european inequalities - income distribution and the risk of poverty

8/3/2019 European Inequalities - Income Distribution and the Risk of Poverty

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Emxwizl ie Neki`m Hn{xznj}xnie ceh Dnqneg Kiehnxnie{ 37

Kfcrxmz 3 Neki`m Hn{xznj}xnie ceh xfm Zn{l

ia Riqmzx~

Iz{id~c Dmdlm{$ @ãzxie @mhg~m{n$N{xqãe G~ñzg~ Xûxf ceh Xmzz~ Wczh

Xfn{ kfcrxmz n{ hnqnhmh nexi xfzmm rczx{% Xfm ffiz{x rczx mvc`nem{ xfm hn{xznj}xnie ia neki`m ceh xfm mvxmex ia nems}cdnx~ ne neki`m ne M] @m`jmz [xcxm{< xfm {mkieh rczxn{ kiekmzemh wnxf xfm zn{l ia riqmzx~ ckzi{{ xfm M]$ c{ `mc{}zmh j~ xfm rzirizxnie

ia xfm rir}dcxnie wnxf hn{ri{cjdm neki`m jmdiw 12- ia xfm ecxniecd `mhnce< xfmxfnzh rczx mvxmeh{ xfm cecd~{n{ j~ kie{nhmzneg cdxmzecxnqm nehnkcxiz{ ia xfm zn{l ia riqmzx~ hmffiemh cx ce M] dmqmd ceh xfm zmdcxnqm e}`jmz ia rmirdm ne xfm hnaamzmex@m`jmz [xcxm{ wfi czm cx zn{l ckkizhneg xi xfm qczni}{ nehnkcxiz{%

Neki`m hn{xznj}xnie ne M] @m`jmz [xcxm{3

Xfm ffiz{x rczx ia xfn{ kfcrxmz rzm{mex{ ki`rczcxnqm m{xn`cxm{ ia neki`m nems}cdnx~$jc{mh ie hcxc azi` xfm M][NDK &Ki``}enx~ [xcxn{xnk{ ie Neki`m ceh DnqnegKiehnxnie{.% Nx hzcw{ cxxmexnie jixf xi xfm hnaamzmekm{ jmxwmme ki}exznm{ ia xfm M]

ne xmz`{ ia neki`m nems}cdnx~ ceh xi xfm ackx xfcx xfm zcelneg ia ki}exznm{ ne xmz`{ia nems}cdnx~ n{ {me{nxnqm xi xfm kfinkm ia `mc{}zm`mex% @izm rzmkn{md~$ nx neqm{xngcxm{ xfm maamkx ie xfm nems}cdnx~ zcelneg ia ki}exznm{ ia {c`rdneg qczncjndnx~ cehxfm kfinkm ia ms}nqcdmekm {kcdm{ ceh xfm nems}cdnx~ nehmv%

Xfm hcxc ceh `mxfih{ ia cecd~{n{

Xfm cecd~{n{ n{ jc{mh ie hcxc azi` xfm :221 M][NDK$ wfnkf kiqmz{ cdd @m`jmz[xcxm{ &mvkmrx @cdxc$ aiz wfnkf xfm ‖`nkzihcxc„ emkm{{cz~ aiz xfm cecd~{n{ czm eixcqcndcjdm$ ceh J}dgcznc ceh Zi`cenc$ wfnkf nenxncxmh {}zqm~{ ied~ ne :227.% Xfm hcxc

zmdcxm xi xfm rir}dcxnie dnqneg ne rznqcxm fi}{mfidh{ ne xfm ki}exznm{ ne s}m{xnie cxxfm xn`m ia xfm {}zqm~% Xfi{m dnqneg ne kiddmkxnqm fi}{mfidh{ ceh ne{xnx}xnie{ czm$xfmzmaizm$ gmemzcdd~ mvkd}hmh% Xfm neki`m kiekmrx }{mh ne xfm cecd~{n{ n{ cee}cdemx fi}{mfidh hn{ri{cjdm neki`m$ nekd}hneg ce~ {ikncd xzce{amz{ zmkmnqmh cehmvkd}hneg hnzmkx xcvm{ ceh {ikncd kiexznj}xnie{% Xfm zmamzmekm rmznih n{ xfm ~mcz:22= &mvkmrx aiz Nzmdceh$ wfmzm nx n{ xfm 3:`iexf rmznih jmaizm xfm hcxm ia xfmnexmzqnmw.% Xfm neki`m{ ia cdd fi}{mfidh `m`jmz{ ceh ixfmz fi}{mfidh neki`m{czm cggzmgcxmh xigmxfmz$ ceh xixcd fi}{mfidh hn{ri{cjdm neki`m n{ cho}{xmh aizhnaamzmekm{ ne fi}{mfidh {nm ceh ki`ri{nxnie j~ }{m ia ce ms}nqcdmekm {kcdm%

3 Jc{mh ie xfm wizl ia @ãzxie @mhg~m{n ceh N{xqãe G~ñzg~ Xûxf%



36 M}zirmce Ij{mzqcxiz~ ie xfm [ikncd [nx}cxnie ceh Hm`igzcrf~

M}zirmce Nems}cdnxnm{? [ikncd Nekd}{nie ceh Neki`m Hn{xznj}xnie ne xfm M}zirmce ]enie

Ms}nqcdmekm {kcdm{ czm }{mh ne nems}cdnx~ zm{mczkf xi cho}{x fi}{mfidh neki`m{ aizhnaamzmekm{ ne fi}{mfidh {nm$ xclneg ckki}ex ia mkiei`nm{ ia {kcdm ne kie{}`rxnie ceh hnaamzmekm{ ne fi}{mfidh ki`ri{nxnie% ]eaizx}ecxmd~$ ms}nqcdmekm {kcdm{kceeix mc{nd~ jm m{xn`cxmh j~ ij{mzqneg fi}{mfidh kie{}`rxnie jmfcqni}z$ceh zm{mczkf {x}hnm{ ie nems}cdnx~ iz riqmzx~ neqczncjd~ chirx {i`m wnhmd~ }{mhms}nqcdmekm {kcdm$ {}kf c{ xfm {kcdm{ chqikcxmh j~ xfm IMKH% Ne xfn{ cecd~{n{$

wm }{m xfm {ikcddmh `ihnffimh IMKH$ iz IMKH NN$ {kcdm$ wfnkf c{{nge{ c qcd}mia 3 xi xfm ffiz{x ch}dx ne xfm fi}{mfidh$ 2%= xi chhnxniecd `m`jmz{ iqmz xfm cgmia 38$ ceh 2%; xi kfndhzme }ehmz 38% Xfm neki`m{ ia cdd xfm fi}{mfidh `m`jmz{ceh ce~ ixfmz fi}{mfidh neki`m czm {}``mh$ ceh xixcd fi}{mfidh hn{ri{cjdmneki`m n{ cho}{xmh aiz hnaamzmekm{ ne fi}{mfidh {nm ceh ki`ri{nxnie j~ }{m ia xfm ms}nqcdmekm {kcdm% Xfm ms}nqcdn{mh neki`m xf}{ kcdk}dcxmh n{ xfme c{{ngemh ximckf fi}{mfidh `m`jmz% Xfm nems}cdnx~ nehnkm{ zmrizxmh fmzm czm m{xn`cxmh iexfm jc{n{ ia xfm{m ffig}zm{%

Eieri{nxnqm neki`m qcd}m{ ‘ wfnkf zm{}dx azi` xfm wc~ xfcx xfm neki`m ia xfm{mdam`rdi~mh n{ hmffiemh$ n%m% m{{mexncdd~ ne xmz`{ ia emx xzchneg rziffix{ ‘ fcqmjmme mvkd}hmh azi` xfm cecd~{n{% Ne izhmz xi xckldm xfm rzijdm` ia ‖i}xdnmz{„ &n%m%mvxzm`m dmqmd{ ia neki`m zmrizxmh.$ c jixxi` ceh xirkihneg rzikmh}zm &iz‖wne{izn{neg„. fc{ jmme kczznmh i}x% &[rmknffikcdd~$ neki`m qcd}m{ cx xfm jixxi` ia xfm zcelneg ia dm{{ xfce xfm 2%3 rmzkmexndm wmzm zmrdckmh j~ xfm qcd}m ia xfm 2%3rmzkmexndm$ wfndm cx xfm xir ia xfm zcelneg$ qcd}m{ gzmcxmz xfce xfm >>%>= rmzkmexndmwmzm zmrdckmh j~ xfm qcd}m ia xfcx rmzkmexndm%.

Zm{mczkfmz{ fcqm rziri{mh {mqmzcd nehnkm{ aiz nems}cdnx~ `mc{}zm`mex%: Fmzmki}exznm{ czm zcelmh ckkizhneg xi xfm Gnen nehmv%; Xfm Gnen nehmv kce xclm qcd}m{azi` 2 xi 3% Xfm Gnen nehmv ms}cd{ 2 wfme xfm hn{xznj}xnie ia neki`m{ n{ ms}cd nexfm {iknmx~$ ceh xf}{ mqmz~iem fc{ xfm {c`m neki`m% Xfm qcd}m ia xfm nehmv zn{m{c{ nems}cdnx~ gmx{ fngfmz$ ceh ms}cd{ xfm `cvn`cd qcd}m ia 3 wfme cdd neki`m n{ ne

xfm fceh{ ia iem {negdm rmz{ie%

Nems}cdnx~ ne xfm M]

Xfm zcelneg ia ki}exznm{ n{ rzm{mexmh$ ffiz{x$ ckkizhneg xi xfm Gnen kima ffiknmex ia nems}cdnx~$ xigmxfmz wnxf xfm kfcegm{ ne nems}cdnx~ iqmz xfm ffiz{x fcda ia xfm rzm{mexhmkchm% Xfn{ n{ aiddiwmh j~ c {me{nxnqnx~ cecd~{n{ ia xfm m{xn`cxm{ ia nems}cdnx~ xf}{ijxcnemh$ j~ ki`rczneg xfm zcelneg ia ki}exznm{ ckkizhneg xi xfm Gnen nehmv xizcelneg{ ijxcnemh wnxf ixfmz nems}cdnx~ nehnkm{$ c{ wmdd c{ j~ kfcegneg xfm ms}nqcdmekm {kcdm%

Gnen zcelneg{ ceh xfm kfcegm ne nems}cdnx~

Ang}zm 3%3 {fiw{ xfm zcelneg ia ki}exznm{ ckkizhneg xi xfm Gnen nehmv$ c{ wmdd c{xfm >=- kieffihmekm nexmzqcd{ czi}eh xfm m{xn`cxm{% Dcxqnc ceh Rizx}gcd {xceh i}xc{ xfm ki}exznm{ wnxf xfm fngfm{x nems}cdnx~$ wnxf c Gnen nehmv ia ;6‛;>-% Dnxf}cencn{ xfm xfnzh ki}exz~ ne xfm zcelneg wnxf c ;=- Gnen nehmv% Ceixfmz gzi}r ia mngfxki}exznm{ fcqm Gnen nehnkm{ fngfmz xfce ;2-? Gzmmkm$ Ridceh$ M{xienc ceh F}egcz~

: Aiz zmqnmw{ ia nems}cdnx~ ̀ mc{}zm`mex$ {mm$ aiz mvc`rdm$ Kiwmdd &:222.%; Aiz c hmxcndmh hm{kznrxnie ia xfm Gnen nehmv$ {mm xfm Gdi{{cz~%



Emxwizl ie Neki`m Hn{xznj}xnie ceh Dnqneg Kiehnxnie{ 3>

Kfcrxmz 3? Neki`m Hn{xznj}xnie ceh xfm Zn{l ia Riqmzx~

fcqm Gnen nehnkm{ ia ;;‛;8-$ wfndm xfm ]enxmh Lneghi`$ Nzmdceh$ Nxcd~ ceh [rcneczm kfczckxmzn{mh j~ Gnen kima ffiknmex{ ia czi}eh ;3;:-% Xf}{$ cìeg fngfnems}cdnx~ ki}exznm{ wm ffieh xfm Jcdxnk {xcxm{$ xzce{nxnie ki}exznm{ azi` Kmexzcd cehMc{xmze M}zirm &Ridceh ceh F}egcz~.$ xfm [i}xfmze M}zirmce ki}exznm{ &wnxf xfmmvkmrxnie ia K~rz}{. ceh xfm Cegdi[cvie ki}exznm{% Nx `}{x jm eixmh$ fiwmqmz$xfcx$ ne xfm kc{m ia F}egcz~$ c kie{nhmzcjdm kfcegm kce jm ij{mzqmh wnxf zm{rmkx

xi M][NDK :22=% Ne :228$ xfm Gnen nehmv wc{ 1 rmzkmexcgm rinex{ diwmz$ cehF}egcz~ zcelmh cìeg xfm `nhhdmnems}cdnx~ ki}exznm{$ xigmxfmz wnxf Jmdgn}`$Gmz`ce~ ceh Azcekm% C kfcegm ia xfn{ `cgenx}hm ne iem ~mcz zcn{m{ s}m{xnie{cji}x hcxc s}cdnx~%8

Ang}zm 3%3? Gnen nehnkm{ ceh jiix{xzcrrmh >=- kieffihmekm nexmzqcd{

[i}zkm? Jc{mh ie hcxc azi` xfm M}zi{xcx Emw Kziei{ hcxcjc{m% fxxr?))mrr%m}zi{xcx%mk%m}zirc%m}) Eixm? Jiix{xzcr kieffihmekm nexmzqcd{ wmzm ijxcnemh j~ 3$222 zmrdnkcxnie{%

Cx xfm ixfmz mvxzm`m$ ki}exznm{ wnxf xfm diwm{x nems}cdnx~ j~ xfn{ `mc{}zm czm[wmhme$ Hme`czl ceh [diqmenc$ wnxf Gnen nehnkm{ ia jmdiw :=-% Jmxwmme xfm diw

ceh xfm fngf‛nems}cdnx~ ki}exznm{ xfmzm czm c e}`jmz ia ki}exznm{ wnxf Gnen nehnkm{ia cjiqm :=- j}x jmdiw ;2-% Nx n{ hna ffik}dx xi hmxmz`nem xfm rzmkn{m zcelneg ia ki}exznm{ wnxfne xfn{ gzi}r$ jmkc}{m kieffihmekm nexmzqcd{ czi}eh i}z Gnen m{xn`cxm{iqmzdcr kie{nhmzcjd~% Xfm Kmkf Zmr}jdnk$ Emxfmzdceh{ ceh C}{xznc czm cx xfm diwmzmeh ia xfn{ gzi}r$ wfndm K~rz}{$ D}vm`ji}zg ceh [diqclnc czm cx xfm }rrmz meh%

8 F}egcznce ecxniecd hcxc {i}zkm{ m{xn`cxm diwmz nems}cdnx~ xfce xfm M][NDK% Ckkizhneg xi xfm XÃZLNFi}{mfidh @ienxiz {}zqm~$ xfm Gnen nehmv wc{ :>- ne :22=$ wfnkf wi}dh zcel xfm ki}exz~ cgcne cìegki}exznm{ wnxf ̀ nhhdmdmqmd nems}cdnx~ &Xûxf :226.%



:2 M}zirmce Ij{mzqcxiz~ ie xfm [ikncd [nx}cxnie ceh Hm`igzcrf~


Jiv 3%3? [xcehczh mzziz ia m{xn`cxm{

Ne izhmz xi hzcw ridnk~ kiekd}{nie{ azi` nems}cdnx~ ceh riqmzx~ hcxc$ nx n{m{{mexncd xi xclm ckki}ex ia xfm ackx xfcx xfm~ czm hmznqmh azi` {}zqm~{ ia c {c`rdm ia fi}{mfidh{ ceh nemqnxcjd~$ xfmzmaizm$ neqidqm {i`m `czgne ia mzziz% Xi ̀ clm ̀ mcenega}d ki`rczn{ie{ jmxwmme ki}exznm{ iz iqmz xn`m$ nx n{

emkm{{cz~ xi cddiw aiz xfm `czgne ia mzziz xfcx czn{m{ azi` {c`rdneg$ wfnkfkce jm hiem j~ kcdk}dcxneg xfm {xcehczh mzziz ia xfm m{xn`cxm{ ceh xclnegkieffihmekm nexmzqcd{ czi}eh xfn{% [}kf {xcehczh mzziz{ `ngfx jm jc{mh iec{~`rxixnk xfmiz~ iz ie {n`}dcxnie `mxfih{$ {}kf c{ xfm jiix{xzcr% Jiix{xzcrrneg neqidqm{ m`rnznkcdd~ m{xn`cxneg xfm mexnzm {c`rdneg hn{xznj}xnie%Ne rzckxnkm$ c kmzxcne e}`jmz ia {c`rdm{ wnxf zmrdckm`mex ia {nm ms}cd xixfm izngnecd {c`rdm czm hzcwe azi` xfm {c`rdm% Ckkizhneg xi xfm xfmiz~ia jiix{xzcrrneg$ xfn{ qczncjndnx~ cddiw{ }{ xi m{xn`cxm xfm xz}m {c`rdneghn{xznj}xnie ia c {xcxn{xnk &@iiem~ ceh H}qcdd 3>>;.%

Ne xfm rzm{mex cecd~{n{$ jiix{xzcr {xcehczh mzziz{ ia xfm Gnen kima ffiknmex czmmvc`nemh% Xfm kieffihmekm nexmzqcd m{xn`cxm{ czm jc{mh ie 3$222 zmrdnkcxnie{ceh xfi{m zmrizxmh czm cd{i kizzmkxmh aiz m{xn`cxnie jnc{%= Ce mvc`necxnieia xfm kieffihmekm nexmzqcd{ aiz xfm Gnen kima ffiknmex {fiw{ xfcx xfm{m iqmzdcr

{ngenffikcexd~ aiz `ce~ ki}exznm{$ rczxd~ jmkc}{m hnaamzmekm{ ne xfm zcxni czmzmdcxnqmd~ {`cdd j}x cd{i jmkc}{m$ aiz {i`m ki}exznm{$ xfm {xcehczh mzziz{ aizxfm zcxni czm dczgm% Xfn{ n{ m{rmkncdd~ xz}m ia Ridceh ceh K~rz}{% Iqmzdcrrnegkieffihmekm nexmzqcd{ ̀ clm nx hna ffik}dx xi m{xcjdn{f c rzmkn{m ki}exz~ zcelneg%Xfm ̀ i{x xfcx n{ ri{{njdm n{ xi hmffiem gzi}r{ ia ki}exznm{$ wfnkf hnaamz azi`mckf ixfmz$ j}x wnxfne wfnkf dmqmd{ czm {n`ndcz%

Ang}zm 3%:? Nems}cdnx~ ceh ecxniecd neki`m ne :22=

[i}zkm? Iwe kcdk}dcxnie{ jc{mh ie M]-[NDK :221

= Kieffihmekm nexmzqcd{ czm zmrizxmh ie xfm jc{n{ ia xfm ‖rmzkmexndm ̀ mxfih„$ wfnkf hnqnhm{ xfm m{xn`cxmh{c`rdm hn{xznj}xnie nexi 322xf{$ wnxf xfm diwmz ji}eh jmneg xfm :%=xf rmzkmexndm ceh xfm fngfmz ji}ehxfm >7%=xf rmzkmexndm%



Emxwizl ie Neki`m Hn{xznj}xnie ceh Dnqneg Kiehnxnie{ :3


C{ fngfnems}cdnx~ ki}exznm{ ne M}zirm czm ̀ cned~ zmdcxnqmd~ diwneki`m xzce{nxnieki}exznm{ &xfm Jcdxnk {xcxm{ ceh Ridceh. iz [i}xfmze M}zirmce ki}exznm{ &Rizx}gcd$Gzmmkm.$ wfndm diwnems}cdnx~ ki}exznm{ &ne rczxnk}dcz$ xfm Eizhnk @m`jmz [xcxm{ izD}vm`ji}zg. xmeh xi fcqm fngf neki`m dmqmd{$ nx n{ eix {}zrzn{neg xfcx xfmzm n{ cemgcxnqm zmdcxnie{fnr jmxwmme xfm dmqmd ia neki`m ceh nems}cdnx~ &Ang}zm 3%:.%

Ki`rczn{ie ia xfm hmgzmm ia nems}cdnx~ ne neki`m hn{xznj}xnie ne :22= wnxf xfcx nemczdnmz ~mcz{ n{ ki`rdnkcxmh j~ xfm kfcegm ne xfm {i}zkm ia hcxc }{mh aiz m{xn`cxnie% Wfndm xfm :22= m{xn`cxm{ czm jc{mh ie xfm M][NDK$ xfi{m aiz mczdnmz ~mcz{ &aiz:222 ceh mczdnmz. czm jc{mh$ aiz xfm M]3= ki}exznm{$ ie xfm M}zirmce Ki``}enx~Fi}{mfidh Rcemd &MKFR. &wfnkf kiqmzmh c `}kf {`cddmz {c`rdm ia fi}{mfidh{.ceh$ aiz ixfmz{$ ie ecxniecd {i}zkm{ &wfnkf qcz~ ne xmz`{ ia {c`rdm {nm.% Xfmzmn{ ei mc{~ wc~ ia cho}{xneg aiz xfm maamkx ia xfn{ kfcegm ie xfm m{xn`cxm{% Cdd xfcxkce jm {cnh n{ xfcx xfm dczgmz xfm hnaamzmekm jmxwmme xfm xwi m{xn`cxm{$ xfm `izmdnlmd~ nx n{ xfcx xfmzm wc{ c kfcegm ‘ mnxfmz }r iz hiwe ‘ jmxwmme xfm xwi ~mcz{ki`rczmh%

Na$ xfmzmaizm$ Gnen kima ffiknmex{ ne :22= czm ki`rczmh xi xfmnz qcd}m{ ne :222 &{mm

Ang}zm 3%;.$ zmdcxnqmd~ dczgm nekzmc{m{ &iqmz 32-. czm mqnhmex ne Dcxqnc$ Ridceh$Dnxf}cenc ceh F}egcz~1 ne xfm kc{m ia M][NDK hcxc% Ne c e}`jmz ia ixfmz ki}exznm{‘ Nzmdceh$ Nxcd~$ [diqmenc$ Anedceh ceh C}{xznc ‘ xfm nekzmc{m n{ `izm ̀ ihm{x% Gnqmexfm kfcegm ne hcxc {i}zkm$ nx n{ ̀ izm dnlmd~ xfcx xfm hmgzmm ia nems}cdnx~ nekzmc{mh nexfm aiz`mz gzi}r ia ki}exznm{ xfce ne xfm dcxxmz% Ne [wmhme$ Jmdgn}`$ M{xienc$ [rcneceh xfm Emxfmzdceh{$ ie xfm ixfmz fceh$ xfm Gnen kima ffiknmex{ wmzm diwmz ne :22=xfce ne :222$ xfi}gf xfm hnaamzmekm n{ zmdcxnqmd~ ̀ ihm{x$ {i nx n{ }ekmzxcne wfmxfmznems}cdnx~ hmkdnemh iz eix jmxwmme xfm xwi ~mcz{% Ne xfm zm`cneneg ki}exznm{$ dnxxdmkfcegm n{ mqnhmex%

Ang}zm 3%;? Gnen nehnkm{ ne :223 ceh :22=

[i}zkm? :223 Gnen nehnkm{ czm azi` M}zi{xcx Emw Kziei{ Hcxcjc{m$ :22= Gnen nehnkm{ wmzm kcdk}dcxmh azi` M]-[NDK :221 Eixm? Ki}exznm{ czm zcelmh ckkizhneg xi :223 Gnen nehnkm{%

1 [mm aiixeixm 8%



:: M}zirmce Ij{mzqcxiz~ ie xfm [ikncd [nx}cxnie ceh Hmìgzcrf~


Jiv 3%:? [me{nxnqnx~ cecd~{n{

Wm neqm{xngcxmh xfm {me{nxnqnx~ ia nems}cdnx~ zcelneg{ xi kfcegm{ ne xfm ̀ mxfihidig~ ia nems}cdnx~ ̀ mc{}zm`mex% @i{x n`rizxcex ̀ mxfihidignkcd kfinkm{wmzm xfm kfinkm ia nems}cdnx~ nehmv ceh xfcx ia ce ms}nqcdmekm {kcdm%

Xfm ki}exz~ zcelneg ckkizhneg xi xfm Gnen nehmv wc{ ki`rczmh xi xfm

zcelneg ckkizhneg xi xfm aiddiwneg nehnkm{? xfm R>2)R32 nehmv &xfm zcxniia xfm enemxnmxf xi xfm xmexf rmzkmexndm ia xfm neki`m hn{xznj}xnie.$ xfm[62)[:2 nehmv &zcxni ia xfm {fczm ne xixcd neki`m ia xfi{m ne xfm xir s}nexndmxi xfi{m ne xfm jixxi` s}nexndm.$ xfm @DH$ xfm Xfmnd$7 xfm {s}czmh kimaffiknmex ia qczncxnie &[KQ.6 nehnkm{ ceh `m`jmz{ ia xfm Cxlne{ie ac`nd~ ia nems}cdnx~ nehnkm{> &wnxf ce mdc{xnknx~ rczc`mxmz ia 2%=$ 3 ceh :.% [i`mnems}cdnx~ nehnkm{ czm rczxnk}dczd~ {me{nxnqm xi neki`m kfcegm{ cx xfm xcnd{ia xfm neki`m hn{xznj}xnie% Xfm [KQ nehmv n{ leiwe xi jm {me{nxnqm xi fngfneki`m{$ wfndm xfm Cxlne{ie nehmv$ kcdk}dcxmh wnxf ce nems}cdnx~ cqmz{nierczc`mxmz ν0:$ n{ qmz~ {me{nxnqm xi diw neki`m{ ne xfm hn{xznj}xnie &Kiwmddceh Adckfcnzm :221.% Ne gmemzcd$ nx kce jm mvrmkxmh xfcx nehnkm{ rczxnk}dczd~{me{nxnqm xi xfm xcnd{ ia xfm hn{xznj}xnie wi}dh rzih}km zcelneg{ dm{{ {n`ndczxi xfm Gnen zcelneg xfce ixfmz nehnkm{%

Zm{}dx{ kieffiz` i}z mvrmkxcxnie{? xfm ki}exz~ zcelneg ckkizhneg xi xfmR>2)R32$ xfm [62)[:2$ xfm Xfmnd$ xfm @DH ceh xfm Cxlne{ie nehnkm{ wnxfce mdc{xnknx~ rczc`mxmz ia 2%= ceh 3 {fiw ied~ `neiz hnaamzmekm{ ki`rczmhxi xfm Gnen zcelneg% Na$ ne{xmch$ nems}cdnx~ n{ `mc{}zmh j~ xfm [KQ nehmv$xfm ki}exz~ zcelneg {fiw{ {i`m `coiz hnaamzmekm{ wfme ki`rczmh xi xfcxijxcnemh }{neg Gnen% Nx {fi}dh jm jizem ne `neh$ fiwmqmz$ xfcx xfm [KQ n{rczxnk}dczd~ {me{nxnqm xi fngf neki`m{ ceh n{$ xfmzmaizm$ caamkxmh ìzm j~i}xdnmz{ xfce ixfmz `mc{}zm{$ {i xfcx xfm zm{}dx{ {fi}dh jm nexmzrzmxmh wnxfkc}xnie%

Xfm zcelneg ckkizhneg xi xfm Cxlne{ie nehmv wnxf ν0: n{ cd{i hnaamzmex azi`xfm Gnen zcelneg ‘ c{ wi}dh jm mvrmkxmh$ {nekm xfn{ nehmv n{ rczxnk}dczd~{me{nxnqm xi xfm diwmz xcnd ia xfm hn{xznj}xnie% Xfm cecd~{n{ cd{i ki`rczmhxfm zcelneg ia ki}exznm{ ijxcnemh j~ }{neg xfm IMKH N ceh IMKH NN ms}nqc

dmekm {kcdm{% Kfcegm{ ne xfm ms}nqcdmekm {kcdm caamkx ki}exznm{ xi c hnaamzmexmvxmex% Ki}exznm{ hnaamz ne xmz`{ ia x~rnkcd fi}{mfidh {nm ceh xfm e}`jmz ia kfndhzme rmz fi}{mfidh$ c{ wmdd c{ ne xmz`{ ia xfm kizzmdcxnie ia fi}{mfidh{nm wnxf fi}{mfidh neki`m% Xfm Gnen nehmv wc{ gmemzcdd~ diwmz wfme xfmIMKH NN {kcdm wc{ }{mh$ j}x ne i}z kc{m ei n`rizxcex maamkx ia kfcegneg xfmms}nqcdmekm {kcdm ie xfm zcelneg ia ki}exznm{ fc{ jmme hmxmkxmh%

Xfm zcelneg ia ki}exznm{ ckkizhneg xi xfm Gnen nehmv ne :22= {fiw{ {i`m `neizhnaamzmekm{ ki`rczmh xi xfm zcelneg aiz :223%32 Rizx}gcd wc{ xfm ki}exz~ wnxf xfmì{x }ems}cd hn{xznj}xnie cx xfm jmgneeneg ia xfm hmkchm$ j}x Dcxqnc fch ìqmh xixfm xir ia xfm zcelneg j~ :22=% Xfm f}gm nekzmc{m ne nems}cdnx~ ne F}egcz~ ̀ mce{$

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na ν 0 3$ wfmzm xfm eixcxnie{ czm xfm {c`m c{ cjiqm$ mvr&%.0m&%.$ ceh ν n{ xfm nems}cdnx~ cqmz{nierczc`mxmz%32 Hcxc aiz :222 ki`m azi` xfm M}zi{xcx iednem hcxcjc{m?fxxr?))mrr%m}zi{xcx%mk%m}zirc%m})rizxcd)rcgm9Yrcgmnh03>>1$8=;:;7;8!Yhch0rizxcd!Y{kfm`c0RIZXCD!{kzmme0wmdki`mzma!irme0)dnqkie)ndk)ndkYnr)ndkYhn!dceg}cgm0me!rzih}kx0M]Y@C[XMZYdnqnegYkiehnxnie{Ywmdaczm!ziix0M]Y@C[XMZYdnqnegYkiehnxnie{Ywmdaczm!{kziddxi0318Hcxc aiz M]3= ki}exznm{ ki`m azi` xfm MKFR$ hcxc aiz ixfmz ki}exznm{ azi` ecxniecd {i}zkm{% Eixm xfcxxfm hcxc czm zmamzzmh xi ne xfm M}zi{xcx hcxcjc{m c{ zmdcxneg xi :223$ wfnkf n{ xfm ~mcz ia xfm {}zqm~zcxfmz xfce xfm ~mcz xi wfnkf xfm neki`m zmdcxm{%



Emxwizl ie Neki`m Hn{xznj}xnie ceh Dnqneg Kiehnxnie{ :;


ia ki}z{m$ xfcx F}egcz~ ̀ iqm{ }r xfm zcelneg% Ne :223$ nems}cdnx~ nehnkm{ ne Ridcehceh Dnxf}cenc wmzm diwmz xfce ne [rcne$ Gzmmkm ceh M{xienc$ wfmzmc{ ne :22= xfm~wmzm fngfmz% Xfm dmc{x }ems}cd ki}exznm{ wmzm xfm {c`m cx xfm jmgneeneg ceh xfm`nhhdm ia xfm hmkchm$ wfndm cìeg ki}exznm{ ne jmxwmme xfm fngfm{x ceh diwm{xgzi}r{$ xfmzm czm c e}`jmz ia {`cddmz hnaamzmekm{ ne xfm ki}exz~ zcelneg% Cgcne$fiwmqmz$ mvkmrx cìeg xfm ì{x }ems}cd ki}exznm{$ nx n{ }ekmzxcne fiw acz xfm

zcelneg ckx}cdd~ kfcegm{ jmxwmme xfm xwi ~mcz{%

Neki`m hn{xznj}xnie ne M] ki}exznm{

Xfm hn{xznj}xnie ia neki`m{ ne nehnqnh}cd M}zirmce @m`jmz [xcxm{ n{ {fiwe neAng}zm 3%8% Xfm neki`m hn{xznj}xnie ia xfm ki}exznm{ n{ zmrzm{mexmh j~ xfm cqmzcgmneki`m ia mckf neki`m hmkndm% Xfm neki`m qcd}m{ czm {fiwe ne M}zi{ cx r}zkfc{negriwmz rcznx~ &RRR.$ n%m% wnxf kzi{{ki}exz~ rznkm hnaamzmekm{ xclme nexi kie{nhmzcxnie$ cddiwneg hnzmkx ki`rczn{ie{ xi jm `chm% Xfm ki}exznm{ czm czzcegmh nenekzmc{neg izhmz ia cqmzcgm neki`m%

Ang}zm 3%8? Xfm neki`m hn{xznj}xnie{ ia xfm ki}exznm{ ia xfm M}zirmce ]enie


Eixm? Xfm ̀ czl{ hnqnhneg xfm jcz{ {fiw xfm cqmzcgm neki`m{ ia xfm nehnqnh}cd hmkndm{%

C{ kce jm {mme azi` Ang}zm 3%8$ xfmzm czm {ngenffikcex hnaamzmekm{ ne neki`m dmqmd{jmxwmme xfm M] @m`jmz [xcxm{$ ceh c {}j{xcexncd rzirizxnie ia xfm neki`m nems}cdnx~jmxwmme xfm knxnme{ ia xfm M}zirmce ]enie kce jm mvrdcnemh j~ hnaamzmekm{ neneki`m{ azi` iem ki}exz~ xi ceixfmz% Ia xfm M] ki}exznm{$ Dnxf}cenc fc{ xfm diwm{xneki`m dmqmd$ wnxf ce cqmzcgm ~mczd~ ms}nqcdn{mh hn{ri{cjdm neki`m ia M]Z =$;28rmz rmz{ie$ wfndm D}vm`ji}zg fc{ xfm fngfm{x dmqmd &M]Z :>$3=; c ~mcz.% Xfmaiz`mz {ikncdn{x ki}exznm{ kd}{xmz xigmxfmz cx xfm jixxi` ia xfm {kcdm$ wnxf cqmzcgmhn{ri{cjdm neki`m{ ia }ehmz M]Z 32$222% C{ n{ mqnhmex$ rmirdm ne xfm xir hmkndm ia





xfm neki`m hn{xznj}xnie ne xfm aiz`mz {ikncdn{x ki}exznm{ fcqm ce cqmzcgm neki`mxfcx n{ x~rnkcd ia `nhhdmneki`m mczemz{ ne ì{x Wm{xmze M}zirmce ki}exznm{&Azcekm$ Gmz`ce~.% Xfmzm czm xfzmm [i}xfmze M}zirmce ki}exznm{$ Rizx}gcd$ Gzmmkmceh [rcne$ wfmzm cqmzcgm neki`m{ acdd jmxwmme M]Z 32$222 ceh M]Z 3=$222$ wnxfiem ia xfm aiz`mz {ikncdn{x ki}exznm{$ [diqmenc$ jmneg gzi}rmh wnxf xfm`% Xfmdczgm{x gzi}r ia M}zirmce ki}exznm{ fc{ cqmzcgm neki`m{ ia jmxwmme M]Z 3=$222

ceh M]Z :2$222$ ceh$ crczx azi` D}vm`ji}zg$ xfm ied~ ki}exz~ wfmzm xfm cqmzcgmdmqmd mvkmmh{ M]Z :2$222 n{ xfm ]L%

Xfm ffig}zm cd{i gnqm{ ce nehnkcxnie ia neki`m nems}cdnxnm{ ne xfm qczni}{ ki}exznm{%Ne ki}exznm{ wnxf zmdcxnqmd~ fngf nems}cdnx~$ xfm cqmzcgm neki`m ia rmirdm ne xfmenexf ceh xmexf hmkndm{ &n%m% wnxf neki`m ne xfm xir :2- ceh 32-. n{ {}j{xcexncdd~fngfmz xfce xfi{m ne xfm jixxi` hmkndm{% Ne Rizx}gcd$ aiz ne{xcekm$ xfm cqmzcgmneki`m ia xfi{m ne xfm xir hmkndm n{ ìzm xfce xwnkm xfcx ia xfi{m ne xfm enexfhmkndm ceh xwmdqm xn`m{ xfcx ia xfi{m ne xfm jixxi` hmkndm%

Ang}zm 3%=? Xfm hn{xznj}xnie ia xfm rir}dcxnie cìeg xfm hnaamzmex kcxmgiznm{ ia xfm iqmzcdd M}zirmce

neki`m hn{xznj}xnie$ j~ ki}exz~


Xfm iqmzcdd hn{xznj}xnie ia neki`m ne xfm M]

Neki`m nems}cdnxnm{ ceh xfm zn{l ia riqmzx~ ne xfm M] kce cd{i jm `mc{}zmh j~xclneg xfm @m`jmz [xcxm{ xigmxfmz ceh ki`rczneg xfm neki`m ia rmirdm ̀ mc{}zmhne r}zkfc{neg riwmz rcznx~ xi xfm ̀ mhnce neki`m ne xfm M] c{ c wfidm$ ̀ mc{}zmh nexfm {c`m RRR xmz`{ &{mm jmdiw aiz ce crrzcn{cd ia xfn{ `mc{}zm.% Ang}zm 3%= {fiw{xfm hn{xznj}xnie ia cqmzcgm ms}nqcdmex neki`m ia rmirdm ne xfm hnaamzmex ki}exznm{$zmdcxnqm xi xfm M] `mhnce ms}nqcdmex neki`m%



Emxwizl ie Neki`m Hn{xznj}xnie ceh Dnqneg Kiehnxnie{ :=


C ffiaxf ia xfm M]„{ rir}dcxnie$ xfmzmaizm$ fcqm ce ms}nqcdn{mh neki`m ia dm{{ xfcefcda xfm M] `mhnce$ wfndm {i`m 36- fcqm ce neki`m ia jmxwmme =2- ceh 62- ia xfm `mhnce$ ceh :;- ce neki`m ia czi}eh xfm `mhnce% Cx xfm {c`m xn`m$ {i`m:6- ia xfi{m dnqneg ne xfm M] fcqm ce neki`m ia jmxwmme 3:2- ceh :22- ia xfm`mhnce$ wfndm 3:- fcqm ce neki`m ia xwnkm xfm `mhnce iz ìzm%

Wnxf xfm mvkmrxnie ia [diqmenc ceh xfm Kmkf Zmr}jdnk$ xfm `coiznx~ ia rmirdmne xfm aiz`mz {ikncdn{x ki}exznm{ czm ne xfm jixxi` ffiaxf ia xfm M}zirmce neki`mhn{xznj}xnie% @izm xfce 12- ia xfm rir}dcxnie ia Dnxf}cenc ceh Dcxqnc fcqm neki`m{ia dm{{ xfce fcda xfm M] `mhnce$ ceh xfm {c`m n{ xz}m ia =3- ia nehnqnh}cd{ neF}egcz~% Ne D}vm`ji}zg ceh Anedceh$ j~ kiexzc{x$ xfm rzirizxnie ia xfi{m wnxfneki`m{ jmdiw fcda xfm iqmzcdd M}zirmce `mhnce neki`m n{ }ehmz :-% Cx xfm {c`mxn`m$ ìzm xfce fcda xfm rmirdm ne D}vm`ji}zg ceh c s}czxmz ia xfi{m ne xfm ]Lfcqm neki`m{ ia ̀ izm xfce hi}jdm xfm ̀ mhnce% Xfm zmdcxnqm e}`jmz ia rmirdm wnxfneki`m jmdiw cdxmzecxnqm riqmzx~ xfzm{fidh{ n{ mvc`nemh jmdiw%

Xfm zn{l ia riqmzx~ ckzi{{ xfm M]33

Rir}dcxnie cx zn{l ia riqmzx~ ne M] @m`jmz [xcxm{

[i acz c{ xfm hn{xznj}xnie ia neki`m n{ kiekmzemh$ xfm aik}{ ia ridnk~ cxxmexnieckzi{{ xfm M] xmeh{ xi jm eix ie xfm hn{xznj}xnie c{ c wfidm j}x ie xfm jixxi` meh%Ne rczxnk}dcz$ xfm ̀ cne kiekmze n{ wnxf xfm zmdcxnqm e}`jmz ia rmirdm ne mckf ki}exz~wnxf &ms}nqcdn{mh3:. hn{ri{cjdm neki`m ia jmdiw 12- ia xfm ecxniecd ̀ mhnce$ wfnkffc{ ki`m xi jm xclme ne xfm M] c{ xfm `cne nehnkcxiz ia xfm zn{l ia riqmzx~% Xfn{qcznm{ wnhmd~ ckzi{{ xfm M]% Xfn{ n{ c zmdcxnqm$ zcxfmz xfce ce cj{id}xm$ ̀ mc{}zm$ xfmn`rdnknx c{{}`rxnie jmneg xfcx rmirdm c{{m{{ xfmnz {nx}cxnie ne zmdcxnie xi ixfmz{%

Rmirdm kie{nhmzmh xi jm cx zn{l ia riqmzx~ czm xfi{m wfi ̀ c~ eix jm cjdm xi rczxnknrcxm ne xfm eiz`cd ckxnqnxnm{ ia {iknmx~$ iz meoi~ c {xcehczh ia dnqneg xfcx xfm gzmcx`coiznx~ xclm{ aiz gzcexmh$ jmkc}{m ia c dckl ia neki`m% Xfm neki`m emmhmh aiz xfn{xmeh{ xi jm zmdcxmh xi xfm rzi{rmznx~ iz ca }mekm ia xfm ki}exz~ kiekmzemh% Zmdcxnqmhmffienxnie{ ia riqmzx~ czm wnhmd~ }{mh ne M}zirm$ wfndm cj{id}xm `mc{}zm{ xmeh xijm }{mh ìzm ne hmqmdirneg mkiei`nm{$ wfmzm riqmzx~ kce jm `}kf ìzm {mzni}{ceh wnhm{rzmch% Nexmzecxniecd hmqmdir`mex ne{xnx}xm{$ aiz mvc`rdm$ x~rnkcdd~ }{m criqmzx~ xfzm{fidh ia c hiddcz c hc~$ cho}{xmh aiz hnaamzmekm{ ne rznkm dmqmd{ ‘ n%m% ner}zkfc{neg riwmz rcznx~ &RRR. xmz`{ ‘ xi nhmexna~ xfi{m wfi czm riiz%3;

Xfm zcxm ia &zmdcxnqm. riqmzx~ qcznm{ jmxwmme 32- ceh :;- ne M] ki}exznm{$ wnxfxfm rzirizxnie ia xfm rir}dcxnie wnxf neki`m jmdiw xfm riqmzx~ xfzm{fidh diwm{x

ne xfm Kmkf Zmr}jdnk ceh xfm Emxfmzdceh{ ceh fngfm{x ne Dcxqnc &Ang}zm 3%1 cehXcjdm C3%3.% Xfm rzirizxnie n{ cd{i zmdcxnqmd~ diw ne xfm Eizhnk ki}exznm{$ Gmz`ce~$

33 Jc{mh ie xfm wizl ia Iz{id~c Dmdlm{$ c{{n{xmh j~ M{xmz _ûd~i`n% Wm czm cd{i gzcxma}d xi C{gfcz _cnhnaiz fn{ kiexznj}xnie xi xfm wizl ia xfm Ij{mzqcxiz~ h}zneg :221‛27%3: Kcdk}dcxnie ia ms}nqcdn{mh fi}{mfidh {nm? xfm ffiz{x `m`jmz ia xfm fi}{mfidh n{ wmngfxmh j~ 3$aiddiwneg ch}dx{ zmkmnqm c wmngfx ia 2%= mckf$ ceh kfndhzme &hmffiemh c{ xfi{m cgmh 3; iz dm{{. zmkmnqm cwmngfx ia 2%; mckf% Aiz c hmxcndmh hm{kznrxnie ia xfm ms}nqcdn{mh hn{ri{cjdm neki`m$ {mm xfm Gdi{{cz~%3; Xfn{ nehnkcxiz n{ nekd}hmh cìeg xfm ]E @nddmeen}` Gicd{$ wfnkf cn` xi fcdqm xfm rir}dcxnie wnxfce neki`m ia jmdiw c hiddcz c hc~ jmxwmme 3>>2 ceh :23= &]EHR :228.% Cdxfi}gf xfm{m cj{id}xm`mc{}zm{ czm zmrmcxmhd~ kznxnkn{mh aiz eix jmneg }enqmz{cdd~ ki`rczcjdm ceh eix jmneg chms}cxm aiz`mmxneg xfm `nen`}` e}`jmz ia kcdiznm{ emmhmh xi {}zqnqm$ xfm~ crrmcz xi jm }{ma}d ne aik}{neghmqmdir`mex maaizx{ ie xfm ̀ i{x emmh~ &Zcqcddnie :226.%





C}{xznc$ ceh c e}`jmz ia xfm mv{ikncdn{x ki}exznm{$ ne rczxnk}dcz [diqclnc ceh[diqmenc$ wfndm nx n{ zmdcxnqmd~ fngf ne Gzmmkm$ [rcne$ Nxcd~ ceh Rizx}gcd$ c{ wmdd c{ nexfm xfzmm Jcdxnk {xcxm{%

Ang}zm 3%1? Cxzn{liariqmzx~ zcxm{ ckzi{{ M}zirmce ki}exznm{ &wnxf kieffihmekm nexmzqcd{.


Ang}zm 3%7? Xfm {nm ia xfm riiz rir}dcxnie ceh xfm riqmzx~ zcxm ckzi{{ M}zirmce ki}exznm{

[i}zkm? Iwe kcdk}dcxnie{ jc{mh ie M]-[NDK :221 Eixm? J}jjdm{ czm {fiwneg xfm {nm ia xfm riiz rir}dcxnie%



Emxwizl ie Neki`m Hn{xznj}xnie ceh Dnqneg Kiehnxnie{ :7


Ne rzckxnkm$ iekm mvrdnknx ckki}ex n{ xclme ia xfm ̀ czgne ia mzziz {}zzi}ehneg xfm{mm{xn`cxm{ &n%m% j~ kcdk}dcxneg kieffihmekm nexmzqcd{.$ xfmzm n{ ei {ngenffikcex hnaamzmekm ne xfm rzirizxnie cx zn{l ia riqmzx~ jmxwmme xfm Kmkf Zmr}jdnk ceh xfm Emxfmzdceh{$ jmxwmme [diqmenc$ [diqclnc ceh Hme`czl$ iz jmxwmme [wmhme$ Anedceh$C}{xznc$ Gmz`ce~ ceh Azcekm$ xfi}gf xfmzm n{ c {ngenffikcex hnaamzmekm jmxwmmexfm{m xfzmm gzi}r{ ceh jmxwmme xfm` ceh xfm ixfmz 38 @m`jmz [xcxm{%

Xwixfnzh{ ia xfm xixcd rir}dcxnie cx zn{l ia riqmzx~ ne xfm M] dnqm ne xfm {nvdczgm{x ki}exznm{? Gmz`ce~$ Azcekm$ xfm ]L$ Nxcd~$ Ridceh ceh [rcne &Ang}zm 3%7.%Xfn{ ffig}zm ìzm iz dm{{ zmmkx{ xfm iqmzcdd {nm ia xfmnz rir}dcxnie wnxfne xfmM]% Fiwmqmz$ wfndm Gmz`ce~ ceh Azcekm czm ki}exznm{ wnxf c dczgm e}`jmz ia rmirdm cx zn{l ia riqmzx~ j}x wnxf diwmzxfcecqmzcgm zn{liariqmzx~ zcxm{$ xfmai}z ixfmz ki}exznm{ &xfm ]L$ Nxcd~$ Ridceh ceh [rcne. fcqm cjiqmcqmzcgm riqmzx~zcxm{$ c{ wmdd c{ dczgm rir}dcxnie{ &Gmz`ce~ ceh Nxcd~ fcqm cji}x xfm {c`m e}`jmzia rmirdm cx zn{l ia riqmzx~$ xfi}gf xfm aiz`mz fc{ c rir}dcxnie {nm cdì{x 82-dczgmz xfce xfm dcxxmz.%

Xfm {me{nxnqnx~ ia xfm m{xn`cxm{ ia xfm rzirizxnie ia xfm rir}dcxnie cx zn{l ia riqmzx~

xi xfm kfinkm ia riqmzx~ xfzm{fidh kce jm {mme j~ {mxxneg xfn{ cx =2- ceh 72- ia xfm ecxniecd `mhnce ms}nqcdn{mh hn{ri{cjdm neki`m &Ang}zm 3%6.% Xfm zcelneg ia ì{x ki}exznm{ him{ eix kfcegm {}j{xcexncdd~ na xfm{m cdxmzecxnqm xfzm{fidh{ czm}{mh ne{xmch$ xfm `cne mvkmrxnie{ jmneg Anedceh$ Nzmdceh ceh$ xi c dm{{mz mvxmex$C}{xznc< }{neg xfm =2- xfzm{fidh n`rziqm{ xfm zcelneg ia cdd xfzmm$ wfndm }{negxfm 72- xfzm{fidh nekzmc{m{ xfmnz zcxm{ zmdcxnqm xi ixfmz ki}exznm{$ zmmkxneg xfmki`rczcxnqmd~ dczgm e}`jmz ia rmirdm kiekmexzcxmh czi}eh xfm `mhnce%

Ang}zm 3%6? [me{nxnqnx~ ia riqmzx~ zcxm{ xi xfm xfzm{fidh kfi{me? riqmzx~ zcxm{ cx =2-$ 12- ceh 72-

ia ecxniecd `mhnce ms}nqcdn{mh neki`m

[i}zkm? M}zi{xcx Emw Kziei{ hcxcjc{m &fxxr? ))mrr%m}zi{xcx%mk%m}zirc%m}).% Ckkm{{ hcxm? O}em :226





Jiv 3%;? Riqmzx~ xfzm{fidh{ ckzi{{ xfm M]3=$ ceh xfm emw @m`jmz [xcxm{

Xfm riqmzx~ xfzm{fidh }{mh fmzm n{ jixf zmdcxnqm ceh ki}exz~ {rmknffik% Xfmxfzm{fidh$ fiwmqmz$ ne xmz`{ ia r}zkfc{neg riwmz$ hnaamz{ gzmcxd~ ckzi{{ki}exznm{$ xfm cqmzcgm riqmzx~ xfzm{fidh ne xfm emw @m`jmz [xcxm{ &E@[.jmneg iqmz 12- diwmz xfce xfm cqmzcgm aiz xfm M]3=%

Riqmzx~ xfzm{fidh{ ne @cdxc ceh [diqmenc ne xmz`{ ia r}zkfc{neg riwmzrcznx~ czm kdi{m xi xfi{m ne Gzmmkm ceh Rizx}gcd$ wfndm K~rz}{ n{ {n`ndcz xiNxcd~% Xfm xfzmm Jcdxnk {xcxm{$ c{ wmdd c{ F}egcz~$ [diqclnc ceh Ridceh$ fcqmriqmzx~ xfzm{fidh{ ia czi}eh 7=- iz `izm jmdiw xfm M]3= cqmzcgm%

Riqmzx~ xfzm{fidh{ ne {rmknffik ki}exznm{ ki`rczmh xi M]3= cqmzcgm$ :221

[i}zkm? M}zi{xcx Emw Kziei{ hcxcjc{m :226 Eixm? Riqmzx~ xfzm{fidh{ aiz fi}{mfidh{ wnxf xwi ch}dx{ ceh xwi kfndhzme ~i}egmz xfce 38 ~mcz{%

Xfm riqmzx~ gcr

Fiw diw n{ xfm neki`m ia xfi{m cx zn{l ia riqmzx~9 Xfm zn{liariqmzx~ zcxm{hn{k}{{mh cjiqm nehnkcxm eixfneg cji}x xfm mvxmex xi wfnkf xfm neki`m ia xfi{mkiekmzemh acdd{ jmdiw xfm riqmzx~ dnem% Xfm ‖riqmzx~ gcr„ &xfm Dcmlme nehnkcxizxmz`mh xfm ‖zmdcxnqm `mhnce cxzn{liariqmzx~ gcr„. n{ c `mc{}zm ia xfn{% Nx n{hmffiemh c{ xfm hnaamzmekm jmxwmme xfm `mhnce neki`m ia xfi{m jmdiw xfm riqmzx~

xfzm{fidh ceh xfm xfzm{fidh nx{mda$ mvrzm{{mh ne zmdcxnie xi xfm xfzm{fidh% C{ {}kf$nx nehnkcxm{ xfm {kcdm ia xzce{amz{ wfnkf wi}dh jm emkm{{cz~ xi jzneg xfm neki`m{ia xfm riiz }r xi xfm riqmzx~ xfzm{fidh dmqmd$ fmzm xclme c{ 12- ia `mhnce ms}nqcdn{mh neki`m%

Xfm neki`m{ ia xfi{m jmdiw xfm riqmzx~ xfzm{fidh ne xfm M]:= czm$ ie cqmzcgm$::- diwmz xfce xfn{ xfzm{fidh$ wfnkf nx{mda zmrzm{mex{ xfm ̀ nen`}` dmqmd ia neki`mkie{nhmzmh emkm{{cz~ xi cqinh zmdcxnqm hmrznqcxnie% Xfm riqmzx~ gcr jmxwmme xfmM] @m`jmz [xcxm{ qcznm{ azi` 33- ne Anedceh xi :>- ne Dnxf}cenc &{mm Ang}zm 3%>.%Xfm{m ffig}zm{ czm ri{nxnqmd~ kizzmdcxmh wnxf xfm cxzn{liariqmzx~ zcxm &xfm kizzmdcxnie kima ffiknmex n{ 2%=1.% Xfmzm n{ c xmehmek~$ ne ixfmz wizh{$ xfcx xfm gzmcxmz n{



Emxwizl ie Neki`m Hn{xznj}xnie ceh Dnqneg Kiehnxnie{ :>


xfm rzirizxnie ia rmirdm wnxf neki`m jmdiw xfm riqmzx~ dnem$ xfm diwmz czm xfmzmdcxnqm neki`m{ ia xfi{m wnxf neki`m jmdiw xfcx dnem% Xfn{ {}ggm{x{ c ki``iemvrdcecxnie ne xfm aiz` ia xfm {fcrm ia xfm neki`m hn{xznj}xnie k}zqm%

Ang}zm 3%>? Riqmzx~ gcr ceh cxzn{liariqmzx~ zcxm{ ckzi{{ xfm M}zirmce ]enie$ :22=


Riqmzx~ xzmeh{Nx n{ hna ffik}dx xi {c~ `}kf wnxf ce~ kmzxcnex~ cji}x kfcegm{ ne zn{liariqmzx~zcxm{ iqmz xn`m &xfm hcxc cqcndcjdm czm {fiwe ne Xcjdm C3%: ne xfm Crrmehnv.% NeXcjdm 3%3$ xfm kfcegm{ nehnkcxmh j~ xfm hcxc czm {}``czn{mh aiz xwi {}jrmznih{$3>>=‛:223$ wfme xfm MKFR hcxc wmzm cqcndcjdm &j}x ied~ aiz xfm M]3= ki}exznm{.$ceh xfm rmznih caxmz :223% H}zneg xfm rmznih 3>>=‛:223$ xfm hcxc {fiw ce nekzmc{mne xfm rzirizxnie ia rmirdm cx zn{l ia riqmzx~ ne Nzmdceh ceh Anedceh ceh c hmkdnemne Rizx}gcd$ Gzmmkm$ Nxcd~$ Gmz`ce~$ C}{xznc ceh Jmdgn}`%

Ne xfm rmznih aiddiwneg :223$ nx n{ hna ffik}dx xi m{xcjdn{f wfmxfmz kfcegm{ czm {ngenankcex iz r}zm {xcxn{xnkcd czxmackx{ h}m xi xfm jzmcl ne xfm {mznm{ &n%m% xfm xmz`necxnie

ia xfm MKFR$ xi jm zmrdckmh :‛; ~mcz{ dcxmz j~ xfm M][NDK caxmz ce nexmzqmenegrmznih wfme ied~ hn{rczcxm ecxniecd {i}zkm{ ia hcxc wmzm cqcndcjdm.% [diqclnc n{ cgiih kc{m ne rinex$ xfm zmrizxmh zn{liariqmzx~ zcxm acddneg azi` :3- &xfm ia ffikncdzcxm ne :22; ceh :228. xi 3;-$ rmzfcr{ mexnzmd~ jmkc}{m ia xfm kfcegm ne hcxc{i}zkm% Xfm ied~ ki}exznm{ iqmz xfn{ rmznih wfmzm xfmzm {mm`{ xi jm c kdmcz kfcegmczm D}vm`ji}zg ceh Anedceh$ wfmzm zn{liariqmzx~ zcxm{ zi{m ckkizhneg xi xfm{c`m hcxc {i}zkm aiz xwi kie{mk}xnqm ~mcz{%



;2 M}zirmce Ij{mzqcxiz~ ie xfm [ikncd [nx}cxnie ceh Hmìgzcrf~


Xcjdm 3%3? Xzmeh{ ne riqmzx~ ne ki}exznm{ wnxf diw$ ̀ mhn}` ceh fngf dmqmd{ ia riqmzx~

Riqmzx~ xzmeh

Rmznih? 3>>=‛:223 Hmkdnem Ei {ngenffikcex kfcegm iz }ekdmcz

xzmeh

Nekzmc{m

Dmqmd ia riqmzx~

Diw ‛ HL$ D]$ ED$ [M AN

@mhn}` CX$ JM$ HM AZ ‛

Fngf NX$ GZ$ RX M[$ ]L NM

Eixm{? Diw riqmzx~ dmqmd? riqmzx~ zcxm 4 3:< `mhn}` riqmzx~ dmqmd? 3: 4 riqmzx~ zcxm 4 36< ceh fngf riqmzx~ dmqmd? riqmzx~ zcxm 5 36%Nekzmc{neg)hmkdneneg xzmeh? riqmzx~ zcxm{ nekzmc{mh &hmkdnemh. ne ̀ nen`}` xwi kie{mk}xnqm ~mcz{ iz j~ `nen`}` :-%

Riqmzx~ xzmeh

Rmznih? :22:‛21 Hmkdnem Ei {ngenffikcex kfcegm iz }ekdmcz

xzmeh

Nekzmc{m

Dmqmd ia riqmzx~

Diw ‛ HL D]$ AN K_$/ [D/

@mhn}` ‛ CX$ JM$ MM$ AZ$ K $̂ @X$ ED$ [M F]Fngf [L/ GZ$ NM$ NX$ RX$ M[$ ]L DQ$/ DX/

Eixm{? / nehnkcxm{ c jzmcl ne xfm hcxc {mznm{ &aiz ìzm hmxcnd{$ {mm Xcjdm C3%: ne xfm Crrmehnv.%Nekzmc{neg)hmkdneneg xzmeh? riqmzx~ zcxm{ nekzmc{mh &hmkdnemh. ne ̀ nen`}` xwi kie{mk}xnqm ~mcz{ iz j~ `nen`}` :-%

Ang}zm 3%32? Riqmzx~ xzmeh{ :22;‛2=? cxzn{liariqmzx~ zcxm{ ne xfm xfzmm mvn{xneg wcqm{ ia xfm M][NDK

{}zqm~ &ied~ ki}exznm{ wnxf {xcxn{xnkcdd~ {ngenffikcex kfcegm.

[i}zkm? Iwe kcdk}dcxnie{ jc{mh ie M]-[NDK :228$ :22= ceh :221 Eixm{? Mzziz jcz{ nehnkcxm xfm kieffihmekm nexmzqcd ia xfm riqmzx~ zcxm m{xn`cxm{% Ki}exznm{ czm zcelmh ckkizhneg xi riqmzx~ zcxm{ ne xfmì{x zmkmex ~mcz%



Emxwizl ie Neki`m Hn{xznj}xnie ceh Dnqneg Kiehnxnie{ ;3


Xfm M][NDK rziqnhm{ c kie{n{xmex {mx ia hcxc$ j}x ied~ aiz xfm ~mcz{ :22;‛2=%Ang}zm 3%32 rzm{mex{ xfm kfcegm{ {fiwe jmxwmme xfm{m xfzmm cee}cd {}zqm~{ aizc {mdmkxmh gzi}r ia ki}exznm{$ wfmzm xfm hcxc nehnkcxm c {xcxn{xnkcdd~ {ngenffikcexkfcegm iqmz xn`m% Xfn{ {fiw{ xfcx xfm rzirizxnie ia rmirdm cx zn{l ia riqmzx~hmkdnemh ne xfm Emxfmzdceh{$ [diqclnc$ M{xienc$ Nzmdceh ceh Ridceh iqmz xfn{ rmznih$ceh nekzmc{mh ne Anedceh$ D}vm`ji}zg ceh Dcxqnc% Xfm hcxc aiz F}egcz~ {}ggm{x

c `coiz nekzmc{m$ xfi}gf xfn{ n{ cdì{x kmzxcned~ h}m ne xfm `cne xi `mc{}zm`mexmzziz &{mm hn{k}{{nie ne xfm Crrmehnv.%

Ce M]dmqmd nehnkcxiz ia xfm zn{l ia riqmzx~38

Xfm cjiqm {mkxnie{ fcqm kie{nhmzmh xfm zn{l ia riqmzx~ cx @m`jmz [xcxm dmqmd$`mc{}zneg xfm dcxxmz ne zmdcxnie xi cqmzcgm$ iz `mhnce$ neki`m rmz fmch ne xfmki}exz~ kiekmzemh% Xfn{$ xfmzmaizm$ aik}{m{ ie xfm rmirdm wnxf xfm diwm{x dmqmd{ ia neki`m ne mckf @m`jmz [xcxm$ wfi czm ì{x dnlmd~ xi jm hmrznqmh ia ckkm{{ xi xfmzm{i}zkm{ xfcx ixfmz rmirdm ne xfm ki``}enx~ xclm aiz gzcexmh% Nx n{ dm{{ `mcenega}d$ fiwmqmz$ c{ ce nehnkcxiz ia xfi{m wfi czm ì{x dnlmd~ xi jm hmrznqmh cx xfmM] dmqmd$ {nekm nx xclm{ ei ckki}ex ia hnaamzmekm{ ne xfm dmqmd ia `mhnce neki`mjmxwmme @m`jmz [xcxm{% Xfm{m hnaamzmekm{ kce jm {}j{xcexncd% Ne rczxnk}dcz$ ne:22=$ ̀ mhnce ms}nqcdn{mh hn{ri{cjdm neki`m rmz fmch ne D}vm`ji}zg$ xfm ki}exz~wnxf xfm fngfm{x dmqmd ne xfm M]$ wc{ cdì{x {nv xn`m{ fngfmz xfce ne Dnxf}cenc$ xfmki}exz~ wnxf xfm diwm{x dmqmd$ mqme wfme neki`m n{ `mc{}zmh ne r}zkfc{neg riwmzrcznx~ xmz`{ xi cddiw aiz hnaamzmekm{ ne rznkm dmqmd{ &ne m}zi xmz`{ nx n{ cdì{x 3:xn`m{ fngfmz.%

Cdxfi}gf$ xfmzmaizm$ xfi{m wnxf neki`m jmdiw 12- ia xfm ecxniecd `mhnce neDnxf}cenc `c~ jm ì{x cx zn{l ia riqmzx~ ne xfcx ki}exz~$ nx n{ dnlmd~ xfcx `ce~ia xfi{m wnxf neki`m cjiqm xfn{ dmqmd czm ìzm cx zn{l ia riqmzx~ ne ce cj{id}xm

{me{m xfce xfi{m rmirdm ne D}vm`ji}zg wfi fch neki`m jmdiw 12- ia xfm ̀ mhncexfmzm% Xfm {c`m crrdnm{ xi xfi{m ne xfm ixfmz emw @m`jmz [xcxm{$ wfmzm neki`mdmqmd{ czm `}kf diwmz xfce ne ì{x ia xfm M]3= ki}exznm{ ‘ ceh mqme xi xfi{m neRizx}gcd iz Gzmmkm$ wfmzm neki`m dmqmd{ czm cd{i `}kf diwmz xfce ne C}{xznc$ xfm]L iz ixfmz fngfneki`m ki}exznm{%

@izmiqmz$ wfndm @m`jmz [xcxm{ fcqm rzn`m zm{rie{njndnx~ aiz xckldneg rzijdm`{ ia diw neki`m ceh {ikncd mvkd}{nie$ xfmzm n{ cd{i ce M]dmqmd nexmzm{x ne xfm{m n{{}m{${nekm iem ia xfm `cne ijomkxnqm{ ia xfm M] n{ xi zcn{m xfm {xcehczh ia dnqneg cehs}cdnx~ ia dnam aiz cdd nx{ knxnme{$ ceh xi rziìxm mkiei`nk ceh {ikncd kifm{niexfzi}gfi}x xfm ]enie% Rzigzm{{ xiwczh{ ckfnmqneg xfn{ n{ rzn`cznd~ c{{m{{mh cxrzm{mex j~ zmamzmekm xi GHR rmz fmch$ `mc{}zmh ne RRR xmz`{% Xfn{$ fiwmqmz$ n{

ce nehnkcxiz ia xfm mkiei`nk {xzmegxf ia xfm ki}exznm{ iz zmgnie{ kiekmzemh$ cehia xfm i}xr}x rzih}kmh$ zcxfmz xfce ia neki`m dmqmd{ c{ {}kf$ wfnkf kce hnaamz{ngenffikcexd~ azi` xfn{$ eix ied~ jmkc}{m ia xzce{amz{ ‘ ceh xcvm{ ‘ j}x jmkc}{mxfm {fczm ia GHR gineg xi fi}{mfidh{ kce qcz~ `czlmhd~ jixf jmxwmme ki}exznm{ceh iqmz xn`m% @izmiqmz$ `mhnce neki`m rmz fmch$ c{ ki`rczmh xi xfm `mce$ n{cd{i ne}mekmh j~ xfm rcxxmze ia neki`m hn{xznj}xnie ‘ fiw }ems}cdd~ neki`m n{hn{xznj}xmh cx xfm xir ceh jixxi` meh ia xfm {kcdm ‘ wfnkf kce cd{i hnaamz {ngenffikcexd~ azi` ki}exz~ xi ki}exz~%

38 Xmzz~ Wczh$ c{{n{xmh j~ @c~~c Fzn{xiqc%



;: M}zirmce Ij{mzqcxiz~ ie xfm [ikncd [nx}cxnie ceh Hmìgzcrf~


GHR rmz fmch$ xfmzmaizm$ gnqm{ ied~ c qmz~ crrzivn`cxm$ ceh rixmexncdd~ ̀ n{dmchneg$nehnkcxnie ia fiw neki`m dmqmd{ qcz~ jmxwmme @m`jmz [xcxm{% Ckkizhnegd~$ xfmzmn{ c {xzieg kc{m aiz mvc`neneg fi}{mfidh neki`m{ ckzi{{ xfm M] hnzmkxd~$ ne izhmzxi ̀ ienxiz hnaamzmekm{ ne dnqneg {xcehczh{ ceh xi c{{m{{ fiw {ikncd kifm{nie cx xfmM] dmqmd n{ kfcegneg% Xfn{ emmh fc{ jmme zmkigen{mh mqmz {nekm xfm rzm{mex nehnkcxiz{ }{mh xi ìenxiz {ikncd mvkd}{nie ne M] @m`jmz [xcxm{ wmzm ffiz{x hmqmdirmh ne

:223%3= Xfm kiekmze fmzm n{ xi mvc`nem xfm zmdcxnqm e}`jmz ia rmirdm wnxf hn{ri{cjdmneki`m jmdiw c rczxnk}dcz dmqmd ‘ jixf ne zmdcxnie xi `mhnce neki`m ckzi{{ xfm M]c{ c wfidm &n%m% xfm neki`m zmkmnqmh j~ {i`miem cx xfm `nhrinex ia xfm neki`mhn{xznj}xnie cx M] dmqmd.$ wfnkf cì}exmh xi czi}eh M]Z 3$3;2 c ìexf ne :22=$ceh ne cj{id}xm xmz`{% Neki`m xfzi}gfi}x n{ `mc{}zmh &c{ neqczncjd~ n{ xfm kc{mwnxf zm{rmkx xi GHR rmz fmch. ne r}zkfc{neg riwmz rcznx~ xmz`{ xi cddiw aiz rznkmdmqmd hnaamzmekm{ ceh xi me{}zm ki`rczcjndnx~ ckzi{{ ki}exznm{ ne xmz`{ ia xfmki``ceh iqmz zm{i}zkm{%

[}kf c `mc{}zm n{ eix emw ‘ nx fc{ jmme {}ggm{xmh ie c e}`jmz ia ikkc{nie{

ne xfm zmkmex rc{x%31 Xfm M][NDK `clm{ nx{ kcdk}dcxnie ìzm ri{{njdm$ ceh ìzm`mcenega}d$ xfce jmaizm j~ rziqnhneg hcxc ie fi}{mfidh neki`m aiz cdd @m`jmz[xcxm{ &wnxf xfm mvkmrxnie cx rzm{mex ia J}dgcznc ceh Zi`cenc. ie c zmc{iecjd~ki`rczcjdm jc{n{% Nx$ ckkizhnegd~$ ̀ clm{ nx ri{{njdm xi nhmexna~ xfi{m wfi{m neki`macdd{ jmdiw c kmzxcne dmqmd ceh ne wfnkf ki}exznm{ xfm~ dnqm%

@mc{}zneg hn{ri{cjdm neki`m ckzi{{ xfm M] ie c ki`rczcjdm jc{n{$ fiwmqmz$ n{eix wnxfi}x nx{ rzijdm`{% Cdxfi}gf xfm crrdnkcxnie ia RRR m{xn`cxm{ xclm{ mvrdnknxckki}ex ia rznkmdmqmd hnaamzmekm{ ceh cddiw{ fi}{mfidh neki`m xi jm ki`rczmhne hnaamzmex ki}exznm{ ne xmz`{ ia wfcx neki`m n{ kcrcjdm ia r}zkfc{neg$ xfn{ kcejm hiem ied~ crrzivn`cxmd~% Ne rzckxnkm$ nx n{ hna ffik}dx xi nhmexna~ ce ms}nqcdmexrcklcgm ia giih{ ceh {mzqnkm{ ne hnaamzmex rczx{ ia xfm M] ie wfnkf rznkm{ kce jmki`rczmh$ {nekm kie{}`rxnie rcxxmze{ qcz~ azi` ki}exz~ xi ki}exz~%

@izmiqmz$ xfm neki`m jmneg `mc{}zmh him{ eix nekd}hm neki`m ne lneh$ {}kf c{aiih gziwe aiz c fi}{mfidh„{ iwe kie{}`rxnie ‘ wfnkf n{ n`rizxcex ne c e}`jmzia rdckm{$ m{rmkncdd~ ne xfm ̀ izm z}zcd rczx{ ia {i`m ia xfm emw @m`jmz [xcxm{$ cehwfnkf n{ dnlmd~ xi caamkx xfi{m ie diw neki`m ne rczxnk}dcz ‘ iz jmemffix{ ne lneh${}kf c{ xfm azmm rziqn{nie ia kfndhkczm$ wfnkf n{ cd{i n`rizxcex ne {i`m ki}exznm{&{mm Kfcrxmz 6.%

Xfm dn`nxcxnie{ ia xfm RRR ̀ mc{}zm xfcx czn{m azi` xfm{m kie{nhmzcxnie{$ c{ wmdd c{xfm zcegm ia ixfmz ackxiz{ xfcx `clm nx hna ffik}dx xi ki`rczm neki`m dmqmd{ ckzi{{xfm M] &{}kf c{ xfm qcz~neg neknhmekm ia jixf neki`m ceh jmemffix{ ne lneh.$ emmh xijm lmrx ne `neh wfme nexmzrzmxneg xfm zm{}dx{ ia xfm cecd~{n{ rzm{mexmh jmdiw%37

3= [mm xfm hn{k}{{nie ceh zmamzmekm{ ne Cxlne{ie mx cd% &:22=.%31 njnh%37 Nx i}gfx cd{i xi jm lmrx ne ̀ neh$ fiwmqmz$ xfcx xfm {c`m dn`nxcxnie{ crrd~ xi ki`rczn{ie{ ia GHR rmzfmch jmxwmme hnaamzmex rczx{ ia xfm M]$ xfi}gf {}kf ki`rczn{ie{ czm azms}mexd~ ̀ chm%



Emxwizl ie Neki`m Hn{xznj}xnie ceh Dnqneg Kiehnxnie{ ;;


Rmirdm wnxf neki`m jmdiw qczni}{ riqmzx~ xfzm{fidh{ ne xfm M]

C{ nehnkcxmh cjiqm$ m{xn`cxm{ ia xfm zmdcxnqm e}`jmz ia rmirdm wnxf neki`m jmdiw ckmzxcne dmqmd ne xfm M] kce jm `chm azi` xfm hcxc kiddmkxmh j~ xfm M][NDK ne :221aiz hn{ri{cjdm fi}{mfidh neki`m ne :22=$ ms}nqcdn{mh xi cho}{x aiz hnaamzmekm{ne xfm {kcdm ceh ki`ri{nxnie ia fi}{mfidh{% Xfm{m hcxc$ fiwmqmz$ hi eix nekd}hm

J}dgcznc ceh Zi`cenc &iz nehmmh @cdxc.% Ckkizhnegd~$ xfm m{xn`cxm{ rzm{mexmhjmdiw zmdcxm xi :8 @m`jmz [xcxm{%

[nekm nx n{ eix kdmcz wfcx xfm ì{x crrzirzncxm neki`m xfzm{fidh {fi}dh jm wfmenhmexna~neg xfi{m cx zn{l ia riqmzx~$ xfm zm{}dx{ ia crrd~neg c zcegm ia ri{{njdmxfzm{fidh{ czm mvc`nemh jmdiw$ ne izhmz xi {mm fiw xfm zmdcxnqm e}`jmz ia rmirdmwnxf neki`m jmdiw mckf ia xfm{m dmqmd{ ceh xfmnz hn{xznj}xnie ckzi{{ ki}exznm{kfcegm c{ xfm xfzm{fidh n{ qcznmh% Nx {fi}dh jm m`rfc{n{mh xfcx xfm xfzm{fidh{kfi{me czm ndd}{xzcxnqm ied~$ ceh ei eiz`cxnqm {ngenffikcekm {fi}dh jm cxxckfmhxi xfm`% Ne rczxnk}dcz$ nx n{ eix {}ggm{xmh xfcx ce~iem wnxf neki`m jmdiw c gnqmexfzm{fidh n{ emkm{{cznd~ dnqneg ne riqmzx~$ {xndd dm{{ xfcx xfmzm {fi}dh jm c ridnk~ cxM] dmqmd xi zcn{m neki`m ne cdd ki}exznm{ cjiqm ce~ gnqme xfzm{fidh%

Nehmmh$ c{ nehnkcxmh cjiqm$ xfmzm n{ c s}m{xnie `czl ce~wc~ iqmz xfm mvxmexxi wfnkf zmdcxnqm dmqmd{ ia neki`m zmmkx zmdcxnqm dmqmd{ ia r}zkfc{neg riwmz neki}exznm{ ne wfnkf neki`m ne lneh n{ n`rizxcex% Xfn{ crrdnm{$ ne rczxnk}dcz$ xi xfi{mrmirdm wnxf diw ìemxcz~ neki`m dmqmd{ ne z}zcd czmc{$ m{rmkncdd~ xfi{m ne xfm emw@m`jmz [xcxm{$ {}kf c{ Ridceh iz Dnxf}cenc$ `ce~ ia wfi` `ngfx jm rzih}knegì{x ia xfm aiih xfm~ emmh% [i`m nehnkcxnie ia xfm {kcdm ia xfn{ ceh fiw nx caamkx{xfm m{xn`cxnie ia xfm e}`jmz ia rmirdm wnxf neki`m jmdiw xfm riqmzx~ dnem n{ gnqmejmdiw%

Neki`m jmdiw 12-$ =2- ceh 82- ia M] `mhnce

Xfm {xczxneg rinex n{ xi mvc`nem xfi{m wnxf neki`m jmdiw 12- ia xfm M] `mhnceneki`m$ wfnkf n{ xfm kieqmexniecd xfzm{fidh xclme aiz `mc{}zneg xfm zn{l ia riqmzx~ cx ecxniecd dmqmd% Cx xfm M] dmqmd$ xfn{ xfzm{fidh cì}ex{ xi czi}eh M]Z162 c ìexf$ iz ìzm rzmkn{md~ xi xfm r}zkfc{neg riwmz ms}nqcdmex ia xfn{ nexfm hnaamzmex ki}exznm{%36 Nx n{ m{xn`cxmh xfcx ne :22= {i`m ::- ia xfm rir}dcxnie &iz 322 `nddnie rmirdm. ne xfm M] &n%m% ne xfm :8 @m`jmz [xcxm{ mvkd}hneg xfmxfzmm ki}exznm{ ̀ mexniemh cjiqm. fch neki`m jmdiw xfn{ dmqmd &Ang}zm 3%33.%3> Xfn{ki`rczm{ wnxf c ffig}zm ia 31- ia rmirdm wnxf neki`m jmdiw 12- ia xfm `mhncedmqmd ne xfm ki}exz~ ne wfnkf xfm~ dnqm$ wfnkf n{ xfm wmngfxmh cqmzcgm ia xfm ffig}zm{

aiz xfm zn{l ia riqmzx~ cx ecxniecd dmqmd ckzi{{ xfm M] &n%m% xfm nehnkcxiz kieqmexniecdd~ }{mh xi `mc{}zm xfm zn{l ckzi{{ xfm M] c{ c wfidm.%

36 Iekm hnaamzmekm{ ne rznkm dmqmd{ czm xclme nexi ckki}ex$ ne xmz`{ ia wfcx nx kce r}zkfc{m$ M]Z 162 n{xfm ms}nqcdmex &xi xclm xfm mvxzm`m{. ia M]Z =33 ne Hme`czl ceh M]Z 3$;=1 ne Dcxqnc% Ne Gzmmkm cehRizx}gcd$ nx n{ ms}nqcdmex xi M]Z 6:3% Xfm dmqmd{ ne xfm emw @m`jmz [xcxm{ czm ne jmxwmme xfm Dnxf}cenceceh xfm Gzmml iz Rizx}g}m{m dmqmd{$ mvkmrx ne K~rz}{ ceh [diqmenc$ wfmzm xfm~ czm kdi{mz xi xfm Gzmmldmqmd%3> Neki`m ne xfm M] n{ xfm {}` ia ms}nqcdn{mh fi}{mfidh hn{ri{cjdm neki`m$ `mc{}zmh ne RRR xmz`{ nexfm :8 @m`jmz [xcxm{ kiqmzmh%





Ang}zm 3%33? Rzirizxnie ia rmirdm wnxf neki`m jmdiw 12-$ =2- ceh 82- ia xfm M] `mhnce dmqmd

ia hn{ri{cjdm neki`m &ne RR[.$ :22=

[i}zkm? M]-[NDK :221 Eixm? Ne xfm kc{m ia @cdxc$ ei hcxc cqcndcjdm%

Xfm rzirizxnie ia rmirdm ne mckf @m`jmz [xcxm wnxf neki`m jmdiw xfn{ xfzm{fidhn{ ijqni}{d~ `}kf dczgmz ne xfm ki}exznm{ wnxf zmdcxnqmd~ diw dmqmd{ ia neki`m rmzfmch xfce ne xfi{m wnxf fngfmz dmqmd{$ nzzm{rmkxnqm ia xfm hmgzmm ia neki`m hn{rmz{nie ne nehnqnh}cd ki}exznm{% Ne Dcxqnc$ Dnxf}cenc$ Ridceh ceh [diqclnc$ 78‛62- ia xfm rir}dcxnie fcqm ce neki`m jmdiw 12- ia xfm M] `mhnce &n%m% ied~ :2‛:1- ia rmirdm fcqm ce neki`m cjiqm xfn{.$ ne F}egcz~ ceh M{xienc xfm ffig}zm n{ 17‛72-$ceh ne xfm Kmkf Zmr}jdnk ceh Rizx}gcd$ 88‛8=-% Ie xfm ixfmz fceh$ ne K~rz}{ ceh

[diqmenc$ xfm ffig}zm n{ jmdiw xfm M] cqmzcgm$ cx 3;%=- ceh 7-$ zm{rmkxnqmd~$ wfnkfn{ `}kf dm{{ xfce ne Gzmmkm &:7-.$ [rcne &:;-. iz Nxcd~ &37%=-.%

Ne cdd ixfmz ki}exznm{$ xfm rzirizxnie n{ 32- iz dm{{ ‘ kdi{m xi 32- ne xfm ]L

&hm{rnxm xfm `mhnce dmqmd ia neki`m rmz fmch jmneg xfm xfnzh fngfm{x ne xfm M]. ceh

Gmz`ce~$ ceh czi}eh >- ne Azcekm$ Nzmdceh ceh [wmhme%:2 J~ kiexzc{x$ ne Hme`czl$

xfm Emxfmzdceh{ ceh C}{xznc$ xfm ffig}zm n{ =- iz dm{{$ ceh ne D}vm`ji}zg nx n{ ied~

3-%

C zmh}kxnie ne xfm riqmzx~ xfzm{fidh azi` 12- xi =2- ia M] `mhnce neki`m$ ia ki}z{m$ zmh}km{ xfm e}`jmz ia rmirdm jmdiw xfm xfzm{fidh$ j}x xi qcz~neg mvxmex{ne hnaamzmex ki}exznm{ jmkc}{m ia hnaamzmekm{ jmxwmme xfm` ne xfm hn{xznj}xnie

ia neki`m cx xfn{ meh ia xfm neki`m {kcdm% Ne xfm M] c{ c wfidm$ xfm rzirizxniewnxf neki`m jmdiw xfn{ dmqmd n{ zmh}kmh xi 3=%=- ia xfm xixcd rir}dcxnie &iz {i`m73 `nddnie rmirdm.% Ne Dcxqnc ceh Dnxf}cenc xfm rzirizxnie n{ zmh}kmh$ j}x nx n{{xndd 17‛72- ia xfm rir}dcxnie$ wfndm ne Ridceh ceh [diqclnc$ nx n{ zmh}kmh j~`izm$ xi 1;- ceh =7-$ zm{rmkxnqmd~$ zmmkxneg xfm dczgmz kiekmexzcxnie ia rmirdmwnxf neki`m o}{x jmdiw xfm 12- xfzm{fidh$ m{rmkncdd~ ne [diqclnc$ wfmzm xfm

:2 Cdxfi}gf GHR rmz fmch ne Nzmdceh n{ xfm {mkieh fngfm{x ne xfm M] jmfneh D}vm`ji}zg$ cqmzcgmfi}{mfidh neki`m n{ `}kf diwmz xfce xfn{$ jmkc}{m ia xfm {}j{xcexncd {kcdm ia emx neki`m xzce{amzzmhcjzich &xclneg xfm aiz` xi c dczgm mvxmex$ ne rzckxnkm$ ia zmxcnemh rziffix{ ia aizmngeiwemh mexmzrzn{m{.$wfnkf ndd}{xzcxm{ xfm {}j{xcexncd hnaamzmekm xfcx kce mvn{x jmxwmme GHR rmz fmch ceh hn{ri{cjdm neki`mrmz fmch%



Emxwizl ie Neki`m Hn{xznj}xnie ceh Dnqneg Kiehnxnie{ ;=


rzirizxnie n{ ied~ {dngfxd~ fngfmz xfce ne M{xienc ceh F}egcz~% Ne xfm KmkfZmr}jdnk$ xfm rzirizxnie n{ zmh}kmh xi :7-$ c `}kf jnggmz hzir xfce ne Rizx}gcd&;3-.$ cgcne zmmkxneg xfm ìzm ms}cd hn{xznj}xnie ia neki`m ne xfm aiz`mz%

Ne Gzmmkm$ xfm rzirizxnie n{ {xndd kdi{m xi :2- ceh ne [rcne nx n{ iqmz 3=-$ wfndm neNxcd~ nx n{ czi}eh 33-$ `}kf fngfmz xfce ixfmz M]3= ki}exznm{$ Rizx}gcd mvkmrxmh%Ne xfm zm{x ia xfm M]$ mvkmrx aiz [diqmenc &6-.$ xfm ffig}zm n{ 1- iz dm{{%

C a}zxfmz zmh}kxnie ia xfm xfzm{fidh xi 82- ia xfm M] `mhnce &iz xi o}{x iqmzM]Z 8=2 c ̀ iexf. diwmz{ xfm {fczm ia xfm rir}dcxnie wnxf neki`m jmdiw xfn{ dmqmd xi o}{x iqmz 32- &iz czi}eh 87 ̀ nddnie rmirdm.% Xfm rzirizxnie ne Dcxqnc ceh Dnxf}cencn{ {xndd czi}eh ==-$ zmmkxneg xfm ackx xfcx c xfzm{fidh ia 82- ia xfm M] cqmzcgm n{{i`m 7‛>- cjiqm xfm ecxniecd `mhnce dmqmd ia neki`m% Ne Ridceh$ wfmzm c riqmzx~xfzm{fidh cx xfn{ dmqmd n{ o}{x 8- jmdiw xfm ecxniecd$ nx n{ zmh}kmh j~ {dngfxd~ ìzm$xi 87-$ ceh ne M{xienc xi 82-$ wfndm xfm zmh}kxnie n{ ìzm rziei}ekmh ne F}egcz~ceh$ ìzm m{rmkncdd~$ ne [diqclnc$ xi ;1%=- ceh ;;%;-$ zm{rmkxnqmd~% Ne jixf xfm{mkc{m{$ xfm xfzm{fidh cì}ex{ xi 6=- ia xfm ecxniecd `mhnce neki`m%

Md{mwfmzm$ xfm rzirizxnie n{ zmh}kmh xi jmdiw :2- ne cdd ki}exznm{$ xfi}gf ied~`czgnecdd~ {i ne Rizx}gcd$ wfmzm xfm xfzm{fidh n{ o}{x iqmz 12- ia xfm ecxniecd`mhnce$ ceh xi jmdiw 32- ne cdd crczx azi` Rizx}gcd$ xfm Kmkf Zmr}jdnk &3:-. cehGzmmkm &33-. ceh xi }ehmz 8- ne cdd mvkmrx aiz xfm{m xfzmm ki}exznm{ rd}{ Nxcd~ ceh[rcne%

Hm{rnxm xfm zmdcxnqmd~ {`cdd rzirizxnie{ ia rmirdm wnxf neki`m jmdiw xfm{m xfzm{fidh{ ne ì{x ia xfm M]3= ki}exznm{$ nx n{ {xndd xfm kc{m xfcx$ jmkc}{m ia xfmnz rir}dcxnie {nm$ c dczgm {fczm ia xfm xixcd e}`jmz ia rmirdm ne xfm M] wnxf neki`m{ cxxfm{m dmqmd{ dnqm{ ne xfi{m ki}exznm{% O}{x iqmz fcda &=3-. ia xfm rmirdm wnxf neki`mjmdiw 12- ia xfm M] ̀ mhnce$ xfmzmaizm$ dnqm ne xfm M]3=$ {i`m 32- ia xfm` mckf ne[rcne ceh Nxcd~$ ceh 6- ne Gmz`ce~% Cx xfm {c`m xn`m$ :6- dnqm ne Ridceh$ xfi}gf

}ehmz 32- czm ne xfm xfzmm Jcdxnk {xcxm{ ceh [diqclnc$ wfmzm xfm zmdcxnqm e}`jmz ia rmirdm jmdiw xfm M] riqmzx~ dnem n{ cd{i qmz~ fngf &Ang}zm 3%3:.%

Wnxf xfm riqmzx~ xfzm{fidh cx =2- ia M] `mhnce neki`m$ {i`m 88- ia xfm rmirdmwnxf neki`m jmdiw xfn{ dmqmd dnqm ne xfm M]3=$ >- ne mckf ia [rcne ceh Nxcd~ ceh 1%=-ne Gmz`ce~% Ne xfm emw @m`jmz [xcxm{$ xfm rmirdm kiekmzemh czm cgcne kiekmexzcxmh ne Ridceh$ wfnkf ckki}ex{ aiz ;;- ia xfm xixcd wnxf xfn{ dmqmd ia neki`m% Wnxfxfm riqmzx~ xfzm{fidh cx 82- ia xfm M] `mhnce$ xfm rzirizxnie wnxf neki`m jmdiwxfn{ dmqmd dnqneg ne xfm M]3= n{ zmh}kmh xi 82-$ wnxf cdì{x 6%=- mckf ne [rcne cehNxcd~$ ceh$ ne xfm emw @m`jmz [xcxm{$ ;6- ia xfm xixcd ne Ridceh%





Ang}zm 3%3:? Hnqn{nie ia rmirdm wnxf neki`m jmdiw 12-$ =2- ceh 82- ia xfm M] `mhnce dmqmd ia

hn{ri{cjdm neki`m &ne RR[.$ :22=

[i}zkm? M]-[NDK :221 Eixm? Ne xfm kc{m ia @cdxc$ ei hcxc cqcndcjdm%

Neki`m jmdiw M]Z = rmz hc~

Xfm xfzm{fidh{ }{mh xi `mc{}zm xfm zmdcxnqm e}`jmz ia rmirdm wnxf diw neki`m{kce cd{i jm mvrzm{{mh ne cj{id}xm zcxfmz xfce zmdcxnqm xmz`{ ne izhmz xi ̀ clm xfm`ìzm xcegnjdm% Ce neki`m ia 82- ia xfm M] `mhnce ne :22= zmrzm{mex{ ce cqmzcgmia o}{x }ehmz M]Z 3= c hc~$ mvrzm{{mh ne r}zkfc{neg riwmz xmz`{ zcxfmz xfceckx}cd m}zi{% Ne Dcxqnc ceh Dnxf}cenc$ c{ nehnkcxmh cjiqm$ xfm neki`m ms}nqcdmex ia

xfn{ dmqmd ia r}zkfc{neg riwmz mvkmmhmh xfm ecxniecd ̀ mhnce$ wfndm ne Ridceh ‘ cx o}{x iqmz M]Z 6 c hc~ ‘ nx wc{ ied~ {dngfxd~ jmdiw xfm ecxniecd `mhnce%

Xfn{ rziqnhm{ c }{ma}d jc{n{ aiz {mxxneg c riqmzx~ xfzm{fidh ne cj{id}xm zcxfmz xfce

zmdcxnqm xmz`{% Xfm riqmzx~ xfzm{fidh ne Ridceh$ c{ kieqmexniecdd~ hmffiemh ne xmz`{

ia 12- ia xfm ecxniecd ̀ mhnce$ n{$ xfmzmaizm$ czi}eh M]Z = hc~$ wfnkf$ cgcne r}zmd~

aiz xfm {clm ia ndd}{xzcxnie$ kce jm {mx c{ xfm M] xfzm{fidh aiz mvc`neneg xfm zmdcxnqm

e}`jmz ia rmirdm ne M] @m`jmz [xcxm{ wnxf neki`m jmdiw xfn{ dmqmd% Nx {fi}dh jm

zmnxmzcxmh xfcx$ c{ ne xfm kc{m ia xfm ixfmz xfzm{fidh{$ M]Z = c hc~ fc{ ei eiz`cxnqm

‘ ceh {xndd dm{{ ridnk~ ‘ {ngenffikcekm% Emqmzxfmdm{{$ nx n{ ce cì}ex xfcx rmirdm kce

zmdcxm xi zmdcxnqmd~ mc{nd~$ mqme na$ ne xmz`{ ia r}zkfc{neg riwmz$ nx n{ wizxf cdì{x

:%= xn`m{ c{ `}kf ne Ridceh c{ ne Hme`czl jmkc}{m ia xfm `}kf diwmz rznkm dmqmd

ne xfm aiz`mz xfce ne xfm dcxxmz< ceh iqmz :%= xn`m{ c{ ̀ }kf ne Dcxqnc ceh Dnxf}cenc$

wfmzm `mhnce neki`m dmqmd{ ne RRR xmz`{ czm xfm diwm{x ne xfm M]%

Ne rzckxnkm$ {i`m 36- ia rmirdm ne Ridceh fch &ms}nqcdn{mh. hn{ri{cjdm neki`m ia jmdiw xfn{ dmqmd ‘ 1%6 `nddnie ‘ ceh czi}eh ;2- ia rmirdm ne Dcxqnc ceh Dnxf}cenc$wfndm ne M{xienc$ xfm rzirizxnie wc{ czi}eh 33-$ ceh ne F}egcz~ ceh [diqclnc ‘>-% Rmirdm wnxf neki`m jmdiw xfn{ dmqmd$ fiwmqmz$ wmzm eix kieffiemh xi xfm KmexzcdMc{xmze M}zirmce @m`jmz [xcxm{% Ne xfm M] c{ c wfidm$ czi}eh ;- ia xfm rir}dcxnie amdd nexi xfn{ kcxmgiz~$ iz o}{x iqmz 38 `nddnie rmirdm &Xcjdm 3%:.%



Emxwizl ie Neki`m Hn{xznj}xnie ceh Dnqneg Kiehnxnie{ ;7


Xcjdm 3%:? Rir}dcxnie wnxf ms}nqcdn{mh hn{ri{cjdm neki`m ia }ehmz M]Z = c hc~/ ne M] ki}exznm{$ :22=

Rir}dcxnie wnxf emgcxnqm iz mzi neki`m

Ki}exz~E}`jmz &222{.

- ia ki}exz~rir}dcxnie

- ia riiz rir}dcxniene xfm M]

E}`jmz &222{.

- ne ki}exz~rir}dcxnie

- ia rir}dcxnie wnxf dm{{xfce M]Z =

JM =1 2%= 2%8 :;%7 2%: 8:%3K_ 373 3%7 3%: 2%: 2%2 2%3

HL 83 2%6 2%; :6%: 2%= 1>%=

HM 7;2 2%> :%= ;13%1 2%8 8>%1

MM 38= 32%> 3%2 8%: 2%; :%>

NM = 2%3 2%2 2%1 2%2 33%2

GZ 316 3%1 3%: =6%8 2%= ;8%7

M[ 1>: 3%1 8%> 3>>%7 2%= :6%6

AZ 3;8 2%: 2%> 12%3 2%3 8=%2

NX 6=6 3%= 1%3 ;12%= 2%1 8:%2

K^ 3 2%3 2%2 2%2 2%2 1%:

DQ 7:3 ;:%3 =%3 37%; 2%6 :%8

DX 3$22: :>%1 7%3 7%7 2%: 2%6

D] 3 2%: 2%2 2%= 2%3 81%1

F] 67= 6%6 1%: 82%2 2%8 8%1

ED 3;8 2%6 2%> >6%8 2%1 7;%;

CX :8 2%; 2%: 2%1 2%2 :%;

RD 1$6;7 36%3 86%; ;=%2 2%3 2%=

RX ::6 :%: 3%1 ‛ ‛ ‛

[N > 2%8 2%3 ‛ ‛ ‛

[L 867 >%2 ;%8 :%8 2%2 2%=

AN 6 2%: 2%3 3%1 2%2 3>%8

[M 3=6 3%7 3%3 7=%1 2%6 86%2

]L 1=7 3%3 8%1 ;2;%> 2%= 81%;

M] 38$38; ;%3 3$162%: 2%8 33%>

Eixm? / @mc{}zmh ne xmz`{ ia r}zkfc{neg riwmz {xcehczh{ &RR[.%&‛.? xfmzm n{ ei iem wnxf mzi neki`m%

Emqmzxfmdm{{$ crczx azi` Rizx}gcd$ wfmzm xfm ffig}zm wc{ `czgnecdd~ fngfmz$ dm{{xfce :- ia xfm rir}dcxnie ne cdd @m`jmz [xcxm{ &ixfmz xfce xfi{m dn{xmh cjiqm. fchneki`m ia jmdiw M]Z = c hc~ ne :22=% J}x xfn{ {xndd `mcex xfcx cd`i{x 8 `nddniermirdm ne M]3= ki}exznm{ fcqm neki`m xfn{ diw% O}{x iqmz 3%= `nddnie ia xfm{m wmzmne [rcne ceh Nxcd~$ ceh 3%8 `nddnie ne Gmz`ce~ ceh xfm ]L xclme xigmxfmz%





Neki`m ne lneh

C{ m`rfc{n{mh cx xfm i}x{mx$ xfm{m ffig}zm{ emmh xi jm nexmzrzmxmh wnxf kc}xnie% Nerczxnk}dcz$ xfm dn`nxcxnie{ ia xfm M][NDK hcxc ie neki`m emmh xi jm zmkigen{mh% Nexfm ki}exznm{ ne wfnkf xfm rzirizxnie ia rmirdm wnxf neki`m jmdiw M]Z = c hc~ n{zmdcxnqmd~ dczgm$ {}kf c{ Ridceh ceh xfm Jcdxnk {xcxm{$ {i`m ia xfm rmirdm kiekmzemhczm dnlmd~ xi fcqm c {ngenffikcex cì}ex ia neki`m ne lneh ne xfm aiz`$ ne rczxnk}dcz$ia aiih rzih}kmh aiz xfmnz kie{}`rxnie% Cdxfi}gf xfm M][NDK ne :221 kiexcne{ei hmxcnd{$ iz m{xn`cxm{$ ia xfm {kcdm ia {}kf neki`m$:3 ecxniecd {i}zkm{ ne Ridceh$na c dnxxdm hcxmh$ hi rziqnhm ce nehnkcxnie ia nx{ zmdcxnqm n`rizxcekm%

Xfm{m {fiw xfcx neki`m ne lneh n{ m{xn`cxmh xi fcqm chhmh ied~ czi}eh ;- xicqmzcgm fi}{mfidh hn{ri{cjdm neki`m ne Ridceh ne :22;$ ceh xi fcqm zmh}kmhxfm rzirizxnie ia rmirdm cx zn{l ia riqmzx~ j~ ied~ 3‛: rmzkmexcgm rinex{%:: Na xfm{m m{xn`cxm{ czm c zmc{iecjdm zmmkxnie ia xfm ckx}cd {nx}cxnie ne Ridceh$ xclnegckki}ex ia neki`m ne lneh wi}dh eix kfcegm xfm zm{}dx{ ia xfm cjiqm cecd~{n{`czlmhd~%

_mzi ceh emgcxnqm neki`m{

S}nxm crczx azi` xfm mvkd}{nie ia neki`m ne lneh$ xfm ffig}zm{ aiz xfm zmdcxnqme}`jmz ia rmirdm wnxf neki`m jmdiw M]Z = c hc~ nemqnxcjd~ neqidqm c hmgzmm ia }ekmzxcnex~$ c{ n{ cdwc~{ xfm kc{m cx xfm mvxzm`m{ ia xfm neki`m hn{xznj}xnie% Xfn{}ekmzxcnex~ zmdcxm{ eix ied~ xi xfm hcxc xfm`{mdqm{ ‘ ne rczx jmkc}{m nx n{ hna ffik}dxxi me{}zm c zmrzm{mexcxnqm kiqmzcgm ia xfm fi}{mfidh{ kiekmzemh ‘ j}x cd{i xixfmnz nexmzrzmxcxnie ne xmz`{ ia xfm r}zkfc{neg riwmz ia xfm zmknrnmex{% Cx xfmjixxi` meh ia xfm neki`m {kcdm$ xfmzmaizm$ xfmzm czm c e}`jmz ia rmirdm zmkizhmhc{ fcqneg emgcxnqm iz mzi neki`m{% Ne :22=$ ckkizhneg xi xfm M][NDK$ cdì{x3%7 `nddnie rmirdm ckzi{{ xfm M] amdd nexi xfn{ kcxmgiz~% Xfn{ n{ ms}nqcdmex xi {i`m

2%8- ia xfm xixcd rir}dcxnie$ j}x nx cì}ex{ xi 3:- ia xfi{m wnxf neki`m jmdiwM]Z = c hc~% Xfm s}m{xnie n{ wfmxfmz xfm rmirdm kiekmzemh zmcdd~ fch ei neki`mh}zneg xfm ~mcz ‘ dmx cdiem c emgcxnqm cì}ex ‘ ceh$ na {i$ fiw xfm~ `cecgmh xi{}zqnqm$ {nekm nx n{ ijqni}{d~ xfm kc{m xfcx$ aiz xfm`$ neki`m kceeix jm ce chms}cxmzmmkxnie ia xfm r}zkfc{neg riwmz xfm~ fch cx xfmnz hn{ri{cd%

Ne rzckxnkm$ xfm e}`jmz ia rmirdm ne s}m{xnie qcznm{ `czlmhd~ jmxwmme @m`jmz[xcxm{ ‘ azi` ei iem$ iz qnzx}cdd~ ei iem$ jmneg zmkizhmh c{ fcqneg mzi iz emgcxnqmneki`m ne xfm Kmkf Zmr}jdnk$ Nzmdceh$ K~rz}{$ D}vm`ji}zg$ C}{xznc$ Rizx}gcd ceh[diqmenc xi iqmz ;22$222 ne Gmz`ce~$ Nxcd~ ceh xfm ]L$ xfi}gf eiwfmzm him{ xfme}`jmz mvkmmh 3- ia xfm rir}dcxnie% @izmiqmz$ wnxf xfm mvkmrxnie ia Hme`czlceh xfm Emxfmzdceh{$ ne cdd ki}exznm{ dm{{ xfce fcda ia xfi{m wnxf neki`m ia dm{{xfce M]Z = c hc~ czm zmkizhmh c{ fcqneg mzi iz emgcxnqm neki`m%

Xfmzm czm xwi `cne zmc{ie{$ crczx azi` {n`rdm zmrizxneg mzziz{$ wf~ {i`miem{fi}dh jm zmkizhmh ne xfm M][NDK c{ fcqneg mzi iz emgcxnqm neki`m% Xfm ffiz{xn{ xfcx xfm~ czm {mdam`rdi~mh ceh fcqm c j}{nem{{ wfnkf `chm xzchneg di{{m{ne :22= ‘ iz dnqm ne xfm {c`m fi}{mfidh c{ {i`miem wfi n{ {mdam`rdi~mh wnxf{}kf c j}{nem{{ ‘ {nekm xfm neki`m ia xfm {mdam`rdi~mh n{ hmffiemh j~ xfm {}zqm~c{ xfmnz emx neki`m azi` xzchneg% Xfn{$ fiwmqmz$ him{ eix `mce xfcx xfm~ fch ei

:3 Nx wndd azi` :227 iewczh{%:: Xfm{m ffig}zm{ czm jc{mh ie m{xn`cxm{ `chm j~ xfm Ridn{f [xcxn{xnkcd Ia ffikm ne :22= ie xfm jc{n{ ia hcxc azi` ecxniecd {i}zkm{%



Emxwizl ie Neki`m Hn{xznj}xnie ceh Dnqneg Kiehnxnie{ ;>


neki`m xi dnqm ie$ {nekm$ ne rzckxnkm$ ̀ }kf ia xfmnz {rmehneg ie giih{ ceh {mzqnkm{`ngfx jm ckki}exmh c{ j}{nem{{ ki{x{$ wfndm ms}cdd~ nx ̀ c~ ki`m i}x ia xfm neki`mckk}`}dcxmh iqmz rzmqni}{ ~mcz{% Mnxfmz wc~$ xfmnz neki`m$ c{ zmkizhmh j~ xfmM][NDK$ zmmkx{ emnxfmz xfmnz r}zkfc{neg riwmz$ eiz wfmxfmz xfm~ {}aamz azi`hmrznqcxnie ceh$ ckkizhnegd~$ czm cx zn{l ia {ikncd mvkd}{nie%

Ckkizhneg xi xfm {}zqm~$ {i`m 83- ia xfi{m wnxf mzi iz emgcxnqm neki`m ne :22=wmzm mnxfmz {mdam`rdi~mh iz dnqmh wnxf {i`miem wfi wc{ {mdam`rdi~mh% Xfn{rzirizxnie qcznm{ `czlmhd~ ckzi{{ ki}exznm{$ azi` 6=- ne xfm Emxfmzdceh{$ 78- neGzmmkm$ 17- ne Hme`czl ceh 18- ne [rcne xi ied~ 36- ne Azcekm$ 31- ne Dcxqnc$ 33-ne [wmhme ceh o}{x =- ne Dnxf}cenc%

Xfm {mkieh ri{{njdm zmc{ie n{ xfcx gzi{{ neki`m dm{{ xcvm{ rcnh `c~ nehmmh jmemgcxnqm jmkc}{m xfm dcxxmz mvkmmh{ xfm aiz`mz% Xfn{ `c~ fcrrme jmkc}{m xfmxcvm{ kiekmzemh zmdcxm xi c rzmqni}{ ~mcz$ wfme neki`m wc{ `}kf fngfmz$ izjmkc}{m xfm~ nekd}hm xcvm{ ie kcrnxcd gcne{ iz {i`m ixfmz {}` zmkmnqmh wfnkfn{ eix nekd}hmh ne xfm {}zqm~ c{ rczx ia neki`m% Cgcne$ xfm neki`m zmkizhmh wnddemnxfmz zmmkx r}zkfc{neg riwmz eiz emkm{{cznd~ xfm zn{l ia {ikncd mvkd}{nie%

Xi kfmkl xfm r}zkfc{neg riwmz ia xfm nehnqnh}cd{ kiekmzemh$ xfmnz zm{rie{m{xi xfm s}m{xnie{ ne xfm {}zqm~ ie `cxmzncd hmrznqcxnie kce jm mvc`nemh xi {mmxfm mvxmex xi wfnkf xfm~ zmrizx jmneg }ecjdm xi caaizh rczxnk}dcz nxm`{ iz fcqnegffiecekncd hna ffik}dxnm{% [}kf ce mvc`necxnie nehnkcxm{ xfcx$ wfndm ne `i{x kc{m{ cdczgmz rzirizxnie ia xfm` xfce cqmzcgm aiz xfm ki}exz~ ne s}m{xnie zmrizx jmneg}ecjdm xi `mmx }emvrmkxmh ki{x{$ ne czi}eh fcda xfm ki}exznm{ &ia xfi{m ne wfnkfxfm e}`jmz{ czm dczgm mei}gf xi jzmcl hiwe zmdncjd~.$ xfm `coiznx~ zmrizx jmnegcjdm xi `mmx {}kf }ecexnknrcxmh ki{x{ ‘ ne Hme`czl$ Azcekm ceh xfm ]L$ czi}ehxwixfnzh{$ ne Jmdgn}` ceh F}egcz~$ iqmz 72-$ ceh ne xfm Emxfmzdceh{ ceh [wmhme$iqmz >2-%

[n`ndczd~$ ne czi}eh fcda xfm ki}exznm{$ amwmz ia xfm` zmrizx jmneg }ecjdm xi caaizhxi j}~ c kcz xfce xfm ecxniecd cqmzcgm$ ceh dm{{ xfce 32- iqmzcdd% Xfn{ {}ggm{x{xfcx `ce~ ia xfm rmirdm kiekmzemh ne c e}`jmz ia ki}exznm{$ xfi}gf j~ ei `mce{cdd ia xfm`$ fcqm {ngenffikcexd~ ri{nxnqm dmqmd{ ia r}zkfc{neg riwmz ‘ ceh kmzxcned~c fngfmz dmqmd xfce M]Z = c hc~ wi}dh {mm` xi n`rd~%

Emqmzxfmdm{{$ mqme na cdd ia xfi{m zmkizhmh c{ fcqneg mzi iz emgcxnqm neki`m czmmvkd}hmh$ xfn{ {xndd dmcqm{ cd`i{x ;- ia xfm M] rir}dcxnie &{i`m 3:%= ̀ nddnie rmirdm.wnxf neki`m ia dm{{ xfce M]Z = c hc~% Cx xfm {c`m xn`m$ `ce~ ia xfi{m rmirdm &c{ne xfm kc{m ia xfi{m wnxf mzi iz emgcxnqm neki`m. {mm` azi` xfm mqnhmekm eix xifcqm {}aamzmh azi` ̀ cxmzncd hmrznqcxnie$ {i rzm{}`cjd~ xfm~ fch ckkm{{ xi {i}zkm{ia r}zkfc{neg riwmz ixfmz xfce xfm neki`m xfm~ zmkmnqmh$ iz xfcx wc{ cxxznj}xmhxi xfm`$ ne :22=$ ne xfm aiz` ia ckk}`}dcxmh wmcdxf$ c{ wmdd c{ neki`m ne lneh%Ckkizhnegd~$ xfm zm{}dx{ ia xfm cjiqm cecd~{n{ hi eix emkm{{cznd~ n`rd~ xfcx xfmrmirdm nehnkcxmh fcqm ied~ M]Z = c hc~ xi dnqm ie$ xfi}gf xfm~ hi {}ggm{x xfcxxfmzm czm dczgm e}`jmz{ ckzi{{ xfm M] wfi czm ne xfn{ {nx}cxnie%





Kiekd}hneg zm`czl{

Xfm ffiz{x rczx ia xfn{ kfcrxmz cecd~{mh neki`m nems}cdnx~ ne xfm M]% C`ieg zmdcxnqmd~fngfnems}cdnx~ ki}exznm{ &Gnen kima ffiknmex iqmz ;2-. wm ai}eh xfm Jcdxnk [xcxm{$xzce{nxnie ki}exznm{ azi` Kmexzcd ceh Mc{xmze M}zirm &Ridceh ceh F}egcz~.$ xfm[i}xfmze M}zirmce ki}exznm{ &wnxf xfm mvkmrxnie ia K~rz}{. ceh xfm Cegdi[cvie

ki}exznm{% Cx xfm ixfmz mvxzm`m$ ki}exznm{ wnxf xfm diwm{x nems}cdnx~ &Gnen nehmvjmdiw :=-. wmzm [wmhme$ Hme`czl ceh [diqmenc$ wfndm ixfmz ki}exznm{ kie{xnx}xmc xfnzh gzi}r ia ki}exznm{ wnxf `nhhdmdmqmd nems}cdnx~%

Wnxfneki}exz~ nems}cdnx~ n{ eix xfm ied~ aiz` ia neki`m hnaamzmekm{ ne xfm M]%C {}j{xcexncd rzirizxnie ia xfm neki`m nems}cdnx~ jmxwmme xfm knxnme{ ia xfmM}zirmce ]enie kce jm mvrdcnemh j~ hnaamzmekm{ ne neki`m{ azi` iem ki}exz~ xiceixfmz% Xfmzm czm {ngenffikcex hnaamzmekm{ ne neki`m dmqmd{ jmxwmme xfm M] @m`jmz[xcxm{? cqmzcgm neki`m ia xfm znkfm{x ki}exz~ mvkmmh{ j~ {nv xn`m{ xfcx ia xfmki}exz~ wnxf xfm diwm{x neki`m dmqmd%

Ckkizhneg xi xfm neki`m ffig}zm{ aiz :22=$ xfm rzirizxnie ia xfm rir}dcxnie cx zn{l

ia riqmzx~$ hmffiemh ne xfm kieqmexniecd wc~ c{ fcqneg c hn{ri{cjdm neki`m ia dm{{xfce 12- ia xfm `mhnce ia xfm ki}exz~ ne wfnkf xfm~ dnqm$ qcznm{ jmxwmme 32- ceh:;- ne M] @m`jmz [xcxm{ &iz cx dmc{x ne xfm :8 @m`jmz [xcxm{ aiz wfnkf ki`rczcjdmhcxc czm cqcndcjdm azi` xfm M][NDK.% Xfm zn{l ia riqmzx~ xmeh{ xi jm diw ne xfmEizhnk ki}exznm{$ cdieg wnxf C}{xznc$ Gmz`ce~ ceh c e}`jmz ia xfm mv{ikncdn{xki}exznm{$ nekd}hneg xfm Kmkf Zmr}jdnk$ [diqclnc ceh [diqmenc$ wfndm nx xmeh{ xijm zmdcxnqmd~ fngf ne xfm @mhnxmzzcemce ki}exznm{ ceh xfm Jcdxnk [xcxm{% Xfm zcelnegia ki}exznm{ him{ eix kfcegm {}j{xcexncdd~ wfme cdxmzecxnqm riqmzx~ xfzm{fidh{ ia =2- ceh 72- ia xfm ecxniecd `mhnce czm }{mh ne{xmch ia 12-$ xfi}gf$ ia ki}z{m$xfm rzirizxnie ia rir}dcxnie cx zn{l him{ ‘ c rinex xfcx emmh{ xi jm lmrx ne`neh wfme nexmzrzmxneg xfm zm{}dx{ ia ce~ m{xn`cxnie ia xfm e}`jmz ia rmirdm

kiekmzemh ne rczxnk}dcz ki}exznm{% Xfm cqmzcgm neki`m ia xfi{m jmdiw xfm riqmzx~xfzm{fidh ne xfm M]:=$ hmffiemh ne xfm{m xmz`{$ wc{ ::- dm{{ xfce xfm xfzm{fidh$wfnkf nx{mda zmrzm{mex{ xfm `nen`}` dmqmd ia neki`m zmgczhmh c{ jmneg emmhmh xicqinh zmdcxnqm hmrznqcxnie% Xfm ffig}zm$ fiwmqmz ‘ xfm riqmzx~ gcr ‘ qcznmh azi`:>- ne Dnxf}cenc xi 33- ne Anedceh%

]eaizx}ecxmd~$ ei {cxn{ackxiz~ hcxc mvn{x xi c{{m{{ xfm kfcegm ne xfm rzirizxnie ia rmirdm cx zn{l ia riqmzx~ iqmz xn`m% Xfm hcxc azi` xfm M][NDK kiqmz ied~ xfm xfzmm~mcz{ :22;‛2= nekd}{nqm$ ceh xfme ied~ aiz czi}eh fcda xfm @m`jmz [xcxm{< ceh xfmhcxc azi` mczdnmz {}zqm~{ &xfm MKFR ne rczxnk}dcz. czm eix zmcdd~ ki`rczcjdm jmkc}{mia xfm hnaamzmex jc{n{ ia xfm {}zqm~{% C{ nx fcrrme{$ xfm hcxc {fiw c {`cdd hmkdnem nexfm rzirizxnie cx zn{l ia riqmzx~ ne xfm Emxfmzdceh{$ [diqclnc$ M{xienc$ Nzmdceh cehRidceh$ ceh c {`cdd nekzmc{m ne Anedceh$ D}vm`ji}zg ceh Dcxqnc% Aiz F}egcz~$ xfmhcxc nehnkcxm c {}j{xcexncd nekzmc{m$ xfi}gf xfn{ {}ggm{x{ `mc{}zm`mex mzziz ‘ c{ngenffikcex hnaamzmekm ne xfm {c`rdm ia rmirdm {}zqm~mh jmxwmme xfm xwi ~mcz{ ‘zcxfmz xfce c gme}nem zn{m%

Xfm kfcrxmz cd{i rziqnhm{ m{xn`cxm{ ia xfm zmdcxnqm e}`jmz ia rmirdm ckzi{{ xfmM] wnxf hn{ri{cjdm neki`m jmdiw c kmzxcne dmqmd$ c{ hmffiemh mnxfmz ne cj{id}xmxmz`{ iz ne zmdcxnie xi `mhnce neki`m cx M] dmqmd$ jixf cho}{xmh aiz hnaamzmekm{ne rznkm dmqmd{% Xfn{ rmz{rmkxnqm rziqnhm{ ce cdxmzecxnqm ie xfm zn{l ia riqmzx~ nexfm M}zirmce ]enie xi xfcx jc{mh ie ecxniecd neki`m dmqmd{$ c{ n{ kieqmexniecdd~}{mh% @izmiqmz$ nx n{ ce crrzickf xfcx n{ ̀ izm {}nxcjdm aiz c{{m{{neg hnaamzmekm{ ne



Emxwizl ie Neki`m Hn{xznj}xnie ceh Dnqneg Kiehnxnie{ 83


dnqneg {xcehczh{ jmxwmme rmirdm ne @m`jmz [xcxm{ ceh aiz ìenxizneg xfm rzikm{{j~ wfnkf xfm riizmz rczx{ ia xfm M] kcxkf }r ne neki`m xmz`{% Nx ki`rdm`mex{ xfmcrrzickf xi ìenxizneg hn{rcznxnm{ ne mkiei`nk rmzaiz`cekm xfzi}gf GHR rmzfmch%

Xfm `mc{}zm fngfdngfx{ xfm ackx xfcx$ cdxfi}gf xfm rzijdm` ia diw neki`m{ n{ì{x {mzni}{ ne ̀ ce~ ia xfm emw @m`jmz [xcxm{$ xfmzm czm emqmzxfmdm{{ {ngenffikcexe}`jmz{ ia rmirdm ne xfm znkfmz rczx{ ia xfm ]enie wfi{m neki`m n{ wmdd jmdiwxfm `mhnce dmqmd ne xfm M] ceh wfi {mm` xi fcqm zmdcxnqmd~ dnxxdm xi dnqm ie% Xfn{zm`cne{ xfm kc{m mqme caxmz cddiwcekm n{ `chm aiz xfi{m zmkizhmh c{ fcqneg mziiz emgcxnqm neki`m$ `ce~ ia wfi` {mm` xi fcqm r}zkfc{neg riwmz kdi{mz xi xfm`mhnce xfce xfm jixxi` meh ia xfm {kcdm%

Nx zm`cne{ xi jm hmknhmh$ fiwmqmz$ wfnkf ia xfm hnaamzmex `mc{}zm{ crrdnmh ne xfmcecd~{n{ n{ xfm ì{x {}nxcjdm aiz }{m c{ c xfzm{fidh xi nehnkcxm xfm zmdcxnqm e}`jmzia rmirdm cx zn{l ia riqmzx~$ hmffiemh cx ce M] zcxfmz xfce c ecxniecd dmqmd$ ceh xiìenxiz kfcegm{ ne xfn{ iqmz xn`m c{ iem ri{{njdm g}nhm xi wfmxfmz xfm Xzmcx~ijomkxnqm ia {ikncd kifm{nie n{ ki`neg kdi{mz iz n{ zmkmhneg%



8: M}zirmce Ij{mzqcxiz~ ie xfm [ikncd [nx}cxnie ceh Hm`igzcrf~


Crrmehnv

Xcjdm C3%3? Cxzn{liariqmzx~ zcxm{ ceh e}`jmz ia xfm riiz rir}dcxnie ne M] ki}exznm{$ :22=

Cxzn{liariqmzx~

zcxm{ &-.

Cxzn{liariqmzx~ zcxm{ &-.

‘ kieffihmekm nexmzqcd{

E}`jmz ia riiz

rir}dcx nie &222{. [c`rdm {nm

Ki}exz~ Diwmz ji}eh Fngfmz ji}eh

CX 3:%1 3:%2 3;%3 3$2:7 38$66;

JM 38%1 38%3 3=%: 3$=:; 38$:>:

K^ 3=%6 31%> 36%; 3:2 33$21>

K_ >%6 >%8 32%: >>1 37$6;2

HM 3:%7 3:%8 3;%3 32$;73 ;3$737

HL 33%6 33%: 3:%; 1:6 38$=8>

MM 36%; 37%7 36%> :8; 3=$783

M[ 3>%> 3>%= :2%; 6$=;1 ;8$36;

AN 3:%= 3:%: 3:%> 1=2 :6$2;>

AZ 3:%> 3:%= 3;%; 7$133 :8$7:1

GZ :2%1 3>%> :3%: :$:2; 3=$33:

F] 3=%> 3=%8 31%8 3$=63 3>$>2:

NM 36%= 37%6 3>%3 761 38$1;8

NX 3>%1 3>%; :2%2 33$=8> =8$=3:

DX :2%2 3>%; :2%7 176 3:$3;8

D] 38%2 3;%; 38%7 1; 32$:8:

DQ :;%: ::%8 :8%2 =31 32$6>:

ED >%> >%= 32%; 3$121 :;$2>:RD 3>%3 36%7 3>%= 7$2=: 88$3=7

RX 36%= 37%6 3>%3 3$>87 3:$28:

[M 3:%: 33%7 3:%7 3$338 37$28;

[N 33%7 33%; 3:%2 :;8 ;3$:71

[L 33%7 33%3 3:%: 1:6 3=$3;6

]L 3>%; 36%6 3>%6 32$>>7 ::$=8:




Emxwizl ie Neki`m Hn{xznj}xnie ceh Dnqneg Kiehnxnie{ 8;


Xcjdm C3%:? Xzmeh{ ne riqmzx~ zn{l ia xfm xixcd rir}dcxnie$ }{neg 12- ia `mhnce neki`m c{ xfm

riqmzx~ dnem

[}zqm~ ~mcz

Ki}exz~ 3>>= 3>>1 3>>7 3>>6 3>>> :222 :223 :22: :22; :228 :22= :221

JM 31 3= 38 38 3; 3; 3; ? 3=¾ 3= 3= 3=

K_ ? ? ? ? ? ? 6 ? 6 ? 32¾ 32

HL 32 ? 32 ? 32 ? 32 ? 3:¾ 33 3: 3:

HM 3= 38 3: 33 33 32 33 3= 3= 31 3:¾ 3;

MM ? ? ? ? ? 36 36 36 36 36 36

NM 3> 3> 3> 3> 3> :2 :3 ? :2¾ :3 :2 3>

GZ :: :3 :3 :3 :3 :2 :2 ? :3¾ :2 :2 :3

M[ 3> 36 :2 36 3> 36 3> 3>¾ 3> :2¾ :2 :2

AZ 3= 3= 3= 3= 3= 31 3;¾ 3: 3: 38¾ 3; 3;

NX :2 :2 3> 36 36 36 3> ? ? 3>¾ 3> :2

K^ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 3= ? 31¾ 31

DQ ? ? ? ? ? 31 ? 31 31 ? 3>¾ :;

DX ? ? ? ? ? 37 37 37 3= ? :3¾ :2

D] 3: 33 33 3: 3; 3: 3: ? 32¾ 33 3; 38

F] ? ? ? ? ? 33 33 32 3: ? 3;¾ 31

@X ? ? ? ? ? 3= ? ? ? ? 3=¾ 38

ED 33 3: 32 32 33 33 33¾ 33 3: ? 33¾ 32

CX 3; 38 3; 3; 3: 3: 3: ? 3;¾ 3; 3: 3;

RD ? ? ? ? ? 31 31 37 37 ? :3¾ 3>

RX :; :3 :: :3 :3 :3 :2 :2 3> :3¾ 3> 3>

[N ? ? ? ? ? 33 33 32 32 ? 3:¾ 3:

[L ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? :3 :3 3;¾ 3:

AN ? 6 6 > 33 33 33¾ 33 33 33¾ 3: 3;

[M ? ? 6 ? 6 ? > 33 ? 33¾ > 3:

]L :2 36 36 3> 3> 3> 36¾ 36 36 ? 3>¾ 3>

[i}zkm? M}zi{xcx Emw Kziei{ hcxcjc{mEixm{? Ne xfm ffiz{x ziw$ xfm ~mcz zmamz{ xi xfm {}zqm~ ~mcz%¾Jzmcl ne {mznm{< ne xfm ̀ coiznx~ ia M]3= ki}exznm{ xfm zm{}dx{ zmrizxmh }ehmz :223 ki`m azi` xfm dc{x wcqm ia xfm MKFR%





Rixmexncd hcxc rzijdm`{ ne {mdmkxmh ki}exznm{ ‘ cxzn{liariqmzx~ zcxm{

ne xfm M][NDK ceh ecxniecd hcxc {i}zkm{

Gmz`ce~

Xfm rzirizxnie ia xfm rir}dcxnie cx zn{l ia riqmzx~ n{ cji}x = rmzkmexcgm rinex{diwmz wfme kcdk}dcxmh azi` xfm M][NDK hcxc xfce wfme kcdk}dcxmh azi` xfm Gmz`ce[ikniMkiei`nk Rcemd &[IMR. &Aznkl ceh Gzcjlc :226. &Xcjdm C3%;.% Ki`rczneg xfm{c`rdm rir}dcxnie{ ia xfm M][NDK wnxf xfi{m ia xfm `nkzikme{}{ ceh xfm [IMR$Fc}{mz &:226. ffieh{ {ngenffikcex hnaamzmekm{ ne xfm kiqmzcgm ia riizd~ nexmgzcxmhaizmngemz{$ {`cdd kfndhzme &wfi czm }ehmzzmrzm{mexmh ne xfm M][NDK. ceh xfmmdhmzd~ ceh m`rdi~mh &wfi czm iqmzzmrzm{mexmh.% Fm kiekd}hm{ xfcx ‖xfn{ kc}{m{{mzni}{ hn{xizxnie{ xi xfm Dcmlme nehnkcxiz{ kcdk}dcxmh„ &r% :.%

Xcjdm C3%;? Cxzn{liariqmzx~ zcxm{ ne Gmz`ce~ jc{mh ie xwi cdxmzecxnqm {}zqm~{ &-.

:22; :228 :22= :221

[IMR 31%; 31%7 36%2 31%=

M][NDK ‛ 3:%2 3:%7 e%c%

Hnaamzmekm &ne rmzkmexcgm rinex{. ‛8%7 ‛=%;

[i}zkm? M]-[NDK? iwe kcdk}dcxnie{< [IMR? Aznkl ceh Gzcjlc &:226.

F}egcz~

Xfm rzirizxnie ia rmirdm m{xn`cxmh xi jm cx zn{l ia riqmzx~ ne :22= azi` xfmM][NDK hcxc n{ 31-$ wfnkf n{ `}kf `izm xfce ne xfm rzmqni}{ ~mcz &3;-. iz xfceckkizhneg xi ixfmz hcxc {i}zkm{ &3;- ne :221. &{mm Xcjdm C3%8.% Ckkizhneg xi xfm

XÃZLN Fi}{mfidh @ienxiz$ xfm zn{liariqmzx~ zcxm zm`cnemh `}kf xfm {c`mjmxwmme :22= ceh :227 &czi}eh 3:‛3;-.% @izmiqmz$ xfm `i{x zmkmex M][NDKhcxc aiz :227 &k}zzmexd~ cqcndcjdm ied~ ne xfm ecxniecd {xcxn{xnkcd ia ffikm. cd{i {fiwc zcxm ia czi}eh 3;-% Ckkizhnegd~$ xfm mqnhmekm {}ggm{x{ xfcx xfmzm n{ c rzijdm`wnxf xfm :221 hcxc% Xfmzm n{ ei neaiz`cxnie cqcndcjdm ie hcxc s}cdnx~ c{ zmgczh{xfm M][NDK aiz :221% Xfm M][NDK aiz :22=$ fiwmqmz$ fch c zm{rie{m zcxm ia ied~=3-$ wfnkf {}ggm{x{ xfcx xfmzm `ngfx jm rzijdm`{ c{ zmgczh{ nx{ zmrzm{mexcxnqmem{{% Ne chhnxnie$ xfmzm {mm`{ xi fcqm jmme }ehmzzmrizxneg ia neki`m ki`rczmhxi xfm xwi cdxmzecxnqm ia ffikncd {}zqm~{ j~ xfm Kmexzcd [xcxn{xnkcd Ia ffikm$ wnxf neki`m{cx xfm jixxi` jmneg 3;‛38 rmzkmexcgm rinex{ diwmz xfce ne xfm `nkzikme{}{ cehxfm Fi}{mfidh J}hgmx [}zqm~%

Xcjdm C3%8? Cxzn{liariqmzx~ zcxm{ ne F}egcz~ jc{mh ie xwi cdxmzecxnqm {}zqm~{ &-.

:228 :22= :221

XÃZLN @ienxiz 3:%> ‛ 3;%=XÃZLN @ienxiz

&kieffihmekm nexmzqcd{ cx >=- dmqmd.33%:‛3:%> ‛ 33%7‛3;%=

M][NDK 3;%8 3=%> 3:%1

[i}zkm? XÃZLN @ienxiz? [nqû{ &:226$ r% >>.< M]-[NDK? iwe kcdk}dcxnie{$ mvkmrx aiz xfm neki`m ~mcz ia :221? L[F &:226$ Xcjdm 3.

european inequalities - income distribution and the risk of poverty

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