to view the world through one’s own cultural filters.

2



Ethnocentrism


As we become enculturated, we learn how to act, how to perceive and interpret how other people act.


2



Ethnocentrism



By the +me we are adults, we hardly notice the culture filters in our mind.


2



Ethnocentrism



By the +me we are adults, we hardly notice the culture filters in our mind.

However, it’s possible that we are aware of this ethnocentrism: develop flexible ethnocentrism.


2


3

14 years in Germany

7 years in China

Born and grew up in Indonesia

Prof. Dr. Hora Tjitra - Cross-cultural and Business Psychology

Dipl.-Psych., Technical University of BraunschweigOrganizational Psychology and Human Resource Management

Dr. Phil., University of RegensburgIntercultural Psychology and Strategic Management

Executive Education, INSEADHR Management in Asia


Contents

Slide 2-‐5 Ethnocentrism: defini=on, development, and psychological factors

Slide 6-‐7 Stereotypes: defini=on, types, and psychological development

Slide 8-‐10 Prejudice and discrimina=on: defini=on, origins, and going beyond

Slide 11 Review: ethnocentrism, stereotypes and prejudice

Slide 12-‐13 Encultura=on, socializa=on and socializa=on agents

Slide 14 Paren=ng styles

Slide 15 Peer influence on socializa=on

Slide 16 Educa=on and encultura=on: math achievement

4


Psychological Factors in Ethnocentrism

5



Emotions

5



Emotions Values

5



Self

Emotions Values

5



Self

Emotions Values

Maintenance and Development

of Ethnocentrism

5


Stereotypes: Definition and Types

6



Stereotypes

Generalized images that we have about groups of people, par=cularly about their underlying psychological characteris=cs or personality traits.

6



Stereotypes


Nega=vePosi=ve

6



Stereotypes


Nega=ve

Completely False

Posi=ve

Generally True

6



Stereotypes


Nega=ve

Completely False

Heterostereotypes

Posi=ve

Generally True

Autostereotypes

6


Psychological Development of Stereotypes

7



Selective Attention

Appraisal

Concept formation and categorization

Attribution

Emotion

Memory

7



Keep Categories about the World

Selective Attention

Appraisal


Attribution

Emotion

Memory

7




Confirm the Stereotypes

Selective Attention

Appraisal


Attribution

Emotion

Memory

7




Confirm the Stereotypes

Reinforce Our Self-concept

Selective Attention

Appraisal


Attribution

Emotion

Memory

7


Prejudice and Discrimination

8



PrejudiceThe tendency to prejudge others on the basis of their group membership, solely in termsof their stereotype.

8




Cogni+ve (thinking)Component

Affec+ve (feeling)

Component

8




Cogni+ve (thinking)Component

Affec+ve (feeling)

Component

Discrimination Unfair treatment of others based on their group membership.

8


Origins of and Factors Contributing to Prejudice

9



Responsible Factors:Intergroup Power Conflicts, Sociobiology, Socialcultural

History, Personality, and others

9





through

9





through

Attached Factors:Race, Ethnicity, or Social Class

9





through


to to

9





through


to

Prejudice Discrimination

to

9


Going beyond Prejudice and Discrimination

10


Going beyond Prejudice and DiscriminationPrejudice and D

iscrimination

10



iscrimination

Recognize the existence of Stereotypes

10



iscrimination


Recognize their inherent limitations

10



iscrimination



Recognize individual differences

10



iscrimination



Recognize individual differences

Learn to control emotions

10


Review: Ethnocentrism, Stereotypes and Prejudice

11



Ethnocentrism

The tendency to view the world

through one’s own cultural filters.

11



Ethnocentrism



Stereotypes

Generalized imagesthat we have about groups of people on their underlying

psychological characteris+cs

or personality traits)

11



Ethnocentrism



PrejudiceStereotypes

The tendency to prejudge others onthe basis of their

group membership,solely in terms

of their stereotype.

Generalized imagesthat we have about groups of people on their underlying

psychological characteris+cs

or personality traits)

11


Enculturation and Socialization

12



SocializationThe process by which we learn and internalize the rules and patterns of behavior that are affected by culture.

12



Enculturation


The process by which youngsters learn and adopt the ways and manners of their culture.

12



Enculturation



Process and Mechanism

12



Enculturation




Products

12



Enculturation




Products

Socialization (and encultura=on) agents: the people, ins=tu=ons, and organiza=ons

that exist to help ensure that socializa=on (or encultura=on) occurs.

12


Socialization (and Enculturation) Agents

13



Parenting• Goals and Beliefs of Parents• Paren+ng Styles• Paren+ng Behaviors and Strategies

13




Siblings

13




Siblings Extended Families

13





Peers

13





Peers Day Care

13





Peers Day Care

Religion Institutions

13





Peers Day Care

Religion Institutions

Educational System

13


Parenting Styles

AuthoritativeSensi+ve to the child’s maturity and are firm, fair, and reasonable. Expressa high degree of warmth and affec+on to them.

Uninvolved Do not seem

commiNed to care giving, beyond the

Minimum effort required to meet the physical wants of their child.

Authoritarian Expect unques+oned obedience and view the child as needing to be controlled. Be low on warmth and responsive-‐ness toward the children.

Permissive Warm and nurturing to

their children; allow themto regulate their own lives and provide few

firm guidelines.

ParentingStyles

Guide & Control Indulgent

Warm

Cool14


Levels of Peer Influence on Socialization

15



Postfigurative cultures

Cultural change is slow, Socializa+on occurs primarily by elders

transferring know-ledge to their children.Elders hold the know-‐ledge necessary for

becoming a successful and competent adult.

15



Cofigurative Cultures

Cultural change occurs more rapidly, adults con+nue to socialize

their children, but peers play a greater role

in socializing each other. Young people may have to turn to one another foradvice and informa+on.





15







Prefigurative Cultures

Culture is changing sorapidly that young

people may be the ones to teach adults. The knowledge that adults

hold may not be sufficient for the next genera+on.





15







Prefigurative Cultures

Culture is changing sorapidly that young

people may be the ones to teach adults. The knowledge that adults

hold may not be sufficient for the next genera+on.





Low High

15


Education and Enculturation: Math Achievement

Cross National Differences in Math Achievement

16


Education and Enculturation: Math Achievement

Cross National Differences in Math Achievement

• Language

• School Systems

• Parental and Family Values

• Attitudes and Appraisals of Students

• Teaching Styles and Teacher–Student Relationships

16

Thank You

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