European Exploration

Indian Ocean Ming dynasty 1405-1433

Continued to be a thriving trade route Muslims, Indians, Malays and others

Europeans insert themselves Shift to global economy

Motives

The search for resources (gold), new trade routes to Asian Markets, and the desire to spread Christianity Wanted direct access

Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453 Less friendly to European traders

Advances in Technology

Acquisition of technology from China and the Muslim world Stem-post rudder Triangular lateen sails Magnetic compass Astrolabe

Trading Post Empires

Portugal Goal was to control lucrative trade

By mid-1500s had 50 trading posts from West Africa to East Asia

Late 1500s power began to decline Could not sustain the large seaborne empire

English and the Dutch Faster, cheaper, and more powerful ships Joint stock companies

Native Americans to 1600

"Big Picture" Statements:

By 1600 Europeans had created the world’s first truly global economy.

The “age of discovery” resulted in the greatest human catastrophe the world has ever known.

Cultural differences between European and Amerindians were immense; major conflict occurred in the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries.

Relations between the three major colonial powers and the Amerindians were varied.

Between 1607 and 1763, North American colonists developed experience in, and the expectation of, self-government in the political, religious, economic, and social aspects of their lives.

Columbian Exchange

Europe to the Americas

Americas to Africa, Asia, and Europe

Wheat Maize

Sugarcane Potatoes

Cotton Beans

Horses Tomatoes

Cattle Pepper

Pigs Peanuts

Sheep Avocadoes

Goats Pineapples

Chickens Tobacco

Global Diffusion Spread of

disease Smallpox

Food crops and animals

Role and impact of Silver

Role and impact of sugar

I. Native Americans (Amerindians)

A. Arrived more than 40,000 years ago via Berin Strait (called Beringia when it was above land)

1. Eventually spread to tip of South America (by 8,000 BCE)

B. New Research1. Old Crow site in Yokon2. 1992: suggests oldest inhabitants mayh

have come from south Asia or even Europe

C. Hundreds of tribes with different languages, religions, and cultures

I. Native Americans (Amerindians)

C. Developed civilizations1. Incas in Peru

2. Mesoamerica: Aztecs in Mexico; Mayans in Yucatan

a) Developed advanced agricultural techniques based primarily on corn

3. North American Indians generally less developeda) Some agriculture, probably developed by women

b) Most societies were matrilineal and matrilocala) Few cared to acquire more property than could be

carried

b) No individual land ownership

I. Native Americans (Amerindians)

D. Civilized societies in North America1. Pueblo Indians

2. Mound Builders

3. Atlantic seaboard tribesa) Creeks

b) Choctaw and Cherokee

4. Iroquois

II. Exploration and settlement by France, Holland, and Spain

A. The dynamics of European expansion A. Desire for spices, fabrics, gold (from Africa), etc. --

goods not available in Europe B. Desire to break Italian monopoly on trade with

Europe C. Fall of Constantinople in 1453 makes trade more

difficult and expensive D. The Renaissance mindset E. New aids to navigation/full-rigged ship with stern

rudders that can sail into the wind F. National monarchs who see wealth and prestige in

foreign empires G. Desire of Roman Catholic Church to convert natives

to the faith H. Colonies fit into increasingly popular mercantilist

economic policies

II.  Exploration and settlement by France, Holland, and Spain

B. Portugal

1. Prince Henry the Navigator

a) Initially sought coastal points below Sahara Desert

b) South all-water route to Asia

2. Bartholomeu Dias; Vasco da Gama; Pietro Cabral; Amerigo Vespucci

3. Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

C. Spain

1. Claims based on exploration/conquest

2. Explorers: Columbus, Magellan, Poonce de Leon, Juan Cabrillo

a) Cuba and other islands in the Caribbean

b) Mexico, California, the American Southwest, Florida

c) Claims along Mississippi overlap those of France

II.  Exploration and settlement by France, Holland, and Spain

C. Spain

3. Conquistadores: Hernando de Soto, Hernando Cortés, Francisco Pizarro, Coronado,

a) Initial wealth from gold/silver

b) “Black Legend”

4. Saint Augustine

5. Patterns of settlement

C. Immigration to colonies controlled

D. Colonial administration in the hands of Spanish-born governors

E. Creoles (merchants, large landowners, and professionals) have little power

F. In many areas Indian labor force replaced by African slaves

II.  Exploration and settlement by France, Holland, and Spain

C. Spain

6. Spain enforces mercantilist policies

7. Intercontinental exchange of goods, disease, people

8. Impact on native people

a) Destruction of long-established civilizations in the Americas

b) Extermination (primarily by disease (Mexico's population goes from 25 to 2 million))

c) Exploitation through enslavement/forced labor and debt peonage (encomienda)

d) Conversion to Roman Catholicism

9. Spanish settlement in the Southwest

1. Native Americans as forced labor

II.  Exploration and settlement by France, Holland, and Spain

D. France1. Cartier, Champlain, La Salle establish claims to eastern

Canada and the Mississippi Valley2. Claims of France overlap with those of England and Spain3. Conversion of Indians to Roman Catholicism4. Patterns of settlement in Canadian territories

1. Immigration to colonies controlled (Huguenots and other dissidents excluded)

2. For the most part, French coexist peacefully with Indians3. Initial wealth from fur trade4. Population grows slowly (under 100,000 in 1763)

5. France enforces mercantilist policies

E. The Dutch1. Based on the exploration and claims of Henry Hudson,

maintain a colony in New York from 1624 to 1664

III. Factors encouraging English settlement in North America

A. John Cabot/Henry Hudson give England claims along east coast of North America, Hudson Bay area, Newfoundland (claims conflict with those of France)

B. English set few restrictions on immigration to the New World

C. Conditions in England that stimulate settlement in American colonies

1. Civil War2. Religious controversy3. Glorious Revolution4. Foreign Wars

III. Factors encouraging English settlement in North America

D. Primary reasons for English immigration to American colonies

1. Opportunities for economic gain

2. Escape from political persecution/turmoil

3. Desire for religious freedom by non-Anglicans

E. Mercantilist and political regulations fall prey to policy of “salutary neglect”

1. Navigation Acts

2. Dominion of New England

IV. Patterns of English settlement

A. New England1. Plymouth Colony, 1620

a) Separatistsb) Mayflower Compact

2. Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1630a) Puritansb) John Winthrop’s “city upon a hill”

3. Dissenters from Puritan theology establish new colonies

a) Roger Williams establishes colony in Rhode Islandb) Anne Hutchinsonc) Settlement of Connecticut, 1631-1660d) New Hampshire, 1638-1643e) Maine annexed by Massachusetts, 1652

IV. Patterns of English settlement

B. The Chesapeake region1. Jamestown, 1608

a) London Company/economic gain

b) Salvation from tobacco

c) Anglican Church

2. Maryland, 1632a) Proprietary colony

• Land grant to Lord Baltimore—expectation of profit by proprietor

b) Haven for Roman Catholics

IV. Patterns of English settlement

C. Middle Colonies1. New York/New Jersey/Delaware (taken from

the Dutch), 16642. Pennsylvania, 1681

a) Proprietary colony (land grant to William Penn)b) Haven for Quakers

D. Restoration colonies (Carolinas), 16651. Proprietary colonies established by Charles II2. Anglican Church

E. Georgia, 1732

V. Relations between Europeans and Amerindians

A. Religious differences1. Christian view:

a) Bible: did not mention Amerindians

2. Mesoamerica: Sacrificial temples, skull racks, cannibalism and snake motifs

3. Sacrifice and the Eucharist

4. Amerindians had no concept of heaven; ancestors

B. Differences in War1. Guerilla warfare vs. open battlefield

2. European weapons intensified warfare

V. Relations between Europeans and Amerindians

A. Population: mass death and genocide

B. European impact on culture

C. Jesuits

D. Diplomacy1. French and British with woodlands Indians

a) Decimation by diseases, gun warfare, and alcoholism

V. Relations between Europeans and Amerindians

D. Diplomacy2. Spain and the Pueblo Indians

a) Conversion and exploitation

b) Encomienda system

c) Mission system

d) Intermarriage

e) Pope’s Rebellion (1680) Amerindians rebelled against Spanish rule in New

Mexico and expelled them for over ten years

f) Economics: Horses and sheep

V. Relations between Europeans and Amerindians

D. Diplomacy2. English Colonies

2. Removal or extermination2. Pilgrims3. Puritans

2. Pequot War (1630s)3. New England Confederation (1643)4. King Philip’s War (1670s)

4. Pennsylvania Quakers5. Chesapeake

2. John Smith3. Marriage between John Rolfe and Pocahantas4. Viginia Colonyh5. Anglo-Powhatan Wars6. Bacon’s Rebellion

6. Carolinas7. English settlers in former French territory

VI.Major Concepts Native American Civilization

Societies more highly developed in Meso-America and South America

North American Indians were mostly semi-sedentary Important tribes: Pueblo; Mound builders; Creek and

Cherokee; Iroquois

Impact of Contact Destruction of native population Introduction of cattle and horses Global empires, the rise of capitalism, revolution in diet

Summary of relations Spanish: sought to Catholicize, control, and use natives for

forced labor French: sought trade relations; Jesuits sought conversion English: sought removal and/or extermination