european history notes

8/14/2019 European history notes

1/59

History 164H Europe 1815-Present Final Exam

1/29/13

French Revolution

Began circa 1780-1789. Ends circa 1815. A political upheaval that completely overturned the

monarchy. Why did it happen and what were the consequences?

Initially a political movement of protest by the middle class and peasants against thearistocracy, the catholic church (RCC, Roman Catholic Church), and the king. Protest against 1-

institution of monarchy, king 2- church 3-aristocrats.

Lead by middle class intellectuals. Assisted by the peasants, who at some point took over the

revolution.

The third group of participants (who did not start it, but joined along) were the urban poor-

unskilled urban workers.

[Side point- 19thc Europe= three classes 1-Aristocrats 2-middle class 3- blue collar workers/

agricultural workers they wore sans-culottes aka without breech practically panty hose. They

were unskilled. Until 1830 in Europe there was only manufacture (unmechanized production).

Post 1830 there began to be factories(blue collar workers)]

[ American War of Independence= 1776-1783

French Revolution= 1780/1789-1815

Industrial Revolution=1780-1820]

These three events were contemporaneous/occurred simultaneously

Industrial Revolution is an economic movement that brought about social change. It can best be

defined in the 1780-1820 period.

American War of Independence- started with 7 years war. Untoward consequences- anunexpected consequence.

May 1789- the French king accepted to hear the complaints about life/economy of the

peasants, middle class, aristocracy, and the church. A general meeting of the state in his palace.

June 17-27th

1789- middle class withdrew from the meeting (merchants) asking for different

procedures to be followed. They went to a court and they decided they constituted the

assembly of the nation. They declared themselves to be the assembly of the nation with one

man one vote. The king was forced to accept this. At this point the aristocracy, king, and church

were on the defensive.

July 14th 1789

= Bastille day. Paris rose up and rebelled. The san cullotes and women of Paris

marched from Paris to the palace grounds and demanded bread. At the same time the prisons,

called bastille, inmates rebelled. The san-cullotes (men) freed the prisoners while the women

marched to the palace grounds in Versailles. They brought back Marie Antoinette. So bastille

day is the symbolic day of the revolution (their 4th

of july) Symbolism= ordinary people came

into history, partaking in events. Middle class took initiative in july.


2/59

August- peasants rebelled and kicked aristocrats out of the chteau and took over their land

and the church land.

After that The Rights of the Declaration of Mancome about.

1/31/13

What brings about revolutions?Revolutions happen because an extraordinary set of events set it off, but are in the making for

sometime.

Revolutions are violent political events. Where the political and social status quo are disrupted.

They usually disrupt the government and its political power over a society. They are triggered

by extraordinary set of events or by a sudden event building up on a set of conditions that have

emerged. A revolution never occurs out of the blue. The making of a revolution has been

building up for a while. While the revolutions are political events they can have repercussions

on political, social, cultural, intellectual, and economic conditions of a country. Often the

message or consequences of the revolution (or the revolution itself) moves from one country to

another. This is uncontrollable by human beings

Revolutions are often triggered by one person or a number of people, but control of the

revolution is almost never in the hands of the originators of the revolution.

Revolutions effect its participants in unpredictable ways.

Revolution implies a shift in political dynamics between social groups.

Characteristics that caused the French Revolution:

-By 1780 there were four big social groups in France

Aristocracy: land owners and seigneurs (lords). Politically had a lot of power because the kinghimself was an aristocrat and wanted to keep them loyal to him. He also believed they were

intellectually above the middle class (of course the king was above them). The aristocrats

themselves emerged by 1700s. They were a group that tuned their landholdings into farms.

The aristocracy believed in working their assets, they embraced their economy. Their land was

run by other people, but was a source of profit for them. If they didnt make enough profit they

would go to the king and somehow, manage to get a grant. The aristocracy had to be

economically pampered by the king (he felt that he needed to, to gain their support). They

somewhat overestimated the aristocracy power.

Peasants who were not paid for their labor and thus theoretically serfs

Middle class- owners of un-mechanized production, bankers, merchants, ship owners, brokers,

merchants

Unskilled workers in urban cities of France. Urban unskilled work force called sans-culottes

they are the future proletariat (in 1830/1850s onward) (aka blue collared workers of

mechanized work)


3/59

-France had big urban centers. A sea of agricultural land with cities in the middle of it. Big cities

mean there are sans-cullotes. Middle class were in small and big cities. The sans-cullotes were a

big enough group to influence events.

Louis 14th

1660-1714. He created the supermodel of a centralized state where the king buys off

the aristocracy in order for the king to be given the power to run the power. The aristocracywanted to continue to have their own privileges and political power.

Transformation 1600s-1700s: aristocracy starts to lose power because middle class emerges

with the market. Growth of trade and manufacture all over Europe. This creates changes in the

structure of society. This is why the middle class emerged; the economy changed. It changed

slowly (took all 1600s 1700s for it to change). The industrial revolution was the apex of the

change. The emergence of the market brought about the middle class and disrupted the earlier

power of the aristocracy. (Emergence of middle classloss of power to middle classes) Also

called the emergence of capitalism or first phase in emergence of capitalism (1580-1780).

Mercantile capitalism.

[Read the French revolution. Write down

-The rights of man-a fundamental document of theFrench Revolution and in the history

ofhuman rights,defining the individual and collective rights of all theestates of the realm as

universal. Influenced by the doctrine of "natural right", the rights of man are held to

beuniversal:valid at all times and in every place, pertaining tohuman nature itself. 1789.

Natural rights to property, liberty, and life. Rights only awarded to men. The Declaration also

asserted the principles ofpopular sovereignty,in contrast to thedivine right of kings that

characterized the French monarchy, and social equality among citizens, "All the citizens, beingequal in the eyes of the law, are equally admissible to all public dignities, places, and

employments, according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their

virtues and of their talents," eliminating the special rights of the nobility and clergy.

-wiki

-The Estates general-was the first meeting since 1614 of the FrenchEstates-General,a general

assembly representing the Frenchestates of the realm:the clergy (First Estate), the nobles

(Second Estate), and the common people (Third Estate). Summoned byKing Louis XVI to

propose solutions to his government's financial problems, the Estates-General sat for several

weeks in May and June 1789 but came to an impasse as the three estates clashed over their

respective powers. It was brought to an end when many members of the Third Estate formed

themselves into aNational Assembly,signalling the outbreak of theFrench Revolution. wiki
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates_of_the_realmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universality_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_sovereigntyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_right_of_kingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates_General_(France)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates_of_the_realmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates_of_the_realmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates_General_(France)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_right_of_kingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_sovereigntyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universality_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates_of_the_realmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution


4/59

-Who Robespierre was (the reign of terror)- one of the best-known and most influential figures

of theFrench Revolution.

As a member of theEstates-General,theConstituent Assembly and theJacobin Club,he

advocated against the death penalty and for theabolition of slavery,while supporting equality

of rights,universal suffrage and the establishment of a republic. He opposed war with Austriaand the possibility of a coup byLa Fayette.As a member of theCommittee of Public Safety,he

was an important figure during the period of the Revolution commonly known as theReign of

Terror,which ended a few months after his arrest and execution in July 1794.

-Who fought whom in the revolutionary war

-How and in what way was Napoleon a genius]

2/5/13

-The third estate was being overtaxed and the king was trying to tax the first estate, the clergy.

The First estate=clergy Second Estate=noble men Third Estate= merchants, manufacturers,

bankers, serfs/peasants.

-Difference between oppression of peasants vs oppression of other middle class?

Both had much to protest against the system and the king

The peasants are more likely to starve. The lowest groups of the middle class could be facing

economic problems- facing challenges in the standards of living. The middle class however, did

have food. They werent struggling day to ay like the peasants. The only way the peasants could

protest was by rioting.

Shifts in classes and groups of people after national assembly.First group hit by the peasants was the church and aristocrats. The peasants through them out

of the chteau and took their land. THE PEASANTS RIOTED. The end of futilisim/serfdom.

Usually the rioting comes from the struggle about survival or political power/prestige. In the

case of peasants it was because of survival. Their violence ended feudalism.

The principal source of wealth of the Catholic church was through ownership of land. This is

because the church, like the aristocracy, was a medieval institution- owned land because it

emerged as a strong institution and collected land. The church was able to populate large areas

of Europe by sending out monks (a military religious group) and cultivated lands. They had

money to begin with to send out missionaries and monks. They emerged as bing land owners in

Europe. The aristocracy was also big land owners in Europe by fighting for the land. Continuity

in prestige was based on land

All this changed because by the 1700s economy was changing, trading was becoming more

important. You no longer needed to have a warrior class to make money. A banker made more

money than an aristocrat. Also to fight for wars you needed to be a professional soldier. Both
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates-General_of_1789http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Constituent_Assemblyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobin_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism#First_abolition_of_slavery_.281794.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_marquis_de_Lafayettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Terrorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Terrorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Terrorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Terrorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Terrorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_marquis_de_Lafayettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism#First_abolition_of_slavery_.281794.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobin_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Constituent_Assemblyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates-General_of_1789http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution


5/59

king and aristocracy were losing power economically because now land was not the only way to

make money. Whoever understood how to run their land as a farm, producing goods the

market wanted, excelled in making money. Turning land from futile matters into agricultural

purposes. In the process this entailed letting some peasants go.

The change taking place in the rural economy from making money from land being futilefarming.

Which group of aristocrats understood the opportunities that existed if they run their estates

for agricultural purposes?

Aristocrats of England and Holland. British understood the new economy.

Ultimately the poorer aristocrats (of france) understood this new economy. They became the

gentlemen farmers who paid poorer people to work the land. Producing food to sell to the

market is the important new economy. Commercialization of agriculture. Agriculture has

always been a basis for any economy.

The changes that take place are from:

Producing enough food for a market

Changing the crops you produce

Standardizing the strips in your land

Throwing off peasants because you only need a business (some peasants fled and went to

towns because they were needed)

There was a twin change. Change in both rural areas (rural economy), ending serfdom in

villages (estates of lords become businesses), and urban areas, where peasants went to earn a

living (second part of economic/social transformation is that their was an increase of need forlabor in the towns in factories and coal mines). (change in the countryside and in the towns

simultaneously).

In order for a change you need producer, who can be few, and consumers, who have to be

many. Poor peasants become landless, go to town, and buy everything for themselves and thus

become consumers.

In France the town economy was very advanced. There was however, a disconnect. Many areas

remaining inefficient and feudal economy and some were business/farm like.

Feudal Economy- the nobility gets the land and the eldest inherits the land. The lord/lady of the

manner- the head of the property. Noblesse oblige- the lord/lady of the manner obliges. They

need to look after the serfs, the serfs family who gets ill, resolve family issues, must be

gracious, have a good table, give hospitality. The lords had the right to the work of the serfs,

but he also had obligations to them. The lord had a number of obligations and did the church.

This all being swept aside by 1789.

Girandistes: 1789-1791


6/59

Montagnards: 1792-1794

Jacobins: 1789-1791

Robespierre- during the reign of terror (1793-1794). Louis XVI was executed in 1793. 1792-

1801= French Revolutionary Wars: France vs Everyone else. Allowing for the execution of the

king, the aristocrats fled because their land was being take over by the peasants.Levee en masse= conscription army. France was fighting for survival which led to this army. This

was no longer professional soldiers. They were inspired by the revolutions ideas of equality and

fraternity. They won victory after victory. Fought for 9 years and in 1801 they made a two yr

truce with Britain. Then in 1803-1815 france started fighting again. These were called the

Napoleonic wars. The only country that was not overcome by france was England. Every other

country they took over or made an ally (forced ally).

Domestic issues in France

The rights of man: life, liberty, property. Aug 27 1789

Distinguished between active and passive citizens (the Electors of the Assembly were

themselves elected by "active" citizens, male citizens whose annual taxes equaled the local

wages paid for three days of labor.)

1-All men are equal before the law

2-Government represents the nation, not the king. End of divine monarchy

3-All innocent until proven guilty (no longer giving privilege to the aristocrats)

4-all are liable for taxation, according to capacity (income tax, land tax, license tax)

5- all property is sacred under the law (basis for middle class. Prison people when they steal)

6-Freedom of press7-Freedom of association (belonging to political party)

8- Free speech

9-Habeus corpus- a citizen cannot be held in jail for more than 48 hours without being indicted.

10-Freedom of religion

These are called the bourgeoisie freedom (middle class rights). Also became the basis of

liberalism in the 19th

c. You can have all these freedoms and have them enacted, but still have

monarchy. The monarchy is invariably a constitutional monarchy- the monarch governs through

a constitution. A constitution= legal document which sets the rights and responsibilities of the

monarch and the people. Fundamental to the constitution is the recognition of the monarchy

that they are governing through an election system. Electoral mechanism=basis for finding a

way to decide what government represents the people best. Usually a government takes place

after an election for a certain amount of time. Usually a government has 2 parts: executive

(actually running the country) and the legislature (often in one or two legal bodies :

senate/national assembly. Elected and often made up of lawyers). The nation represents


7/59

everyone because it is the final and ultimate source of authority. Authority is given to the

government from the people to the government.

Freedom from serfdomequality of everyone under the law (aristocrats, church, middle class,

peasants)fraternity(we are a nation who, together, elects the government). These were

fundamental for the French revolution.NOTES BEFORE CLASS

Read Napoleon

When was he most successful

Continental system-1806 Napoleon aimed to cut Britain off from its continental markets. He

prohibited trade with Britain in hopes of strangling the British economy. He did so by closing all

continental ports to British ships.

Confederation of the rhine

Nelson-british navy leader led during battle of trfalgar.

Defeats- 1807worst defeat was peninsular war. Lost because they didnt know how to fights the

apanish guerilla war fair. French men were being captured by the thousands and they could

no longer continue to go on. This was the first defeat. Napoleons Spanish ulcer bled france.

The destruction of his grand army in the snow-drifts and howling winds of Russia was the

beginning of the end. France earned money through this because Britain was forced to buy

French products. It however was not such a success because the ritish cost-line is rather large

and they have a strong navy. Merchants and smugglers were resourceful too. British continued

to find American markets for their goods. Even france needed many of the goods offered by

Britain markets. In response to this the british government order in council, in November andDecember 1807, demanded that trading ships under all flags purchase a license in a British port.

(Milan decrees) Napoleon retaliated, threatening to sieze any ship that traded with Britain

Wellington- leader of british troops. Came to assist their ally, Spain, during peninsular war

against Napoleon

Xyz affairs

Romanticism

Napoleon Victories

Napoleon was a Jacobin

He planned in 1793the successful artillery siege on the port of Toulon (held by British

Forces)

In Paris of Thermidor he helped put down a royalist uprising on October 6 1795

In 1796he became commander of the Army of Italy

In November of 1796he had spectacular successes against the Austrians and their allies in

Italy including at the Battle of Arcole


8/59

In May 1796he had victory over Austria in the battle of Lodi this opened way to Milan

In July 1798he defeated Egyptianforces in the battle of Pyramids

o he set off to Egypt- he wanted to occupy the middle east which was part of the Ottoman

empire

Napoleon achieved a final victory over the Turks with the annihilation of several morevillages and their inhabitants

In 1800 Napoleon took over Milan in Austria

In October 1805 they defeated the Austrians at Ulm

In 1813 he defeated the allies at Dresden

Defeats of Napoleon

In 1804 in Haiti the French surrendered to the Brits

In October 1805 at Cape Trafalgar the British (led by Nelson) had a huge navel defeat over

French

From 1808- 1813 Napoleon took part in the Peninsular War in Spain

In 1812 Napoleon entered Moscow and when he decided to retreat in October it was

disastrous

In October 1813 he suffered a major defeat at Leipzig

Horatio Nelson(1758-1805)

Tiny British Admiral

Had only one eye, one arm and few teeth He destroyedthe French Fleet in August of 1798 in the battle of Nile (Part of Napoleons

Defeat)

Abbe Emmanuel Sieyes

In Paris was plotting to overthrow the Directory

In November 1799 Sieyes and Napoleon staged a coup detat

He intended to have authoritarian rule

Duke of Wellington (1765- 1852)

His name was Arthur Wellesey and he led the British troops

He came to help the Spanish and Portuguese fight the French

By 1810 France lost this war majorly

In 1813 he drove the French back to France and made them fight on French soil for the first

time


9/59

In June 1815he faced off against Wellingtonby Waterlooand lostthe final battle

2/7/13

Napoleon

The directorywas the government before Napoleon changed it to the consulate.93-94= reign of terror. Culmination of the enlightenment, age of reason (attacking church

according to reason). Robespierre was influential in Italy. The republicans (those against

monarchy) developed into a strong ideology. Robespierre was the firs to entirely come out

against the monarchy. He was not a socialist (no blue collar workers). (He wanted to give a

political voice to others. They gave them government works with a wage and stable food

prices= economic social policy that were aware of the reality and the problems of every day

living that the propertiless had.)

89-94 resonated in Europe through to the first WW. Ideas that started then influenced other

countries. (Gerbaldi was the son of the ideas of Robespierre, took republican ideals)

-directorywas in 1794-1799, when Napoleon took over

-First Consul- 1799-1802 (Napoleon)

-Then he was established as Consul for lifein 1802-1804

-in 1804 he Crowned himself for life- emperor of the French (until 1814)

always an ambivalence if it was an empire or not

- In 1807 he defeated Russia and proclaimed himself The Great

Napoleons highest points

Political legacyNapoleonic code

Became king of Italy- made himself king over Italy to make the point to the pope (symbolic).

Made a point to the Austrians (enemies of the Italians) and to the pope.

Signed concord with church in 1801 (Pius VII)- the state is above the church.

Military Legacy

Confederation of the Rhine-

War of Austerlitz

Halvetic Confederation (Switzerland)

1807 defeat of Russia and all his enemies (never defeated Britain)

Battles

1803 After Amiens (1801-1803)

1805-Battle of Trafalgar: Naval defeat (after treaty if Amiens, they took time off for 2 years) at

the hands of Nelson (British admiral). Nelsonis one of th most inspirational leaders in history

Victories


10/59

1806- Austerlitz : Defeated Austrians and Russians

1806-07 defeated the Prussian (in Jena)

in 1807 he dissolves the holy Roman empire (which was central Germany) In place of that he

puts in place the confederation of the Rhine (16 German states)

1807 took the dalmation coast and made it the Illerian Republic (Austrian Croation)

French power over Poland

1807 French power over Russia (Russia was a secret ally, Poland was an open ally)

Russia, Poland sattelites. Belgium, Italy, Holand, Spain, and Portugal were captured and

napoleon put members of his family as kings over those countries

-England was helping Spain and Portugal.

Austrian German defeat in 1809. Napoleon married arch duchess of Austrian empire

-How did he fight so successfully?

Napoleon changed the way of warfare. He lived off the land. Him and the army moved very fast,

they had the advantage of surprise. No more mercenaries, just citizens with a stronger desire

and passion for fighting. Became stylized 2 lines of opposing sides used to fire against each

other, but Napoleon would just have surprise attacks. Revolutionized. This all worked until he

got to Russia because 1)different weather 2) Russians would scorch earth: they would burn

their own lands, thus as the army was coming the French had nothing to eat and then had to

retreat. The French horses also had nothing for their horses so harder to retreat and then

Russia would attack.

For Napoleon to remain a popular empire he had to keep fighting because so much of his

grandiose came from his extraordinary fighting. France was bigger in Europe than during theCharlemagne empire. To get at Britain he tried the continental system tried to strangle Britains

economy by closing off their ports from continental markets. He declared it twice first in Berlin

the in Milan- to proclaim no country can trade with Britain. Cut off British good from all

European markets except two neutral powers America and Ottoman empire. They traded

through Molta.

In 1807 it had become a british base. In 1813 the Germans started winning the Battle of the

german nations against the French.

1815 100 days of NapoleonLOOK UP

Read for next time

Romanticism-emphasizing imagination and emotion in personal development began to emerge

as a literary, artistic, and musical movement in the late 18th

century. Uprooting the classical

style based on Greek and Roman models that characterized aristocratic life and instead express

their emotional response to nature. Many romantic writers were individuals of religious faith

who rejected Enlightenment rationalism. This also brought about a German nationalism. The


11/59

idea of being part of a nation, a community, a culture. (shortly after nationalities would argue

for independent states). Romantics defined freedom as the unleashing of the senses and

passion of the soul. In the beginning of the movement romantic writers and artists were literary

and academic outsiders.

Liberalism-During the subsequent period after Napoleon, liberal movements were wellspread.Each nationality, particularly among the middles classes wanted liberty. It was more than an

economic and political theory, it was a way of viewing the world. liberals shared a confidence

that human progress as inevitable, though gradual. Liberalism reflected middle class confidence

and economic aspirations. Liberals wanted laisez faire (the government is bes which governs

the least). They emphasized The Rights of Man. They wanted a democracy.

concert of Europe(conciliar system)- in 1815, following Napoleons defeat at Waterloo, the

congress of Vienna created the concert of Europe. The concert is the international basis of the

Restoration of Europe in hopes of preventing further liberal and nationalist insurrection in

Europe. To preserve the settlements enacted at Vienna, the five major European powers (Great

Britain, Prussia, Austria, Russai, and France) formed a concert of Europe. It was an extension of

the congress of Vienna, meant to keep the status quo.

concord of Vienna-was almost entirely the work of diplomats representing Austria, Prussia,

Britain, andRussia. The goals were threefold 1)redistribute territory 2)to achieve a balance of

power that would prevent anyone state from becoming too powerful and potentially aggressive

3)make future revolutionary movements impossible.

Romanticism

emphasizing imagination and emotion in personal development, began to emerge as aliterary, artistic, and musical movement in the late eighteenth century

Coleridge and Wordsworth wanted them to express their emotional response to nature

instead of court and aristocratic life

swooning and fainting came into vogue because they seemed to be honest expressions of

emotion

Coleridge liked the French Revolution until it got too violent- more conquerors than

liberators

Many of the early romantic writers were individuals of religious faith who rejected

enlightenment rationalism

In nationalistic countries, romanticism celebrated the historical authenticity of the cultural

traditions and languages of ethnic peoples

Romantic writers defined freedom as the unleashing of the senses and passion of the soul

o Searched for the one who fulfills himself despite challenges imposed by

state/religion/societal convention


12/59

o Romantics bared the suffering of their souls

Romantics believed music was poetry capable of releasing torrents of emotion in listeners

o Beethoven

Congress of Vienna, Concerts of Europe

Represents old political order which now against the new liberalism Following Napoleons defeat in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo, the Congress of Vienna

created the Concert of Europe- the international basis of Restoration Europe to prevent further

liberal and nationalist insurrections in Europe

Concert of Europe was formed by Great Britain, Prussia, Austria, Russia and France

o Reps met annually and put down movements that threatened the status quo

Liberalism

In German and Italian states and Belgium, liberalism was associated with nationalists

o Called for independent states based upon ethnicity

o Threatened existence of these empires

2/14/13

Conciliar Movement- 1815-1821: meant to keep the status quo after Napoleon. Ends in 1821

when Greeks revolted. Members= Britain, Prussia, Russia, Austria, and eventually France joined

in. France joined in 1818 when they paid off all their debts. They wanted to suppress

revolutions, maintain monarchies. Maintain government in office, but a king on the throne=

political stability. They were the Major Powers. The few most powerful states. They were

politically ridden. Russia was the most conservative power. Both Austria and Russia still had the

institution of feudalism. Prussia abolished feudalism in the middle of the Napoleonic wars- tohave an inspired, uniform army. Dynasty ruling Prussia was the Hohenzollern (Prussian family)

and the Austrian Dynast was the Habsburgs.

In 1792 France was on the defensive against Austria, but by the end since France won they had

to pay indemnities, or reparations.

It was resuscitated in early 1850s because of the Cramean war

[side point- Queen Victoria of England, 1837-1901, would have the most relatives throughout

Europe. She is originally German. She had a lot of children who then married other countries

royalty.]

Prussian Kings made promotion in the army relatively meritocratic. The other forces were

mostly aristocratic.

Most important idea of the Conciliar movement: stop revolutions and release tensions within

each other. To ensure that the major powers found a legally acceptable way to stop a

revolution from taking place and if one started to suppress it. They wanted to find a way to

intervene and restore order, reverse a revolution, place the monarch back on the throne in a


13/59

country that a revolution would take place, and have that intervention be internationally

legal. Even if it meant (which it would) that a revolution would happen outside one of those 5

countries. They can still send troops to invade the country.

A revolution is an internal affair, but they still gave themselves the legal rights. All five

considered it (practically god given) their duty to stop the revolutions.Aim: Countries like Italy (South Italy)- was rural and for early 19

thcentury, that meant more

poor. (North was already urban and manufacturing and way ahead economically) and one in

spain- what country intervened where? LOOK UP (between 1818-1821) Also look up Greek

Revolution.

Congress of Vienna- 1) Redistribute territory 2) make future revolts impossible 3) restore

balance of power. Redrew a map to set boundaries. Austria got a lot of land.

Holy alliance- Prussia, Russia, and Austria (three emperors league)-considered themselves

holier. Divided up Poland.

1834- Zollverein Union: Customs union between Austrian chancellor, Metternich and France.

He did not like revolutions or constitutions. Land is most important source of wealth. He could

not get back the Holy Roman Empire. So confederation of the Rhine and was made into 35

states. (The middle class in the confederation wanted constitutional monarchs- confed was

starting to be industrial) So Metternich said okay, no trade unions, no political powers. In return

you can have customs union. He allowed Prussia to join the Confed, but will not have Austria in

it. He thought, politically, the empire could not really control their own lands. Big mistake

because by allowing Prussia and the confed to join the were closer together economically.

German empire of 1871 is a political expression of an economic union that was already takingplace (good for Germany, bad for Austria). Metternichs intention was to buy off the German

middle class. LOOK UP!!!??

Romanticism- encouraged imagination. Conservative movement away from enlightenment

rationalism. Very much a reaction to the rationality of the enlightenment. Emphasized

imagination and emotion. Very strong in the Germanic world. Glorified simple peasant, no need

for education. Germans were trying to find a way to validate their own cultural and linguistic

entity without taking a political radical root. They took over the notion of the nationbecause

France says the people have the right to choose who leads. The people have ultimate political

power. The German Nation was for cultural reasons (not political). They wanted a unifying

link to the Germanic nation. In the enlightenment the individual is very important. By the late

18th

c we begin to see, why should some members be in one group and others in another. A

common element to determine what group you were in was language. 1) language 2) customs

3) emotions 4)common historical past- this is all part of nationalism this is all part of what a

person grows up with. The germans were aware they were under different rulers and the idea


14/59

of finding a common link was to understand themselves. Romanticism also went well with

reaction to Indsutrial revolution. Pretty fieldsfactories. British against industrial revolution,

Germans want to evoke nationalism. Conservative in nature. Romantics (like shelly and keats,

were not so pro-education because with education you require notions about your rights).

For next timePolitical History

Peter Loo Massacre- Late 18th

c beginning of 19th

c was a very radical time. In Britain demands

for political reform were taking place. The people wanted more middle class voters, universal

suffrage, lower prices on food, etc. Due to the radicalism going on in that time period the

government became much more rigid, actually. It suspended the rights of habeas corpus, made

strikes illegal, and enforced laws against trade unions. (Part of the Combination Acts from 1799-

1800). On august 16th

1819 a crowd of men and women gathered near Manchester to

demonstrate for the right to form political organizations and to assemble freely. Guards went

to arrest the main speaker and in the process killed 11 and wounded 100s. This was a shameful

victory over Britains defenseless laboring poor.

Industrial revolution: 1800s. Transformation of European economy. It was largely an

intensification of forms of production that already existed. An increase in population generated

greater consumer demand for manufactured goods, now transported in many places by trains

and steamships. German industrialization lagged behind that of Britain and France because 1)

municipality of independent states 2) the labyrinth of tolls and customs barriers (pay toll) 3)

virtual monopolies held by guilds ober the production and distribution of certain products.

Child labor begins because of the factories.Watts dimensions

Cotton Gin-A cotton ginis a machine that quickly and easily separatescotton fibers from their

seeds, allowing for much greater productivity than manual cotton separation.[2]

The fibers are

processed into clothing or other cotton goods, and any undamaged seeds may be used to grow

more cotton or to producecottonseed oil andmeal.

Although simple handheld roller gins have been used since at least 500 AD,[3]

the first modern

mechanical cotton gin was created by American inventorEli Whitney in 1793, and patented in

1794.

The first Industrial Revolution was largely the intensification of forms of production that already

existed. Not until the mid-nineteenth century, when steam power came to be used in many

different industries in Western Europe, did industrial manufacturing leave behind traditional

forms of production.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_gin#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_gin#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_gin#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonseed_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonseed_mealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_gin#cite_note-LakGin-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_gin#cite_note-LakGin-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_gin#cite_note-LakGin-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Whitneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Whitneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_gin#cite_note-LakGin-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonseed_mealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonseed_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_gin#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton


15/59

Demographic Explosion:

Population Growth of 187 mil to 266 mil from 1800 to 1850 (43 % INCREASE)

However, disease and Hunger continued to interrupt cycles of population growth:

-Cholera (early 1830s - 1890s)-Potato Famine in Ireland (1840s)

-Tuberculosis

Technological Advancements:

-Trains and Steamboats (Northern England in 1820). The railroads development prompted

investments particularly from the middle class. British railways were completely financed by

Private Investments at this point.

-Because of this technological advancement, the production of metal also increased since the

transport of said materials was a cheaper using rail transportation. The cost for such railroads

are the displacement of people and the destruction of their homes (they were forced to

relocate).

-Also because of railroads, the sense of being on time was also introduced. 1850s Greewich

Time or railway time became the standard in Britain.

-SteamShip (1816, 1820s-1830s). Revolutioned travel and transport.

-A cotton ginis a machine that quickly and easily separatescottonfibers from their seeds,

allowing for much greater productivity than manual cotton separation.

Why did the Industrial Revolution Start in England? Because of its Location

Separate Spheres and Cult of Domesticity - Where the Man and the woman lived in Separate

Spheres. The man was out of the house, working, providing for the family while the Woman

was inside the house, taking care of the children and tending to the servants

Liberal Revolts in Spain, Portugal, and Italy

SPAIN

The first trial of the Congress System was in Spain (1814) King Ferdinand VII (ruled 1808-1833)

declared that he did not recognize the liberal constitution that had been drawn up by the

Cortes (assembly) in 1812.

-Simon Bolivar (1783-1830) A Creole Aristocrat raised with European Enlightenment ideals, led

an army that liberated Venezuela in 1821.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton


16/59

-In 1821, they were also forced to recognize the independence of Mexico. At this time, Spain

only retained their colonies of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.

-With this, the Spanish Kin in Spain itself posed a revolution. Army officers along with

merchants and lawyers forced the King to restore the assembly and also recognize Spain as

having a liberal constitution.

PORTUGAL

-Liberal army officers took advantage of the fact that King John VI was still in hiding so they

formed their own liberal constitution similar to that of Spains. That year a coup de tat brought

back John VI in power as a constitutional monarch.

-Civil War happened from 1832 to 1834, between royalists and an alliance of liberals and

radicals, and the in 1851, after some forty different governments and another coup de tat, to

the establishment of a parliamentary system of government.

ITALY

-A revolt also broke out in Italy. Army officers and merchants revolted against the rule of King

Ferdinand I. Carbonari secret society.

This resulted in a signed agreement between Russia, Prussia, and Austria saying that as under

the principles of the HolyAlliance, they had the right to intervene militarily in any country in

which political changes were brought about by the revolution.

The Greek Revolution in 1821 against the Ottoman Turks shattered the Congress System. They

were torn between supporting the Greek Rebels or supporting the Turks. Prince Alexander

Ypsilantis founded a secret organization in 1814 The Society of Friends.

1832- Greek Independence

The combination Acts (1799-1800) made strikes illegal

August 16,1819 A group of some 60,000 people gathered near Manchester to demonstrate for

the right for political organizations and to assemble freely. Soldiers gunned down the

protesters, killing eleven and wounding hundreds. This incident was called the Peterloo

Massacre, a play on the victory over Napoleon in Waterloo.

2/19/13


17/59

Revolts-

Italys revolt was beyond liberal.

Spains was liberal.

In 19th

century (after French revolution) you have the center, the right, and the left. These three

groups emerge as political partiesThe centeris liberal. The middle class forms the center. The liberals, or center, want laissez

faire. They wanted government by elections. They wanted a parliamentary political system

(representative government through an electoral system based on property or universal male

suffrage and in the 20th

century, only, based on universal suffrage). They want equality before

the law. They wanted freedoms- civil liberties. Big on education. The French middle class

wanted the church under the gvt. The Germans wanted to put the church on the side (Kulture

Kampf) because they needed to accept begin german before being

religious or they would have 30years war all over again.. Protestant countries allowed church to

be strong, but too many churches were strong.

The right(aristocrats) is conservative, want feudal system (land wealth. Land is source of

wealth. Continuation of serfdom. Blue blooded aristocracy continuing). The right is for the

continuity of the past. They wanted a continuation of the monarchy. They also wanted the

Church.

The leftis the complete opposite of the right. They want a REPUBLIC. The left is the radicals.

Reflected the enlightenment-wanted legal equality. No feudal system, no serfdom, no

aristocrats. No laissez fair. No church. Civil liberties. Education-somewhat. Also called socialism.

Revolts- Nationalism (self determination-being ruled by your own ethnic group) runs through allthree (Spain, Italy, and Portugal)

Italianwere not liberal, they were left. They wanted a republic. The king of Naples was very

corrupt, they wanted him out. Southern Italy had a very big socioeconomic divide and there

was a strong republic movement. The Italians also viewed the pope as an oppressive figure.

The Spanishalso had a nationalist element because the monarch was French. The Spanish

wanted to be ruled by a constitutional government as well as a Spanish royal family. Therefore,

they were distinguishing between French rule or Spanish rule.

Nationalism=self determination. When it refers to a group of people it is a desire to be ruled by

your own ethnic group

Greek Revolt- Against Ottoman Turks. They wanted to be ruled by Greeks. As merchants they

left the ottoman empire. (merchant community is always mobile- usually have other languages

and family contacts in other regions. Particularly ottomans, Armenians, Jews). The Greek

merchants saw the many ideas of how things should be run and they were well read so they

wanted to be led by a constitutional government and by someone of their own linguistic group.


18/59

The other two revolts were put down, but Greeces was more complex. Austria and Russia were

in favor of the revolt. They were opposed to Islam. Russia and Austria were also in favor

because they wanted to eventually gain land. The Eastern Question: The desire of some major

powers to take land from the Ottoman Empire, hence there foreign policy objective was to

weaken the Sultan at all possible opportunities. These opportunities would be presented by thesubject ethnic groups within the empire who would rise for nationalist purposes for self

determination-they want their own ethnic ruler. Therefore, Austria and Russia because they

were geographically near the empire and already gained some land prior(18th

c)- they would

back every single nationalist revolt by the subject people of the empire in the 19th

c. Britain and

France backed the Ottomans because- they did not want Austria and Russia to get stronger- so

back the enemy of my enemy. Secondly, the British and French upper class, aristocracy, had

grown up in their schools reading ancient Greek and Latin texts. The Greek culture became part

of their culture. Therefore, although Britain and France did not want to get involve they

relented to the aristocrats in helping the Greeks. They believed the Greek deserved their own

state. Both France and Britain were maritime powers too (marine)- they were strong in trade

and had commerce with Ottoman Empire. So they were in favor of maintaining the Empire

because it was a good market for them. But culture in the end overruled. Normally commercial

interest meant they would not back the Greeks. (France is landed and maritime, Britain is

basically maritime)(At first they remained kind of neutral). When you start helping a revolt in

the 19thc ottoman empire that meant sending supplies, and if needed invading the ottoman

empire. Essentially, by the end, all four helped the Greeks. On the basis of religion they gain the

right to invade the empire since they are right next door to it. Austria and Russia are landedpowers-they want more land. Prussia wanted to stay out of it- it is too far and is not yet

interested in it (until 1892-1893). They want to unify all the German people, outside Austria,

under them. (They had it economically, but that is not enough). The Germans wanted to

become a German nation instead of million independent states. The Eastern Question

continues until the first WW. Prussia and the Confederation of the Rhine were neutral. The

Greek revolt ended the Conciliar system and began the Eastern Question. It also brought

Britain and france closer- two constitutional monarchies with developed economies and active

interest in markets abroad (First time then allied). Russia and Austria-very arbitrary extreme

monarchies, tempered by inefficiency in Russia and incompetence in Austria. Also both Austria

and Russia will have less developed economies and less active markets abroad.

Foreign policy of Britain and France= economic imperialism- seeking markets abroad and

investing in those markets. Invest to build a harbors and trading is simply trading. In both

aspects you gain money. France was doing this and Britain in Ottoman empire. Britain and

America in Latin America.


19/59

Liberalism

Utopian socialism

Inventions of Industrial revolution

1832 reform act

the totality of the changes ineconomic and socialorganization that began about 1760 in England

and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the replacementof hand tools with power-

driven machines, as the power loom andthe steam engine, and by the concentration of industry

in largeestablishments.

2/21/13

Industrial Revolutionbrings about mechanized working. Form of production was changed.

Improvement of steamboats and trains helped and was part of the revolution.

Threshing machine-put in farms. Form of mechanization replacing tools. Replaced workers,

man power (flailers), in a specific task in farms. This made threshing more standardized, of

higher quality, more efficient, and more cost effective. Therefore, it allowed higher productivity

and hence more profit from the farm. It intensified production and makes it cheaper and more

likely to make profit. They sustained a larger population.

You cant have an industrial revolution, mechanized production which Is still rudimentary,

without increased productivity in the villages. Demographic growthmore consumersmore

producers (products). More food produces a healthier population an causes demographic

growth.

The way production is organized means or includes the taking over of the farm by thelandowner and making the ex-serfs into day laborers or seasonal laborers. The new workers

need to buy everything to survive, they no longer have everything given to them by their lord.

People in the countryside become workers and now come to the market to get a wage and buy

what they need daily. Organization of is no longer on custom protection security or privilege,

but selling your labor for a wage and entering the market with this wage in order to survive.

Now the landowner is an employer not a lord. (The enclosure system) began in England.

Also increase food production, not just for your town, but surrounding towns- chance to sell

extra food produced.

Self subsistence farming-produce on farms used only for the family vs farms produce food to

sell= commercialization-producing crops for the markets. Money slowly becomes more

necessary to carry out any activity. The importance of money and the market (Economic

activity) begins.

Powerboats or power weaving

One invention led to others. Interchangeable parts began.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/organizationhttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/organization


20/59

Steam engine- no longer need to burn huge amounts of wood to run a machine, nor the power

of water. So the source of steam engine was paramount, fundamental. Steam engines also

allowed the industrial revolution to be moved to the towns because not workshops could be

established in growing towns because steam engines allowed the looms (machinery) to work.

Industrial revolution was not only an acceleration in economic growth, but an acceleration ofeconomic growth through technological inventions and resulting in an economic and social

transformation.

Industrial revolution resulted in self sustained economic growth(economy has within it what

it takes to continue) by means of continuous technological inventions and demographic growth

making possible higher levels of production (greater amounts of goods produced).

Following the industrial revolution we try to diminish the natural, the inherent, fluctuations of

any economy. The fluctuations occur because you have imbalance between level of production

and consumption. The most dips occur because of the imbalance and it takes a while to fix.

Blue color workers arise. Also urbanization (growth of towns) because of increase social

mobility and transportation.

Britain: 1780-1820

France1790-1830 (later because of its wars)

Belgium and Netherland 1840s(concluded)

Prussia 1850s (concluded)

After the 30s it was hard for other countries to catch up.

Three sectors influenced: 1) agriculture- mechanization of production and crop rotation (they

discovered greater efficiency in the use of land by one year using the land for wheat and thenext for animal food) it gave nutrients to the land and was better use of the land so it increased

productivity. Enclosures (making serfs to agricultural laborers or tenants) 2) textiles- going from

buying cotton to producing their own cotton, cloth, fabric. 3)production of iron

Guildscotton industryworkshopsfactories

2/26/13

Why did the industrial revolution begin in Britain first?

What were some social effects of the revolution? And How did the political system react to the

social effects?

Importance in understanding the industrial revolution is 1)having in mind the technological

inventions that took place (mechanization of production) 2)to understand the economic

activities of cultivating the land and making cloth already existed- because of political and

economic changes taking place production changed.

Textile:


21/59

Commercialization of agriculture shows a whole new form of agriculture-not for self sufficiency

so its not a microcosm, but its connected to economy and a market. No more self sufficiency.

Economic system is growing, drawing participants. Revolution is to bring about and is a result

of the growth of the market in economic activity. It is both a symptom and a cause.

Another fundamental idea is that the economic activities are no longer territorially isolated, butinterconnected through the market. No longer isolated territorially. This is the march of the

market, connecting territories through exchange of economic activity through money. The

ultimate unification of territories (and the whole world) through the market, is globalization,

which still has not happened fully until about 1914.

Underlying change in manufacture that made the inventions so desirable was demand due to

demographic growth for more cheap cotton or woolen fabric, cloth.

Go to the market for food and cloth. They could not get the cloth cheaply enough from the

guilds because they primarily aimed to sell for higher markets (linen, silk) for merchants wives,

captains of ships- for well heeled middle class. Production was regulated- couldnt find goods

and it was to expensive. So the economy wanted a putting-out system, a cotton industry.This

industry was homes in the rural areas of agricultural workers were given raw wool or raw

cotton to spin into thread and they put out a lot of rolls of thread. Then other households were

given the thread and wove it into pieces of thread to be given out. So putting-out is making a

product, giving it to the person who gave it to you and youd be paid for your work. So raw wool

or cotton spun to threadput out thread and get paid for laborthread put into fabric, get

paidgive it out. This happened in small towns near villages and in homes of peasants. So

specialization of labor-some households spin and others weave. So manufacture of cloth istaken out of guilds by individuals for specialization of labor. At the same time the person

bringing the raw material then buys the product (fabric)and sells it in a market. The organizer

was the typical entrepreneur or the typical man of the revolution (aka harbinger of industrial

revolution). The entrepreneur has two elements: trading (merchant) and a manufacturer

(because he buys wool and organizes its production into cloth) . He has to decide what price is

profitable and where to go and sell it. His workers have specialization of labor, but he is the

opposite. The individual does not belong to any economic association he is completely

independent, takes a risk and a profit. He has to make all the decisions in the process. There is

always a market for it because he adjusts prices according to consumers. Guilds become smaller

and smaller because the up-market is limited.

Production is outside a regulated situation.

The only regulation is market demand.

The price reflects quality which is set in the market (in comparison to the other fabrics)


22/59

There is risk for the entrepreneur because of unknown things and because of competition.

However there are also profits to be made.

This begins in Britain.

1733 Kays flying shuttle dealt with the weavers homes near streams- made the way for

automatic machine looms- allowed a single weaver to weave much wider fabrics1765 Hargreaves spinning jenny (spinners)-spinners in homes

a multi spool spinning frame. Allowed for faster production. since the weaving came first there

was a hiatus that was problematic because spinning happens first in the process then weaving

so they werent spinning fast enough for the weavers. The putting-out system was looking for

ways to speed up production because there was demand for the finished product-cloth.

1787 Cartwrights power loom (weavers)-workshops and towns.

As machines grew they still stayed in rural area because they needed to be near streams to

work the machines. They needed an invention that was more efficient for the production of

cloth.

Watts steam engine 1769, but not used until a little later -made a cylinder under the coal

(heat) and the hot water became steam and another cylinder would channel the steam away

from the heated part of the steam and would become water again. Then it went back to the

first cylinder and it was recycled. Saving a lot of water. Allowed production to leave rural areas

and enter workshops in towns. It would not have been possible without the invention of

creating heat from coal. Coal alone is toxic. There is thus the invention of charcoal. The fire

produced from wood doesnt create strongenough heat and is not cost effective because you

need a lot of trees constantly. Therefore, you needed a new way of producing energy throughheat. They found how to purify coal by making if from a dark lump into a grayish beige powder

called coke- taking out all the toxin. This was fundamental for the steam engine to be created

and start workshops. Allowed places with coal mines to be ahead of the game in the revolution,

like Britain.

Iron industry:

The making of iron. Steel with intense heat, produced by coal/coke. Coal/coke makes iron

warm and malleable and allows you to use it well. It also makes the iron stronger when it cools

off, making iron into steel. Invention of coke allowd everything to evolve.

Railroads show the most complex phase of the revolution. It needs 1) banks to finance it-

concentration of capitol 2)advanced technology and 3)good reserves of iron/coal nearby

4)needed investors therefore, leading to the establishment ofjoint-stock companies(public

sharing- through their banks they float shares and there is no fraud)(stock exchange). Private

bankersbanks.

What made England the first place?


23/59

1)Britain had continuous population growth. Population growth leads to sustained economic

growth

2)It was the biggest free trade area in Europe, it did not have internal tolls from area to area.

Goods moved within the country freely and easily.

3)Britain had large deposits of coal and iron ore4)It had a stable political system (no revolutions like France)

5)had no especially heavy taxation and the aristocracy also paid taxes. (because Britains

foreign policy was almost always based on economic interest acquiring more markets by sea.

They wage war for markets abroad)

6)had an advanced market to sell their goods in their colonies in N. America

7)they had regulated the governments public debt and borrowed at low interest. Most

countries had big public debts. They paid their debts as a government religiously, thus allowing

them to borrow at low interest rates in the continental markets. This allowed low taxation on

the people.

8)they had low interest rates within the economy for investors. Established a 7% interest rate

while other countries had rates like 12 or 25%

9) it had substantial amounts of capital accumulation from ongoing profits.

10) it had a sophisticated banking system of small bankers.

11)they established the bank of England(a central bank)

12)most advanced relations of production in agriculture (most productive with its agriculture).

Most agricultural workers in its rural sector-working for a wage. Agriculture was

commercialized.READ FOR NEXT CLASS

PROBLEMS OF URBANIZATION ORGINZATION

EDWIN CHADWICK

FACTORY ACT

COAL MINES ACT

2/28/13-GET NOTES!!!!!!

Unhealthy public life due to industrial revolution:

Public Health act- 1848, Edwin Chadwick. Chadwick wanted to make the new urban system

more livable. He was part of a movement. Average life span dropped to 32 because of the poor

living conditions.

The poor laws: inspection of workhouses/public houses/poor houses- separate for genders, for

the poor. There was a lot of dampness in the houses. Inspectors inspected these houses and

factories and became aware of the negative effects of dampness on health. Enforced laws of no

more begging in the streets because the weather conditions there are not good to encourage


24/59

people to go to the houses. The poor houses were going to be awful so people would be

motivated to go work. Secondly, there was discipline in order to motivate them since they were

lazy. Thirdly, men and women were divided. Aided by Anglican aristocratic males.

Anglicans are protestants and non-conformists are protestants too.

Within Protestantism you have a lot of churches so different denominations.Anglicans

Lutherans

Non-conformists didnt conform to the Anglican version of the bible. King Arthur translated the

bible into English once more. (all pointless)

Nonconformists are manufacturers.

The working class rejects Marxism because Marx rejects religion. The British working class will

never be Marxist, or revolutionary, because protestant church is most important. They will,

however, be radical and press for improved standards of living.

Poor laws took place: the movement of the countryside to the towns was possible because ex-

serfs were forced off the lands and the towns had more work opportunities. There was enough

work in the towns to absorb the excess workers. They would go to the village because the lord

could no longer give them what they needed. (Those places that couldnt absorb all the ex serfs

had bandits- ex serfs who moved to the mountain side and were robbers). Even in England

there was not continuous work in the towns early on. There was a new phenomenon of

impoverished males and females wondering about the villages looking for work. The economy

was growing fast but not fast enough to absorb everyone. Being employed was unpredictable

for unskilled workers and wage was minimal. Prostitution emerged to a larger extent in thistime. People would work all week 10-12 hours a day so no energy to go to church. They also

drink a lot- drink of choice: gin. Some factories were humane and realized the advantages to

giving privileges to their workers, but very few were like this.

People believed that the poor were poor and unhealthy because of their laziness.

Malthus said we are reproducing too fast. He said if you give better conditions to the workers

theyll have better lives and reproduce better-

Poor laws took place because by the 1830s, people were effecting politicians saying we need to

do something about the poor. It was a social problem of law and order. They wanted the gvt to

take them off the street and give them somewhere to live until they found work. They could

give money to women and children. If a family had no means of subsistence , they would give

money to women and children. They need to take money out of investments to do this which is

unhealthy. If you help unemployed they remain unemployed so dont really give out money.

Increased taxes to create reliefs for the poor.

Government post Revolution


25/59

Parliament passed these laws. In the house of commons discussions take place. All its members

are aristocrats. Every aristocratic family had one head that would take the land of the family

and the title the other children would go to the church, the army, marry well, or go to India as

an administrator. The laws ensured the numbers didnt increase or decrease. The same

numbers were always there. More aristocrats at ease and willing to make changes in thepolitical and social life of the country (with a new post industrial revolution society that had

emerged. The urban life. Having poor, and prostitution)- called Whigs. They were the heads of

the glorious revolution who took over after Cromwell died. They made peace and ended divine

monarchy, but kept a lot of power for themselves. (similar to the directory that took over after

Robespierre) in England, those aristocrats who accepted that divine monarchy would no longer

be around and they could influence the political world allied with Whigs and pushed out

Cromwells son. Monarchy that rules with house of lords and commons.

Toris- the other political group. Usually professors or writers.

House of commons functioned through clubs. When house of commons or lords was in session

they had to travel to a certain part of London(they were not paid, you served the country)

Heads of factories could not be part of the houses because they had to manage their factories

The Good and the Great- the toris still thought the industrial revolution bad, the others were at

ease with change. The house established a commission of inquiry- discussed things behind

closed doors. The G and the G would be drawn from retired intellectuals who came from both

political groups and they would be above politics and therefore they would be more objective.

They also paid younger people to collect the information who themselves had secretaries. Men

like chadwick would man the committee in terms of the people who would collect theinformation, so some was collected from the p.o.v of whigs and some from radicals. This

changed the way the house of commons understanding what was happening. They understood

from statistics collected what was going on with the poor. Every time they passed a law they

established an inspector.

Limited child labor for men and women. Mines act, factory reforms.

Each party accepted the laws passed by the other part- two party consensus system

LOOK UP

1832 Great reform act/2nd

reform act of 1867

CHARTISM

UTILITARIANS

3/5/13

Reform Act of 1832- 1 out of 5 people can now vote. Increases the size of the electorate or

increasing the number of people who can vote. Based on their wealth they were able to vote

for people to go into parliament. The north had been underrepresented because the


26/59

parliaments electoral districts had not changed since the middle ages. The British south was

overrepresented. Throughout the 1700s population was growing quickly in the North and

shifting the dynamics of the country. Borough, cities or towns. Rural area-county. Boroughs are

small market towns next to rural areas. A market town at the time was a small market with a

grocery store and postal station. Noble, aristocratic families were sharing representation of thehouse of commons amongst themselves. Not enough seat for every aristocratic family so some

negotiations occurred. Some families represented counties (where aristocracy lived). Rotten

boroughs=had no people. Even some rotten boroughs had seats in the parliament. After 1832

the aristocratic families who had dominance still remained in power.

System that represented power of aristocracy. This was in the process of changing and began

with allowing more males to vote.

Whigs put pressure on the monarch to pass it.

Unlike the rest of Europe the British aristocracy could be divided within itself (amiably so), since

1685, that wants or is willing to change.

British model was that part of the aristocracy was taking initiative to share power. As opposed

to France who was not willing to share power. Result in Franceworking class would take to

the barricades ( sandbag roads and put men with guns in urban areas to stop police and people

to walk through.) Austria and Russia- middle class to be small, working class to be smaller, so

state wouldnt have to hear from them and that caused a revolution(individual, radical young

men who would assassin the political establishment to bring about change).

Within ten years more people, about 1 in 5, got naturally into the voting system. What helped

them was that the economy grew so more people got into the electoral registers. Peoplegained wealth so they were able to vote. Permanent residence and money meant more voters.

Chartism- 1838-1848 Radical urban working class movement in Britain for political reform. They

wanted 6 basic reforms to make the system more democratic

1)every man over 21 could vote- universal male sufferage-1918

2)secret ballot-1872 achieved

3)no property qualification for members of parliament

4)constituencies or electoral districts of equal size

5)annual elections for parliament

6)payment for parliament (house of commons really) so the poor can also participate

when did each of these demands get met?

Which was never met?

Annual elections of parliament.

Enforces less parties in government allows for stability- but both get lost.

Frequent demonstrations


27/59

Most radical movement of british working class. Over period of ten years. Peaceful protestors

Active Protestantism- Gd will help them. He will help them through protests. Also radical

protests were tainted by atheism. Devou protestants could not follow the French road.

Prudant

BlankMarx

3/8/13

Socialismopposed liberalism from the left of the political spectrum and completely rejected

conservatism(and the monarchy). It accepted the Industrial revolution, but saw the new

economic system as chaotic, exploitative, and increasingly inequitable.( In England

conservatives were constitutional monarchists, willing to work with changes. Elsewhere,

monarchy was unwilling to change and wanted an absolute monarchy with the smallest

constitution possible.) They believed in the enlightenment. They believed in reason, science,

inventions, and progress. Both socialists and liberals accepted the previously stated ideas.

If you make a rational argument it will be understood and everything except religion can be

explained. Reasoning is a necessary tool.

As a society and as individuals we are bound to improve with time.

-Fourier: French Socialists

created idea of community that he thought would help-phalanx communities. Came up with

810 personalities that existed in the world and he thought you should put men and women of

all personalities in these communities. Wanted this to be a utopian society- failed and nobody

joined him. Utopians want harmony in the community, improved living conditions. Utopianswere the first critics of the new post industrial revolution society that emerged. They wanted

social transformations like villages in enclosed land, urban cities to have more sans-coulloutes.

The visual aspects of post industrial revolution in Western Europe were striking because the

cities were already growing. They were slumps

Utopians are the British continental equivalent as the French romantic poets. British poets were

mostly aristocratic. French utopians were mostly intellectuals. Neither group was industrialists.

Their primary concern was pain for the others. Genuine concern about the plight of the new

urban population. French utopians were more inclined to rationality because they were closer

to the enlightenment.

Utopians criticized the liberals who eulogized (celebrate) science and the productivity and

laissez faire. Liberals believe that the market will sort everything out and unemployed starving

people will be addressed by the market. Primary concern was that they felt pain for others.

More inclined too rationality because closer to the enlightenment. Social upheaval necessary

for new economy and social distress was necessary.


28/59

Thought reason can help organize a society more rationally. Reason and science should not only

be implemented in textile industry , but in society as well.

Try to construct buildings to improve social problems of great inequality.

Utopians were the first critics of liberals and tended to believe in persuasion . You can talk

government into changing society by showing them society cannot, should not be allowed togrow by developing wealth for some and stock for others. One group believes in persuasion and

the other in creating a community to show what would be possible (persuade by example

rather than a reasonable argument). Socialists did not believe in violence or revolution so they

were the earliest critics of liberalism and thought, if only they explain how bad the system is,

others will agree.

Harmony is an important concept because one of the things coming out of the industrial

revolution was discord. So what also brought about the 1832 reform act was tremendous

demonstrations.

Lack of harmony, injustice, lack of equality, poverty for some vs wealth for others, this is

everything that utopians wanted to change

In Britain they tried to discuss this in the house of commons and then act on it. They divided

social problems and tried to implement reason. They tried to be as cost effective as possible.

The utopians wanted much more change.

The land of milk and honey- a perfect society.

Criticism of growing inequality of the new capitalists system, which was run by the liberals.

Utopians were socialists, but not revolutionary.

Next Phase of socialist work. How the middle class reacts, outside Britain.Louis Blanc 1811-1842 (after Fourrier)

Contemporary of Benthem and Adam Smith. Wanted to improve the lot of the workers by

giving them universal suffrage as to influence government.(reform act of 1832 didnt give to the

workers). Also believed in scientists. Said state should garuntee the right to work- decent wage

and the responsibility of the state to provide work when necessary! (Public works Program-

government to employ). State should give money/loan/credit to individuals to share in the

owning of the business and then it would eliminate the middleman in business (to establish

produced associations). Workshops would serve as a reorganization of society along

cooperative lines. He believed if the state helps workers create their own factories they would

create competition for labor force. The fewer the workers, the more the employers need to pay

better wages. Establishing cooperatives allows workers to share in the profits, and diminish

availability of workers so the ones who werent in co-ops would have a better opportunity for

them to get hired with better wages. Industrialists will be forced to become less exploited. The

state should employ people in public works to eliminate temporary unemployment.


29/59

Trade unions and improvement of economywas a result even though a lot of what he did

failed. Blanc was more successful in putting them into work.

Augustus Blanqui- 1805-1881

French socialists advocated blancism. He was notable for the revolutionary theory of

blanquism. (socialist and first revolutionary)Wanted socialism to be organized by secret conspirators who would instigate a violent

revolution

Essence of blanquism- conspiracy, small group, secrecy- he was a professional assassinator.

Believed in selective assassination.

Was the best successor of Robespierre.

The system wont respond neither to the selective economic reforms or plans similar to what

blanc tried to say nor persuasion- neither would work. Other tried that and it didnt work!

He was active primarily past 1848 when he saw the failures of others. 48-49 everywhere else

there is revolution after revolution with workers taking the street with liberals who take over

temporarily and then liberals make alliances with monarchists and let down workers who were

invariably shot at.

Leads the way for Marx.

3/12/13

Karl Marx 1818-1883:

Philosopher, economist, and sociologist.

Wrote communist manifesto

Developed Marxism with Frederick Engels (he also financed marx) (Frederick lived from 1820-1895)

Combo for Britain France and German

Marxism:

Emphasized materialism and class struggle. He defined class as a definite inevitable,

inescapable, ongoing struggle, between the proletariat and the

employer/industrialist/capitalist. Capitalists owned mean of productions proletariats own their

labor.

Conflict of interest and lifestyle and inevitable and increasing struggle between the two groups.

If theres no private ownership of the means of production you then have common ownership,

hence there is harmony between people. With lack of ownership, there is only one group of

people, not two conflicting classes.

Profit will not be the motivational force for production. Profit will go to some people who own

the means of production and nothing to the proletariat, usually. Profit mobilizes production on

an antagonistic manor or basis. The capitalists mobilize themselves for profit and the proletariat


30/59

works for survival. Society represents the class of owners- capitalists. Hence, ensures the

continuity of the antagonistic system, which wipes out all the lofty ideals of the freedom to

decide what work a person should do. A parliamentary system that gives more power to more

people gives noting to the proletariat. Very harsh uncompromising critic of liberalism and

conservatism.He considered capitalism the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie. --He wanted a large scale change,

he wanted people to believe in him

Dictatorship of capitalists should be replaced by dictatorship of proletariat- proletariat should

control the means of production, not own it!

The most oppressed are more likely to be just. Marx said history is divided into two periods:

Ancient period= Asiatic despotism (ex: mesoptamia) where there are two classes- slave owners

vs slaves. Slaves owned nothing, not even their lives. Class division based on materialism= ones

class affiliation is based one ones economic interest, ones socioeconomic status. Agriculture

based and slaves own nothing.

Then society moved to the medieval period= feudal economy and society. Two classes: lords vs

serfs (who own their lives) Serfs need to stay where they are born and do what the lord wants.

These types of peopled , example the ruled over ones, wanted to unite ad set themselves free

but didnt have the help of Marx.

In Marxists, there was a distinct element and belief in efficiency and organization which leads to

more complex organization which forms a new society with new economic basis. People are

driven to improve production and productivity and availability of resources. Therefore, he saw

the medieval period as more advanced, socioeconomically, than the ancient period- but stillantagonistic. Positive linear development of production becoming more efficient and

organization of society around production becoming more efficient.

Capitalism is the most efficient, but most conflicting.

The capitalist period has begun- capitalists (middle class) vs laborers/proletariats.

Through the communist party you will have dictatorship of proletariat and violent conflict to

take over governents and create socialismcommunism.

In 1848 they thought capitalism was coming to an end because there were uprisings

everywhere except Russia and Britain.

Marx was the child of the enlightenment- he completely and fully believed in the notion of

progress. That means change, we embrace change. We believe in our ability to change and

societys ability to organize itself better.

Communist manifesto claimed:

All history has been that of class conflict


31/59

History is a dialectical process, a process that has change within it- thi change is brought about

through a desire of production

The current struggle (1843) is driven by the bourgeoisie being overdriven by profit and being

unable to keep control of the situation

This revolution, if lead by the communist party, will give the conflict a lack meaning (no moreclasses). Communist party leads to dictatorship of proletariat

Demanded abolition of private property

He called on the workers of the world to unite and throw off their capitalist oppressors.

Religion is the downfall of the poor.

He was completely atheist.

Hagel said everything in life is a mixture of it and its opposite bad vs good love vs hate.

Every idea has two sides to it

Liberalism:

Sharing political power and have state responsible for economic needs.

Nationalism:

Byproduct of the French revolution because seen at the time as a natural intellectual result of

who should have the vote.

Intellectual results of the need to explain who would have the right to vote led to the idea of a

nation.

Theyll become candidates to representing an electoral body

Nationally inspired army

Capitalism was a symptom and cause of the industrial revolution. Has both social and economicbehavior. Encourages individualism and relies on exchange of good through trades. Encourages

change and allows for change.

Value theory- labor creates ongoing value for you which is never reflected in the wages.

Critique of the capitalist system- was the value theory- the value of the labor is not reflected in

the money you make.


32/59

Midterm Review 5/16/2013 8:53:00 PM

How do the Industrial Revolution and French Revolution compare?

Economic change usually predates a political change.

French revolution- so poor they couldnt survive so started o revolt. Industrial-Frenchs lack of

money caused industrial to begin. French ended serfdom, changed the economic system.

economy became more efficient through it.In France and Britain, there was population growth in middle class (this leads to economic

development) so more people wanted more goods and the merchants werent sufficient

enough to provide.

Transforms society because brought forth the middle class, and changed economy- Industrial

revolution.

Industrial happened over a period of time, not over night- so it wasnt extremely obvious for

the people taking part

Technology/inventions/agriculture were changing the way economy was being organized

Socially, more merchants and manufacturers were coming about, thus changing social terms- a

bigger middle class. Which led to nationalism.

A

european history notes

Documents