european commission - dg environment ministerio de fomento centro de estudios y experimentaciÓn de...

European Commission - DG Environment

MINISTERIODE FOMENTO

CENTRO DE ESTUDIOSY EXPERIMENTACIÓNDE OBRAS PÚBLICAS

DIRECCIÓN GENERALDE PLANIFICACIÓN YCOORDINACIÓN TERRITORIAL

SECRETARÍA DE ESTADO DE INFRAESTRUCTURAS Y PLANIFICACIÓN

Environmental Objectives for TransportEnvironmental Objectives for TransportJacques DelsalleJacques Delsalle

European CommissionEuropean CommissionDG Environment, Clean Air and Transport UnitDG Environment, Clean Air and Transport Unit

Encuentro:“Objetivos ambientales”

Madrid, 14 de octubre de 2004

European Commission - DG EnvironmentEuropean Commission - DG Environment

Jacques DelsalleJacques Delsalle European CommissionEuropean Commission

DG Environment, Clean Air and Transport UnitDG Environment, Clean Air and Transport Unit

Environmental Objectives for TransportEnvironmental Objectives for Transport

Madrid, Madrid,

14 October 200414 October 2004


AgendaAgenda

Integration Transport – EnvironmentIntegration Transport – Environment Setting Environmental Objectives

Air PollutionAir Pollution C.A.F.E. Baseline Setting Targets for Clean Air

Climate ChangeClimate Change Nature and BiodiversityNature and Biodiversity ConclusionsConclusions


IntegrationIntegrationTransport-EnvironmentTransport-Environment

Integration Transport – Integration Transport – EnvironmentEnvironment Setting Environmental

Objectives Air PollutionAir Pollution

C.A.F.E. Baseline Setting Targets for Clean

Air Climate ChangeClimate Change Nature and BiodiversityNature and Biodiversity ConclusionsConclusions


Background:Background:Cardiff, Lisbon, GothenburgCardiff, Lisbon, Gothenburg

1998 : Cardiff: sector-wide strategies for the promotion of 1998 : Cardiff: sector-wide strategies for the promotion of environmental integration in all policy areas. Transport strategy environmental integration in all policy areas. Transport strategy submitted to Helsinki Council October 1999.submitted to Helsinki Council October 1999.

2000 : Lisbon process : make the EU the most dynamic and 2000 : Lisbon process : make the EU the most dynamic and competitive economic region of the world. competitive economic region of the world.

2001: Gothenburg: Integrate environmental concerns into 2001: Gothenburg: Integrate environmental concerns into Lisbon process.Lisbon process.

Assess progress against economic, social and environmental indicators.

New approach to policy-making and emphasised improved policy co-ordination (e.g. internalisation of external costs)

Extended Impact Assessment for all major Commission proposals


Integration : how it worksIntegration : how it works(or should work…)(or should work…)

Environmental Environmental policymakerspolicymakers

Being explicit about

what is to be achieved from the

environmental point of view.

Transport sectorTransport sector

Find out how this is best achieved (mix of

policies that best accommodate all

objectives, including the environmental

ones)

Better knowledge of environmental

impact

Better knowledge of social costs of

measures

Knowledge:Knowledge:Information, Indicators

Models, Integrated assessmentCost Benefits Analysis (valuation external

costs)

Policy:Policy:Long term and intermediate targets

Economic InstrumentsFocus on sensitive areas


Indicators: T.E.R.M.Indicators: T.E.R.M.

Transport and Environment Reporting MechanismTransport and Environment Reporting Mechanism Developed by the European Environment Agency (EEA), jointly with

the Commission's DG Environment, DG Transport and Energy and Eurostat

Monitor progress in integrating environmental concerns into Monitor progress in integrating environmental concerns into transport policy throughout Europetransport policy throughout Europe

Comprises 40-odd indicators, which cover all relevant aspects Comprises 40-odd indicators, which cover all relevant aspects of the transport and environment systemof the transport and environment system

Building blocks for regularly published environmental issue Building blocks for regularly published environmental issue reportsreports

http://themes.eea.eu.int/Sectors_and_activities/transport/indicators http://reports.eea.eu.int

/technical_report_2004_3/en/Technical_report_3-2004_web.pdf


Models : help to separate Models : help to separate policy and technical issuespolicy and technical issues

Decision makers:Decision makers:

Decide aboutDecide about Ambition level

(environmental targets) Level of acceptable risk Willingness to pay

ModelsModels

Identify cost-effective and Identify cost-effective and robust measures:robust measures:

Balance controls over different countries, sectors and pollutants

Regional differences in Europe

Side-effects of present policies

Maximize synergies with other air quality problems

Search for robust strategies


Environmental EffectsEnvironmental Effects

Climate ChangeClimate Change Air pollutionAir pollution

Health impacts Acidification Eutrophication Ozone formation Damage to buildings

NoiseNoise

Biodiversity: Biodiversity: Land use Disturbance and

segmentation of habitats Other:Other:

Visual intrusion Severance of

communities / liveability of cities / children

Consumption of energy Consumption of energy and resourcesand resources

TodayToday


Air PollutionAir Pollution






Objective (6th Environmental Objective (6th Environmental Action Plan (EAP))Action Plan (EAP))

““To achieve levels of air quality that do not give rise To achieve levels of air quality that do not give rise to unacceptable impacts on, and risks to human to unacceptable impacts on, and risks to human health and the environment.”health and the environment.”

Policy ApproachPolicy Approach ImplementationImplementation: to ensure that air quality standards, are met

by 2005 and 2010 accordingly and that standards for vehicles and stationary sources of pollution are complied with;

CoherencyCoherency: to develop a comprehensive, integrated and coherent framework for all air legislation and related policy initiatives under the title ‘Clean Air For Europe’ (C.A.F.E.)


Air quality impactsAir quality impactsanalysed in CAFE analysed in CAFE

Health:Health: Loss in life expectancy attributable to PM2.5 Premature deaths attributable to ozone

Vegetation:Vegetation: Ozone damage to forests (AOT40) Excess acid deposition to forests Excess acid deposition to semi-natural ecosystems Excess acid deposition to lakes Excess nitrogen deposition

All impacts shown for “no further climate measures” scenario, average results of 1997, 1999, 2000 & 2003 meteorological conditions


C.A.F.E. BaselineC.A.F.E. Baseline(September 2004)(September 2004)

1) Emissions will further decline1) Emissions will further decline Present legislation and structural change will significantly reduce

air pollution in the future Expected changes between 2000 and 2020 (EU-25):

SO2: -65% NOx: -50% VOC: -45% NH3: -4% PM2.5: -45%

2) But: in 2020, Air quality remains threat to human health:2) But: in 2020, Air quality remains threat to human health: Approximately 5 months loss in life expectancy due to PM Several 1000s premature deaths due to ozone

3) Sustainable conditions for vegetation will not be reached3) Sustainable conditions for vegetation will not be reached


Loss in life expectancy 2020 Loss in life expectancy 2020 attributable to attributable to anthropogenic PM2.5 [in months]anthropogenic PM2.5 [in months]

Loss in average statistical life expectancy due to identified

anthropogenic PM2.5Average of calculations for

1997, 1999, 2000 & 2003 meteorologies

Despite emission reductions up to 2020,

about 5 monthsabout 5 months of average statistical life

expectancy is projected to be lost due

to PM

Source: CAFE Baseline, RAINS (2004)


Vegetation-relevant ozone Vegetation-relevant ozone concentrations 2020 concentrations 2020 AOT40 [ppm.hours]AOT40 [ppm.hours]

Critical level for forests: 5 ppm.hours

Average of calculations for 1997, 1999, 2000 & 2003 meteorologies

Also ozone remains an problem for vegetation

and human health.



Percentage of ecosystems area with nitrogen deposition above

critical loads, using grid-average deposition.

Average of calculations for 1997, 1999, 2000 & 2003 meteorologies

Excess of critical loads for Excess of critical loads for eutrophication 2020eutrophication 2020

55% of European ecosystems will receive too high

nitrogen deposition, endangering bio-

diversity



Relevance of sourcesRelevance of sourceswill changewill change

Traditional “large polluters” will reduce their Traditional “large polluters” will reduce their contributionscontributions Other sources will take over (Ships will surpass

land-based EU sources) SO2: Ships, industrial processes, small sources NOx: Ships, diesel heavy duty vehicles, off-road

Impacts on population exposure needs to be further explored

Energy projections will influence future emissions


Setting Targets for Clean AirSetting Targets for Clean Air






Long–term objectivesLong–term objectivesfor air pollutionfor air pollution

6th EAP«no significant

negativeimpact »

Long-term Objectives,

« Clean Air » “Science”

based

Environment

BuildingsCultural heritage

Health:WHO

Guidelines

Critical loads + dynamic =

LT objective

AQ guideline value = LT objective

Still to be considered

•Define acceptable risk

Threshold

No Threshold


How to set interim targets in How to set interim targets in C.A.F.E. WG TS&PAC.A.F.E. WG TS&PA

Environmental quality based

State/Impact valuesInitial/Intermediate

Interim Targets

PrinciplesRisk reduction

Capping Gap closure

Equity

Sectorale.g. Transport

Agriculture

Technologye.g. impact of newEURO standards

Cost/benefitsOptimalisation

Behavioure.g. impact on Driving forces

Recommendations for interim targets

Not OK

Model RunsResults

OK

Additional Model Runs


Modelling FrameworkModelling Framework


Integrated assessment in CAFE Integrated assessment in CAFE

Energy/agriculture projections

Emissions

Emission control options

Atmospheric dispersion

Health and environmental impacts

Environmental targets

Costs OPTIMIZATIONBASELINE SCENARIO

Driving Forces


Climate ChangeClimate Change






Objective 6th Environmental Objective 6th Environmental Action Plan (EAP)Action Plan (EAP)

““To stabilise the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse To stabilise the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases at a level that will not cause unnatural variations of the gases at a level that will not cause unnatural variations of the earth's climate.”earth's climate.”

Targets (all economic sectors)Targets (all economic sectors) Reduce global GHG emissions by 70% over 1990 levels in the

longer term. This means global reduction of 20 – 40% over 1990 by 2020 Short term: EU committed (Kyoto) to achieving - 8% by 2008-2012 Burden Sharing EU : Spain +15%

Policy approach (Transport)Policy approach (Transport) Specific measures to enhance energy-efficiency, energy saving,

renewable energies, emissions other GHG than CO2. Integration climate change objectives into the Community’s

sectoral policies Structural changes : decoupling, modal shift, Alternative fuels and

appropriate engine technologies


Greenhouse Gas emission from Greenhouse Gas emission from Transport : TrendsTransport : Trends

““Greenhouse gas emission trends and projections in Europe Greenhouse gas emission trends and projections in Europe 2003”, European Environment Agency, Dec. 20032003”, European Environment Agency, Dec. 2003

Between 1990 and 2001, carbon dioxide emissions from transport increased 20 % in the EU. Road transport is by far the largest emission source in the transport sector (92 %). Emissions increased due to continuous increases in road transport volume (passenger and freight).

Carbon dioxide emissions from international aviation and navigation amounted to 6 % of total emissions in 2001, growing by 44 % from 1990 levels.

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from transport currently account for only a small part of total EU greenhouse gas emissions but have more than doubled from 1990 to 2001 due to an increase in the transport volume of petrol cars equipped with catalysts. This is a negative consequence of an overall effective policy for improving air quality in Europe.


Climate Change : setting a Climate Change : setting a sectoral target for emissionssectoral target for emissions

Usual approach : “one-size-fits all” : reduction target is Usual approach : “one-size-fits all” : reduction target is allocated uniformly to different sectors (no information on the allocated uniformly to different sectors (no information on the reduction potential in the individual sectors)reduction potential in the individual sectors)

This approach can be very costly: Following a least-cost route, (different target / sector), cost of reaching Kyoto for EU may be halvel (PRIMES, 2000)

Economic Evaluation of Sectoral Emission Reduction Economic Evaluation of Sectoral Emission Reduction Objectives for Climate Change (2001) (“Top-Down / Bottom-Up”) Objectives for Climate Change (2001) (“Top-Down / Bottom-Up”)

Overall -8% Kyoto Target (1990-2010) means +25.6% for Transport Spain: +15 % overall target, +44% for transport…

Need to update (forthcoming revised ECCP)Need to update (forthcoming revised ECCP) Revise macro-economic framework Include non-technological abatement measures Include ancillary benefits (e.g. air pollution)


Nature and BiodiversityNature and Biodiversity






Objective 6th Environmental Objective 6th Environmental Action Plan (EAP)Action Plan (EAP)

““To protect and restore the functioning of natural systems and To protect and restore the functioning of natural systems and halt the loss of biodiversity in the European Union and globally. halt the loss of biodiversity in the European Union and globally. To protect soils against erosion and pollution.”To protect soils against erosion and pollution.”

Policy approachPolicy approach Natura 2000 : protect and manage the most representative natural

areas and eco-systems LIFE programme's nature projects Bio-diversity Thematic Strategy. Community legislation protecting water and air quality and

resources, and mandating environmental assessments of projects and (in future) land-use plans and programmes.

Integration of environmental concerns in Common Agricultural and Fisheries Policies

Integrated Coastal Zone Management.


Land FragmentationLand Fragmentation

Operational Objective :Operational Objective : Define and implement

procedures that suppose a ‘meaningful’ application of Article 6(3) and 6(4) of the Habitat Directive 92/43/EC (Natura 2000) -Plans and projects affecting Natura 2000 sites


A four Stage ApproachA four Stage Approach

1. Screening likely significant impacts upon the Natura 2000 site of a project or plan

2. Appropriate assessment of the impact, with respect to the site’s structure and function and its conservation objectives. Assessment of the potential mitigation of those impacts;

3. Assessment of alternative solutions (alternative ways of achieving the objectives of the project or plan that avoid adverse impacts)

4. Assessment of compensatory measures where no alternative solutions exist and where adverse impacts

remain where, in the light of an assessment of imperative reasons of

overriding public interest (IROPI), it is deemed that the project or plan should proceed


ConclusionsConclusions

Develop knowledge networks across EUDevelop knowledge networks across EU Tools are available Data may still be insufficient in some areas, but it is not a

reason to wait. Stakeholder implication in target setting and policy Stakeholder implication in target setting and policy

assessmentassessment Integrate economic considerations in the target Integrate economic considerations in the target

definition and in the policy formulationdefinition and in the policy formulation Cost-effectiveness of targets Cost benefits analysis for alternatives Economic instruments Assessment equity and social issues

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