CONTINENT OF EUROPE

A continent is defined as the earth's main continuous expansion on land. A continent is a huge mass of land primarily defined in terms of convention. There are currently seven continents in the world out of which Europe is the second smallest continent.

Europe is a continent of nations, that is rich in cultures, varieties of languages and geographical features.

Talaan ng Nilalaman

I. Tourist Attractions

II. Trivia

III. Mga Kilalang Tao

Part I.

Tourist Attactions

Famous Places of Tourist Attraction in Europe.

From the Lush green scenery of Scotland to the majestic and mysterious canals in Venice, one can find a variety of places to visit In Europe. Visiting Europe would really test your choices. With so many places queued in the list, it's really hard to witness some and skip others for the next time.

Your visit to Europe would be incomplete if you don't get a chance to go to Eiffel Tower. To view one of the tallest structures in the world is just like a dream comes true. The entire view of Paris from the top is a must see if you ever get a chance to visit Europe.

Venice is known as one of the magical cities in the world. Ancient architecture, mysterious passageways and canals that are what define Venus. No matter where you go, you will find tranquility, history and romance in Venice.

If you visited Europe and didn't go to Rome, then you have missed out so much. Rome is known as one of the oldest civilization on earth. Rich in history, architecture and cuisines, this place is an ultimate package for everyone.

Important Landmarks in Europe

A landmark is symbol containing different meanings. It might represent an idea, a culture or a belief. Europe is rich in landmarks that make it the prime destination for the tourists. From gigantic steel structures to the majestic beauty of nature, you are going to find everything depending on the type of experience you want to have there in Europe. All these landmarks are terrific and attract large number visitors every year.

Eiffel tower, in Paris, is widely recognized throughout the world. The mammoth steel structure is a source of fascination for everyone that pays Europe a visit. The entire view of the city observed from the top of Eiffel Tower is spectacular! So, hello tourists, you owe a visit to Eiffel tower!

The Roman Coliseum is one of the oldest known monuments on the planet earth. This enormous structure used to be a theater that could accommodate more than 50,000 people. Despite its ancient and unrepaired structure, it still successfully manages to draw a large number of people from all around the world.

Istanbul has emerged as a top-notch tourist spot over the years and continues to attract flocks of tourists. Istanbul in Turkey is a vibrant blend of various cultures. Greek, Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman culture extends throughout the city.

Other famous places of visitors choice include Tower Bridge, Edinburgh Castle, Buckingham Palace, Big Ben and Cathedral Notre-Dame among many others.

Canals of Venice, Veneto, Italy

Venice contains over 150 canals, spanned by over 400 bridges. The largest canal in the city, the Grand Canal ("Canalasso"), is approximately 2 miles (3 km) long and wends its way in a giant "S" curve through the city from the train station to the Piazzo San Marco and the stunning church of Santa

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Maria de Salute, at which point it is over 350 feet wide. More than 170 buildings line the Canalasso.

Three bridges span the Grand Canal -- the Ponte dei Scalzi, the Ponte d'Accademia, and the famous covered Ponte Rialto, which teems with shops and retailed stalls. A fourth bridge near the train station that connects Venice to the mainland is currently under construction

It's one of the most magical place on earth. Sitting in the Adriatic Sea like a vision (especially if one first approaches it from the mainland by boat), the city is an emblematic symbol of art, culture, and evokes the power of imagination. It simply seems to float over the sea by nature.

Of course, the city wasn't built by magic. Venice is a testament to the ingenuity of the human spirit and invention. Stone buildings of great beauty sit on the water; boats of varying sizes traverse the canals the way cars, trucks, and busses crowd the streets of more conventional cities; crowds throng the bridges and narrow pedestrian streets.

Eiffel Tower ,Paris, Ile De France, France

The Eiffel Tower in Paris, France, was constructed by Alexander-Gustave Eiffel in commemoration of the French Revolution, and completed in 1889 at a cost of $1.5 million dollars. The design beat out 700 others who were competing for the opportunity, and the structure was completed in just 21 months. At 986 feet, it was the tallest building in the known world after being unveiled at the Paris World's Fair. This open-latticed, brown wrought iron structure has since become one of the world's major tourist attractions, even though dozens of buildings have now surpassed it in height.

Originally viewed as unattractive, the tower's first year of tourist sales for its "new-fangled" elevator rides brought in almost enough revenue to pay the building cost. (It is estimated that total visitors since opening numbers around 200 million.) In 1909, the Eiffel Tower's was slated to be torn down, but because its radio antennae were considered essential, it was given a reprieve. At that time, the antenna was used for telegraphy, but today several

antennae atop the tower are in use for French television stations.

Acropolis of Athens ,Athens, Attica, Greece

Greece is the home to a number of acropolises or 'high cities', yet no visit to Greece would be complete without taking in the ancient splendor of the Acropolis of Athens. The Acropolis was first settled around 600 BCE and was inhabited continuously for centuries afterward. It is still the 'must see' attraction for all of Greece.

The Acropolis is accessible only from the west as it is bordered by cliff faces in the other three directions. Visitors can either walk or arrange transport by lift to arrive at the Propylaea. The Propylaea, built between 437 and 432 BCE, is the monumental gateway to the Acropolis. The building consists of a main structure flanked by two wings. Inside the buildings, Doric and Ionic columns divided the spaces. Lavishly painted walls or panels in the north building gave the entire structure its name.

The three main temples on the Acropolis are all built upon the ruins of previous temples all dedicated to the city's patron goddess Athena. This is

reflected by inscriptions found in pottery, vases and statuary from the archaic period that show the early period of the cult.

The Temple of Athena Nike, constructed in approximately 420 BCE, is built in the Ionic style. Inside, the temple features an open air or amphiprostyle with a row of four columns placed in front of each wall. Three walls feature a different frieze of battle scenes while the east wall depicts a conference of the gods.

The Erechtheion, constructed around the same time as the Temple of Athena Nike, is dedicated to the two main gods of Attica: Athena and Poseidon-Erechtheus. Divided into two main parts, the porch of Caryatids is featured on the south with a propylon to the north and a prostasis on the east. The frieze relief on the outside of the building (the wide central section part of the entablature depicts the birth of Erechtheus, better known as Poseidon.

The most famous building at the Acropolis is the Parthenon. The building itself is designed in the Doric order and constructed almost entirely from Pentelic marble. The building was completed in 438 BCE and the religious decoration was finished in 432 BCE. Like the other temples in the Acropolis, the Parthenon is dedicated to Athena Parthenos.

The Parthenon suffered severe damage during the 1600s when an explosion occurred inside the temple. Until that time, the Parthenon had withstood time in good condition. In the 19th century, it's devastation was complete when Lord Elgin, the English ambassador to Constantinople, stole most of the remaining friezes and other decorations. These items remain on display at the British Museum in England.

Tower of London

Now home to the British Crown Jewels, the Tower of London served as a prison from 1100 to the mid twentieth century. The castle was founded in the winter of 1066 as part of the Norman Conquest of England and served as a royal residence before it became a prison. The Tower of London is reputedly the most haunted building in England. There have been tales of ghosts, including that of Anne Boleyn, inhabiting the tower.

Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, known as the Tower of London, is a historic castle located on the north bank of the River Thames in central London. It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, separated from the eastern edge of the square mile of the City of London by the open space known as Tower Hill. It was founded towards the end of 1066 as part of the Norman Conquest of England. The White Tower, which gives the entire castle its name, was built by William the Conqueror in 1078, and was a resented symbol of oppression, inflicted upon London by the new ruling elite. The castle was used as a prison from 1100 (Ranulf Flambard) until 1952 (Kray twins),[3] although that was not its primary purpose. A grand palace early in its history, it served as a royal residence. As a whole, the Tower is a complex of several buildings set within two concentric rings of defensive walls and a moat. There were several phases of expansion, mainly under Kings

Richard the Lionheart, Henry III, and Edward I in the 12th and 13th centuries. The general layout established by the late 13th century remains despite later activity on the site.

Big Ben

The 150 year old Big Ben Clock Tower is one of London’s top attractions. The name Big Ben actually refers not to the clock tower itself, but to the 13 ton bell housed within the tower and takes its name from the man who first ordered the bell, Sir Benjamin Hall. It is the 3th largest free-standing clock tower in the world. The clock has become a symbol of the England and London and has appeared in many films. In the movie Mars Attacks! for example the Big Ben is destroyed by a UFO attack.

Big Ben is the nickname for the Great Bell of the clock at the north end of the Palace of Westminster in London,[1] and often extended to refer to the clock and the clock tower.[2] The tower is officially known as the Elizabeth Tower, renamed as such to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II (prior to being renamed in 2012 it was known simply as "Clock Tower"). The tower holds the second largest four-faced chiming clock in the world (Minneapolis City Hall having the largest).[3] The tower was completed in 1858 and had its 150th anniversary on 31 May 2009,[4] during which celebratory events took place.[5][6] The tower has become one of the most prominent symbols of the United Kingdom and is often in the establishing shot of films set in London.

Stonehenge

One of top tourist attractions in England, Stonehenge is among the most important prehistoric sites in the world. It was produced by a culture that left no written records so many aspects of Stonehenge remain subject to debate. Evidence indicate that the large stones were erected around 2500 BC. It is not known for certain what purpose Stonehenge served, but many scholars believe the monument was used as a ceremonial or religious center.

The word Stonehenge actually comes from the old English words. The term literally means stone hinge. This name was given to this monument because the lintels of stone actually hinge on the other stones which are standing upright. Many scientists and archeologists have studied this piece of work in great detail. It is noticed by a lot of them that there are signs of remaking of this monument. The changes that have occurred as a result of this are evident. The current shape and form of the Stonehenge has been reached by going through a lot of changes and phases.  

Although Stonehenge is generally considered to be a hinge site, many definitions of archeology are a proof against this statement. It is not a true hinge site in fact. The technical reason behind this fact is that the bank of this hinge site is within its ditch. In this situation archeologists do not call such a site a hinge site. Apparently it does look like a hinge site but Stonehenge is not a true hinge site.

Leaning Tower of Pisa,Pisa, Tuscany, Italy

The Pisa Tower, otherwise known as the Leaning Tower of Pisa, really was a labor of love, taking well over a hundred and fifty years to build. This tower is the campanile of the cathedral of Italy, which means that it is a freestanding bell tower. The tower is located in what is known as the field of Miracles (Campo dei Miracles), which is behind the actually cathedral's main building. The tower's most distinctive feature is that although it was designed to stand vertically, the tower's poorly laid foundation causes it to lean greatly toward the southeast. The lean angle is about 5.5 degrees, meaning that the top of the tower is over 4 meters from where it would be if the tower was correctly vertical.

Construction on the Pisa Tower began in August of 1173. At this time in history, Pisa (and Italy in general) was going through a period of military success, which means that money was flowing readily. During this first building period the foundation was laid and the first floor was constructed, according to the plans of the original architect, Bonanno Pisano. In 1178, constructed stopped. Although the tower was nowhere near finished, the War with Firenze broke up, causing the men working on the tower to enlist in the army and leave the construction site. This was the year the lean first became

noticeable.

Within the next ten years, the first three floors were added, but war once again got in the way of the building of this beautiful tower. Over 100 years late, designer Giovanni di Simone began construction once again, adding three more layers to this leaning layer cake, and by 1284, the tower was considered finished at long last. Simone attempted to correct the leaning problem by building one side of the wall higher than the other, and for this reason, the building is, in fact, curved.

The tower still continues to sink every year, under the watchful eyes of scientists who are ensuring that the structure is still safe. Although the ground is still swampy below the tower, it has settled greatly from its first days of construction so that it only now sinks about one or two millimeters per year. It is quite safe for tourists and it would be a shame to visit Italy without stopping by this grand architectural masterpiece.

Over the centuries, people have done studies on the tower and some have even attempted to stop its lean. As rule, Benito Mussolini ordered that the tower be fixed, and worked attempted to achieve this by pouring concrete into the base foundation. However, this did not cause the tower to tilt vertically, as Mussolini had hoped. Instead, it simply made the tower heavier, causing it to begin to sink even farther into the swampy soil below.

In the mid-1960s, the town of Pisa and Italy as a whole began exploring options to keep the tower from tumbling over. However, it was very important to historians and government officials alike to maintain the tower's signature tilt, as this is what has created its fame over the years. Without the tilt, tourism in Pisa would drop significantly. In 1990, after decades of studying the leaning landmark, a team of engineers, mathematicians, and historians decided to close the tower to the public for a number of years to work on stabilizing the lean. The building was actually closed for well over a decade, and the people living in the surrounding areas were vacated. They also used cables to secure the tower at the third-floor level, and they removed some of the weight by taking the bells out.

In December 2001, the tower was reopened and declared safe and stable for at least 300 years. During the restoration project, the team considered a variety of options and decided to decease the lean by removing

soil from the elevated side. They discovered that much of the lean was due to the actually stonework and building materials used to originally build the tower.

The tower itself, if you can get past the novelty of its leaning shape, is quite beautiful. If you're so inclined (no pun intended), you can follow the almost 300 steps inside the spiraling tower to the belfry. From the top f the tower, you can look over the city of Pisa, and on a clear day, you can see quite far.

The Pisa Tower is a Romanesque style of architecture, in keeping with the era when it was built. It weighs a bit over 14,700 tons and has walls that are 8 feet thick at the base. At the top of the tower, the bells are housed. There are seven bells in total, cast over hundreds of years from 1263 to 1654, and they are tuned to the typical musical scale.

Rome Coliseum,Rome, Lazio, Italy

The roman coliseum ("colosseum" or "colosseo") is probably the most ancient world renowned monument in Rome. It was one of the very first

roman amphitheatres to be built. It is located between the Caelian Hills and the Esquiline on on marshy type of land. Records show that the coloseum was built over many years and was inaugurated around 80 A.D. Learn more about the coliseum's history .

Although the brutality of the spectacles to be presented in the colosseum was to put man's so call dignity to shame, it's history sparkled people's imagination for generations. Gladiator fights, human fed to hungry beasts and violent sporting events has nothing the human race can be proud of. However, it's architectural magnificence will always make the colosseum one of the greatest historical monuments of Rome.

The colosseum was built to contain 50,000 spectators which is a monumental feat at that time considering it could still be considered huge in modern standards. The arena floor is all made of wood underneath which there is a myriad of tunnels and passageways for spactacle staging ... and for wild beasts roaming. The construction was made of a carefully chosen combination of concrete and travertine for the foundations, piers and beautiful arcades.

Part II.

Trivia

Europe shares its boundaries with Arctic Ocean in the North, by Atlantic Ocean in the West. In the south of Europe lies the Mediterranean Sea and to the East, its boundary is vague and blurred.

Considering in terms of area, Russia is the largest country in Europe occupying a territory of 17,098,242 km square.

The smallest and least populated country in Europe is The Vatican City with a population as low as 800 people.

Europe has been the birth place for the world's most ancient civilizations like Greece and Rome.

Europe has also been the epicenter of the biggest wars; World War I and World War II which wreaked havoc on the people of several countries. The major countries of Europe collectively form European Union that allows all the independent countries of Europe to share a common currency and to unite their economic and military power, are 27.

Major languages spoken in Europe include French, German, Spanish, Swiss, and Portuguese among many others.

The world's oldest countries like France, Portugal and Denmark also reside in this continent.

The longest lake of Europe is Balaton stretching up to 592 square kilometers.

The importance of rivers can never be ignored as they have a massive influence on a country's trade and economy. The longest rivers in Europe are Volga and Danube. Coming towards the major cities of Europe, we can easily say that Moscow, London, Madrid, Rome and Paris are the biggest and the most important one.

The Europeans have made great progress in the economy and has emerged as the major economic powers of the world. The prime sectors of its economy include transport, energy and research whereas EU is the world's biggest exporter and second-biggest importer.

When it comes to economy, all the European countries are extensively developed and prosperous. They are making rapid advancement in the fields of technology and innovation. Two-third of its trade takes place with other European Union countries.

Sweden is said to be the most competitive and developed economy of Europe. It has well equipped communication and education system that can measure up to any system of the modern economy. Iron ore, timber and hydro power are the major export sources of Sweden. Its GDP- per capita is $ 41,700 which is the highest in Europe.

Germany has the fifth largest developed economy in the world and it ranks second in Europe. It is the major exporter of machinery and vehicles;

also it has the world's leading automobile industry. It's GDP per capita (PPP) is calculated to be $39,100-lying second in Europe.

France has the world's most diversified and stable economy with the reputation of being the world's most modern countries. Though most of its major companies including Air France and France Telecom have been privatized, but still the government's intervention in various sectors like, power, energy and defense makes it the 3rd most powerful economy in Europe.

Europe Trivia QuizPart 1: Tick the correct answers to these questions:

1. In which European country are both Flemish andFrench spoken?a) Switzerlandb) The Netherlandsc) Belgium

2. The currency used in the United Kingdom is calleda) Poundb) Shillingc) Euro

3. With a population of 82 million, which isthe largest country in the European Union bypopulation?a) Germanyb) Francec) Spain

4. Leonardo Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa is located in which famous European museum?a) Rijksmuseumb) The Louvrec) Musée d’Orsay

5. Which European country is bordered by Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, and Austria?a) Bulgariab) Hungaryc) Lithuania

6. What is the capital city of Romania?a) Rigab) Zagrebc) Bucharest

7. Italy, Netherlands, France, Belgium, Germany and which other country were the founding members of the European Union?a) United Kingdomb) Luxembourgc) Austria

8. Which European country is known as Suomi in its own language?a) Finlandb) Latviac) Slovenia

9. How many countries are currently in the EU?a) 28b) 26c) 21

10. Which city is the furthest north?a) Copenhagen, Denmarkb) Vilnius, Lithuaniac) Edinburgh, Scotland

11. Which three colours make up the Lithuanian flag?a) White, blue, redb) White, green, red,c) Yellow, green, red

12. What is the name of the river you see from Paris’ most famous landmark the Eiffel Tower?

a) Rhineb) The Seinec) River Tyne

13. With 7 victories, which of the following countries has won Eurovision the most number of times?a) Irelandb) Greecec) Sweden

14. Which of the three Baltic States is the only country in the world to have its own national fragrance?a) Lithuaniab) Latviac) Estonia

15. Which country is the famous playwright Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906) from?a) Finlandb) Maltac) Norway

Part 2: Below are words without any direct translations in English. Match the word to the correct language.

Tartle – ______________________the act of hesitating while introducing someone because you’ve forgotten their nameFernweh – _____________________feeling homesick for a place you’ve never beenHygge –______________________a pleasant, intimate and comforting feeling, often associated with sitting around a fire in the winter with close friendsMangata – ____________________the road like reflection of moonlight on waterProzvonit – ___________________to call a mobile phone and only have it ring once so that the other person will call back and allow the caller to avoid spending money on minutes

Scots Danish Czech German Swedish

Answers: Part 1 - 1. c) Belgium, 2. a) Pound, 3. a) Germany, 4. c) The Louvre, 5. b) Hungary, 6. c) Bucharest, 7. b) Luzembourg, 8. a) Finland, 9. a) 28, 10. c) Edinburgh, Scotland,11. c) Yellow, green, red, 12. b) The Seine, 13. a) Ireland, 14. a) Lithuania, 15. c) Norway Part 2 - Tartle – Scots, Fernweh –German, Hygge - Danish, Mangata – Swedish, Prozvonit – Czech

Part III.

Mga Kilalang Tao Buhat sa Kontinente ng Europa

Founding Fathers of the European Union

Konrad Adenauer (1876-1967) Adenauer was West Germany’s first chancellor after the Second World War. He was keen to forge closer ties with the USA, France and the rest of Europe. He played a key role in the re-integration of Germany in European affairs, which became a critical backbone of the European community.

Willy Brandt (1913-1992) German politician and statesman. Opposed to Hitler, he fled to Norway. After WWII he became Mayor Berlin playing a key role to during the Cold War tensions. Became Chancellor of Germany in 1979, famous for his gesture of reconciliation to victims of Nazi Germany at Warsaw. He sought rapprochement with the East and creating a stronger, united Europe.

Walter Hallstein (1901 – 1982) German diplomat and statesman. He was one of the key architects of the European Coal and Steel Community – the forerunner of the EEC. He became the first President of the Commission of the European Economic Community from 1958-67. He was a keen federalist and worked towards the integration of Europe.

Jean Monnet (1888 – 1979) French statesman who played a key role in founding the Coal and Steel pact which helped improve relations between France and Germany. In 1955, Monnet founded the action committee for the United States of Europe. His successfully lobbying led to the creation of the EEC ‘Common Market’ in 1958.

Joseph Bech (1887-1973) Bech was a politician from Luxembourg who is considered a founding father of the EU. With other Benelux countries, he helped convene the Messina conference of 1955, which led to the Treaty of Rome and creation of the European Economic Community in 1958.

Johan Willem Beyen (1897-1976) Beyen was a Dutch politician who helped create an impetus for creation of the EEC. After the breakdown of talks over a common European foreign policy, Beyen was one of the Benelux countries who helped push for horizontal integration and the revival of the idea about European integration.

Charles de Gaulle (1890 – 1970) Under de Gaulle’s presidency, France became a member of the EEC and de Gaulle spoke enthusiastically about a European federation. However, de Gaulle partly saw the EEC as an antidote to the US, and de Gaulle blocked the UK’s admission. However, he did help cement better relations with Germany.

Winston Churchill (1874 – 1965) Churchill led the resistance to Nazi Germany and contributed to the liberation of Europe. In 1946, he made a speech calling for a united Europe. ‘We must build a kind of United States of Europe.’ However, Churchill did not envisage the UK as part of Europe.

European Revolutionaries

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769 – 1821) – French military and political leader. Napoleon revolutionised Europe. He cemented the ideas of the French revolution (in his own autocratic style) and enabled these ideas, and his Napoleonic code to be spread across Europe.

Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872) Italian political activist. Campaigned for united Republic of Italy. Mazzini supported several insurrections against the foreign rule of Italian states. He played a key role in cementing support for a united Italy. Mazzini also supported initiatives for European wide federation.

Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882) – National hero of Italy. Garibaldi led volunteer army in the Italian wars of Independence. He played a key role in uniting Italy. He also fought in Latin America and became known as ‘The Hero of Two Worlds’

V.Lenin (1870-1924) – Leader of Russian Revolution in 1917. He masterminded the Bolshevik revolution and became the first leader of the Soviet Union.

Mikhail Gorbachev (1931 – ) Russian President during the end of the Cold War. Gorbachev initiated a policy of Glasnost and Perestroika. These policies of reform and openness led to the ending of Communist party rule in the Soviet Union, and the fall of the Berlin wall. In a short space of time, Eastern European countries attained freedom and democracy, allowing Eastern Europe to become part of the European Union.

 

Famous European Women

Marie Antoinette (1755 – 1793) Wife of King Louis XVI. Marie Antoinette is often held up as a symbol of Royal decadence and profligacy, which sparked the French revolution. Whether fair or not, she was executed in 1793 for treason – principles in opposition to the French revolution.

Catherine the Great (1729- 1796) Catherine ruled as Queen of Russia from 1762 until her death. Under her leadership, Russia was revitalised as a major European power. She began a process of reforming Russian society.

Joan of Arc – (1412-1431) – French peasant girl who  inspired the French Dauphin to renew the French fight against occupying English forces. Seven years after death, as she had predicted, the English were defeated. 

Elizabeth I (1533-1603)Elizabeth took the English throne after a period of great instability following the reign of her father Henry VIII. Under her rule, England became a major power and enjoyed a period of relative stability.

Angela Merkel (1954 – ) Merkel has been chancellor of Germany since 2005 and the de facto leader of the European Union during the European financial crisis and also increasing the role of Germany in foreign affairs.

 

European Philosophers

John Locke (1632-1704) John Locke made important contributions to the theory of liberal democracy. In his “The two treatises of the government” Locke argued that a government’s right to rule must be based on the consent of its people. Locke emphasised the idea of a ‘social contract’ – power sanctioned by the people. Locke also emphasised that all men were equal – at a time, when societies were very hierarchical.

Baron de Montesquieu (1689 – 1755) French philosopher. Montesquieu was a key figure in the Enlightenment. Montesquieu wrote on political theory, advocating a ‘separation of

powers’ and other democratic principles. In his The Spirit of the Laws (1748), he distinguished democracy from other types of government.

Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712 – 1778) Rousseau was a Genevian philosopher who wrote the Social Contract – an influential political tract which argued for government through representation – ideally through direct democracy. Rousseau’s democratic ideals were influential in the French Revolution.

Thomas Paine (1737- 1809 ) English-American philosopher. Thomas Paine was an influential writer who powerfully argued for democratic republican government. Paine’s writings were influential in inspiring the American revolution. Paine wanted to see an end to executive tyranny, and felt the extension of political power to all was the best way to achieve this.

J.S. Mill (1806-1873) John Stuart Mill was a leading liberal philosopher of the Nineteenth Century. He argued for universal suffrage (extending the vote to women and all classes of people) Mill also expounded the principle of liberty – which is an important principle of liberal democracy. His pamphlet The Subjection of Women (1861) was important for raising the issue of votes for women.