Europe After WWIEurope After WWI

Preview and ProcessingPreview and Processing

1.1. What do you call this type of painting?What do you call this type of painting?

2.2. What do you see in the painting?What do you see in the painting?

3.3. Why do you think this type of art Why do you think this type of art developed after WWI?developed after WWI?

4.4. Do you like the painting? Why or why Do you like the painting? Why or why not?not?

5.5. What conclusions can you draw about What conclusions can you draw about the 1920’s based on the painting?the 1920’s based on the painting?

The Persistence of Memory, 1931

New Democracies unstableNew Democracies unstable No experienceNo experience Too many political partiesToo many political parties

Coalition gov’t = no leadershipCoalition gov’t = no leadership

German RepublicGerman Republic Weimar RepublicWeimar Republic

Losing sideLosing side InflationInflation

Dawes PlanDawes Plan Charles Dawes:Charles Dawes: loan from US to stabilize economyloan from US to stabilize economy 1929 things look good1929 things look good

TreatiesTreaties Kellogg-Briand peace pactKellogg-Briand peace pact

Society ChangedSociety Changed TechnologyTechnology

Cars, air travel Cars, air travel (Charles Lindbergh (Charles Lindbergh 1927), radio (KDKA 1927), radio (KDKA Pittsburgh)Pittsburgh)

ScienceScience Albert Einstein: theory Albert Einstein: theory

of relativity (E=mc2)of relativity (E=mc2) Explain speed of Explain speed of

light (constant) n light (constant) n relation to the relation to the speed of Earthspeed of Earth

Splitting an atomSplitting an atom

Making the Connection

What futuristic concept is theoretically possible via the theory of relativity?

IdeasIdeas Children w/ ind. SpiritChildren w/ ind. Spirit Women got the right to vote wh/ = new Women got the right to vote wh/ = new

careerscareers Margaret Sanger: birth controlMargaret Sanger: birth control

Art and LiteratureArt and Literature Surrealist: unconscious mindSurrealist: unconscious mind

Salvador DaliSalvador Dali T.S. Eliot & James JoyceT.S. Eliot & James Joyce

Harlem RenaissanceHarlem Renaissance JazzJazz Langston Hughes, Claude McKayLangston Hughes, Claude McKay

Movies: HollywoodMovies: Hollywood Isolationism: avoid political contact w/ Isolationism: avoid political contact w/

otherother

The Great DepressionThe Great Depression 10-24-1929 = Black Thursday10-24-1929 = Black Thursday

MarkersMarkers

Decline in the Decline in the standard of livingstandard of living

Weaknesses in Weaknesses in economyeconomy

1.1. Overproduction & Overproduction & under under consumptionconsumption 60%; 2,000 yr.60%; 2,000 yr. Stores cut Stores cut

orders, orders, factories cut factories cut production production workers laid offworkers laid off

2.2. FarmersFarmers New scientific New scientific

methods=better methods=better crops wh/ = crops wh/ = more food more food (grain)(grain)

Loans for new Loans for new machinerymachinery

Competition Competition from abroadfrom abroad

Surplus wh/ = Surplus wh/ = decrease in decrease in pricesprices

Farmers couldn’t Farmers couldn’t pay loans wh/ = pay loans wh/ = bank closingsbank closings

3.3. Stock SpeculationStock Speculation Depending on Depending on

stock market to stock market to always do wellalways do well

Did not heed Did not heed warning signswarning signs

4.4. Worldwide Worldwide EffectEffect

Weakened new Weakened new democraciesdemocracies

unemploymentunemployment

Making the ConnectionMaking the Connection

1.1. How can an economic crisis weaken How can an economic crisis weaken newly formed democracies?newly formed democracies?

2.2. In an economic crisis, what do In an economic crisis, what do people want in a leader?people want in a leader?

The United StatesThe United States Franklin Delano Franklin Delano

Roosevelt (FDR) Roosevelt (FDR) 1932-19451932-1945 Wealthy NY Wealthy NY

familyfamily Polio wh/ = Polio wh/ =

paralyzedparalyzed Walk w/ use Walk w/ use

of bracesof braces

New DealNew Deal Public works projectsPublic works projects

Social Security ActSocial Security Act WelfareWelfare Nat’l debt (took the US off the gold Nat’l debt (took the US off the gold

standardstandard Repealed the 18Repealed the 18thth Amendment w/ the 21 Amendment w/ the 21thth

AmendmentAmendment Banks now insured by fed gov’t & stock Banks now insured by fed gov’t & stock

market regulatedmarket regulated Fireside chatsFireside chats Only president elected to 4 consecutive Only president elected to 4 consecutive

terms in office wh/ = 22 Amendment after his terms in office wh/ = 22 Amendment after his death (limits a president to 2 consecutive death (limits a president to 2 consecutive terms in office)terms in office)

New Gov’t DevelopNew Gov’t Develop Fascism (fasces)Fascism (fasces)

Emphasized Emphasized autocrat & autocrat & nationalist politicsnationalist politics No clear theory No clear theory

or programor program Benito Benito

Mussolini: ItalyMussolini: Italy Uniforms, salutes, Uniforms, salutes,

war cries, mass war cries, mass ralliesrallies

Ea. Class w/ place Ea. Class w/ place and functionand function

Benito Mussolini (Italy)Benito Mussolini (Italy) Newspaper editorNewspaper editor Blackshirts: get rid of Blackshirts: get rid of

opponentsopponents 10-24-1922: King Victor 10-24-1922: King Victor

Emmanuel II Emmanuel II Prime MinisterPrime Minister

Emergency powersEmergency powers Total loyalty to st. Total loyalty to st.

(totalitarian)(totalitarian) CensorshipCensorship IL DuceIL Duce He made the trains run on He made the trains run on

time.time. ““Mussolini is always right”Mussolini is always right”

Making the ConnectionMaking the Connection

Based on this Based on this photograph, what photograph, what conclusion can you conclusion can you draw about draw about Mussolini and Mussolini and Hitler?Hitler?

Adolf Hitler (GER)Adolf Hitler (GER) Picture of MussoliniPicture of Mussolini Born in Austria Born in Austria

18891889 Dropped out of HS Dropped out of HS

& went to Vienna to & went to Vienna to study art.study art.

Lg. Jewish pop in Lg. Jewish pop in ViennaVienna

Rejected by Vienna Rejected by Vienna Academy of Fine Academy of Fine ArtsArts Bummed around Bummed around

city for few yrs.city for few yrs.

Fought WWI earned 2 iron Fought WWI earned 2 iron crossescrosses

After WWI moved to Munich & After WWI moved to Munich & joined National Socialist German joined National Socialist German Workers Party (NAZI)Workers Party (NAZI)SwastikaSwastikaStorm Trooper/ Brown ShirtsStorm Trooper/ Brown ShirtsFuhrerFuhrer

Making the ConnectionMaking the Connection What was the original What was the original

meaning of the swastika?meaning of the swastika? The word "swastika" The word "swastika"

comes from the Sanskrit comes from the Sanskrit svastikasvastika - "su" meaning - "su" meaning "good," "asti" meaning "to "good," "asti" meaning "to be," and "ka" as a suffix. be," and "ka" as a suffix.

The swastika was used by The swastika was used by many cultures throughout many cultures throughout the past 3,000 years to the past 3,000 years to represent life, sun, power, represent life, sun, power, strength, and good luck.strength, and good luck.

Germans used this Germans used this because it had a direct because it had a direct connection to the Aryansconnection to the Aryans

1923 attempted coup1923 attempted coup Sentenced to 5 yrs Sentenced to 5 yrs

in prison of wh/ he in prison of wh/ he served 9 mosserved 9 mos

Mein Kampf:Mein Kampf: inferior races inferior races should be should be destroyeddestroyed

Germans = Germans = master racemaster race

The Jewish The Jewish QuestionQuestion

LebensraumLebensraum

Hitler ignored Hitler ignored until 1930’suntil 1930’s1-30-1933 1-30-1933 Hitler = Hitler = chancellorchancellor

Joseph Joseph Goebbels: Goebbels: Minister of Minister of PropagandaPropaganda

Reichstag fireReichstag fireEnabling ActEnabling Act

Totalitarian State: Totalitarian State: SS (protection SS (protection squad)squad)

Economic controlEconomic control Nat’l labor Nat’l labor

FrontFront Building Building

highways & highways & weaponsweapons1932 6 mil – 1932 6 mil – 1936 1.5 mil1936 1.5 mil

Cultural controlCultural control Ministry of Culture: music, Ministry of Culture: music,

painting, press, broadcasting, painting, press, broadcasting, literature, drama, filmliterature, drama, film

Men = militaryMen = military Women=motherhoodWomen=motherhood Hitler youth=futureHitler youth=future

Making the ConnectionMaking the Connection1.1. Why were the Hitler Why were the Hitler

Youth an important part Youth an important part of Hitler’s plan to of Hitler’s plan to achieve a master race?achieve a master race?

2.2. Why are the young / Why are the young / school aged children school aged children always an important always an important factor in radical factor in radical governments?governments?

3.3. Can you name other Can you name other radical gov’ts that have radical gov’ts that have began their movements began their movements with the young?with the young?

Persecution of JewsPersecution of Jews 1% total pop1% total pop Nuremberg LawsNuremberg Laws

Anti-SemitismAnti-SemitismNo public office, citizenshipNo public office, citizenshipCould not: fly GER flag, write, Could not: fly GER flag, write, publish, act, teach, work in publish, act, teach, work in hospitals or banks, sell bookshospitals or banks, sell books

Required to wear Star of DavidRequired to wear Star of David

KristallnachtKristallnacht11-7-1938: Jewish 17 yr. old boy 11-7-1938: Jewish 17 yr. old boy killed a member of the GER killed a member of the GER embassy in Parisembassy in Paris

November 9-10, 1938 November 9-10, 1938 “spontaneous” violence against “spontaneous” violence against JewsJews

15hrs: 7,500 shops & businesses 15hrs: 7,500 shops & businesses and 275 synagogues burned, and 275 synagogues burned, damaged and destroyeddamaged and destroyed

Final Solution to Jewish Question: Final Solution to Jewish Question: Concentration campsConcentration camps

Hirohito Hirohito (Japan)(Japan) Territorial Territorial

integrityintegrity Militarist Militarist

“cult of the “cult of the emperor”emperor”

League of NationsLeague of Nations GB & FR: appeasement v. Collective GB & FR: appeasement v. Collective

SecuritySecurity Japan invades Manchuria “puppet Japan invades Manchuria “puppet

gov’t”gov’t” Chiang Kai-shekChiang Kai-shek Mao Tse-tungMao Tse-tung

EthiopiaEthiopia 1890’s1890’s Ind. NationInd. Nation Oct. 1935Oct. 1935 Haile Selassie: “It is us today. It will be you Haile Selassie: “It is us today. It will be you

tomorrow.”tomorrow.”

Making the Connection Part IMaking the Connection Part I1.1. What do you What do you

think Haile think Haile Selassie meant Selassie meant when he said in when he said in his 1936 his 1936 address to the address to the LON:LON:

“ “It is us today.It is us today.

It will be you It will be you tomorrow.”tomorrow.”

Making the Connection P2

2. What conclusions can you draw by comparing the two photographs?

3. Why did Italy want Ethiopia?

4. What was being tested?

Hitler Violates the Treaty of Hitler Violates the Treaty of Versailles (TOV)Versailles (TOV)

Rhineland: March 7, 1936Rhineland: March 7, 1936 Rome-Berlin Axis: Oct. 1936Rome-Berlin Axis: Oct. 1936 Rome-Berlin-Japan: Nov. 1936Rome-Berlin-Japan: Nov. 1936