european perspectives on neutron science facilities · 2017. 4. 17. · neutrons for research,...
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Technische Universität München Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II)
International Perspectives on Neutron
Science Facilities
European Perspectives on Neutron
Science Facilities
Technische Universität München Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II)
Neutrons as a probe
l Electrically neutral l Isotopically sensitive l Sensitive to atomic structures l Motion sensitive l Magnetically sensitive l Create Isotopes l Penetrate each kind of bulk material
l Neutrons give information on l where atoms sit l how they move l magnetic properties in materials l creation of radio- and stable isotopes l in-situ, in-operando
Technische Universität München Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II)
European Neutron Landscape
FRM II / MLZ Germany
ESS Schweden
ISIS UK
JHR France
SINQ Schweiz
ORPHÉE France
RPI Protugal
ESS Bilbao Spain
Reactor Delft Netherlands
TRIGA Mainz Germany
BER II Germany
PIK Russia
JINR Russia
MARIA Poland
BNC Ungarn
Atominstitut Wien Austria
NPI Czech Republic
Demokritos Greece
TRIGA, RIC Slowenia
ILL France
BR 2 Belgium
HFR Netherlands
RIAR Russia
→ Huge diversity of neutron sources, from high performance continuous and pulsed to small university facilities
Technische Universität München Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II)
High Performance Sources ESS Schweden
ISIS UK
JHR France
PIK Russia
JINR Russia
ILL France
BR 2 Belgium
RIAR Russia
FRM II / MLZ Germany
pulsed
MTR+ isostope
science
Technische Universität München Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II)
Needs for high performance neutron sources l Intensity = n/(cm2 s)
l Brillance = n/(cm2 s sterad2 Δλ/λ)
l Point like source (small power!)
l Multiple purpose sources?
l Pulsed?
Comparison Opera'on
since Thermal Power Cycle lengthDensitygU/cm3 HEU Thermal flux
HFIR Oakridge, USA 1965 100 MW 23 days 18 - 10 kg ~ 1015 neutrons/cm2ILL Grenoble, France 1972 58 MW 44 days 1
FRM II Munich 2004 20 MW 60 days 3
Comparison of compact core RRs
Technische Universität München Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II)
Aging research reactors !
Well maintained RRs are always at state-of-the-art !
This is mandatory for a safe and secure operation and asked for by any nuclear regulator . Example: High flux reator at ILL ● Continous exchange of all mechanical and elctronic devices exposed to aging ● Complete new vessel, 1990 – 1993 ● Increase earthquake security by reinforsing and separation of all buildings, 2005 – 2010 ● Fukushima upgrade, protection against earthquake,f looding, terrorist attacks at the same time, 2011 - 2017
Technische Universität München Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II)
Source
First year of
operation
Thermal power [MW]
Nominal
integrated flux
[m-2s-1]
Nominal peak flux [m-2s-1]
Nominal op. time
[days p.a.]
No. of user instruments
Potential no.
of instruments
No of User-Visits p.a.
Indicative Operating
budget p.a.
Investment
ILL 2019 100 1.5 1019 HFIR 100 1.5 1019
ILL 1971 (1995)
58
1.3 ⋅ 1019 200 27 + 10 CRG >40 1400
90 M€ +5 CRG
FRM II 2005 20 8 ⋅ 1018 240
26 operational
6 under construction
35 1000 60 M€
435 M€ (2003)
LLB 1985 14 3 ⋅ 1018 200
22 external use 3 internal use
25 600 25 M€
OPAL 2007 20 2-3 1018
SINQ 1996 1 MW cont 1.5 ⋅ 1018 200
15
20 800 30 M€
ISIS/ISIS-II
1985/2009 200 µA SP 4.5 ⋅ 1019 180 27 35 1500 60 M€
ESS
under construction
5 MW LP 4 ⋅ 1020 200 20 after 2025 >20 140 M€ 2025
1 900 M€ (2021)
SNS 1 MW SP
J-PARC 0.8 MW
Neutron fluxes and money
Technische Universität München Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II)
Research with neutrons gives answers to the grand societal challenges !
§ Energy § Key Technologies § Information & Communication § Life Sciences & Health § Earth, Environment & Cultural Heritage § … § Curiosity/Discovery
Technische Universität München Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II)
Societal impact
Beam-time divided according to ‘societal impact’ averaged over ILL, ISIS and LLB (2010)
Report from the ILL Associates‘ Working Group on Neutrons in Europe 2025, (2012)
Technische Universität München Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II)
Classification of FRM II Journal Articles according to Topics
MorethanonethirdoftheresearchperformedattheMLZaddressesthe
GrandChallengesofourtoday’ssociety.
BasicResearch&Methodsarerequiredtotacklethe
KeyTechnologies.
MLZ publication archive iMPULSE, 2016-04-30
Technische Universität München Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II)
Scientific usage of neutrons in Europe
• 6000 frequent neutron users p. a. in Europe, (1000 in USA, 800 in Japan) • 23454 peer reviewed articles over 10 years (2000 – 2009),1/3 in connection with ILL • 3010 experiments = 19820 beam days p.a.
Europe 2000 - 2009
Report from the ILL Associates‘ Working Group on Neutrons in Europe 2025, (2012)
UK
France
Germany
neutron users p. a. in Europe
Switzerland
Technische Universität München Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II)
Scientific Visitors at FRM II (2011-2015)
Germany48.9%
France7.5%
Switzerland4.2%
UnitedKingdom5.0%
EUcountries19.0%
OtherEuropeancountries4.6%
Africa0.2%
America4.0%
AsiaPacific6.7%
MLZusersta+s+cs,2016-
Technische Universität München Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II)
Neutrons for Health Radio-isotpes for diagnostics and therapy l Production of neutron rich isotopes by RRs:
l He-3 l Sr-89 l Tc-99m l I-131 l Xe-131 l Sm-153 l Tb-161 l Yb-169 l Lu-177 l Ho-166, l Re-188 l …..
Technische Universität München Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II)
Mo-99/Tc-99m most common used isotope for diagnostics:
l Most efficient method to produce of Mo-99 is by irradiation of U-235 targets
Beta irradiation
Gamma irradiation
l Sustainable supply with Mo-99 is mandatory for millions of patients worldwide → 30 mio examinations per year
l Investigation of thyroid function l Diagnosis of diseases of
l lungs l heart l liver, l skeletal apparatus, etc.
(n,f)
→ Intensity is needed → Cannot be compensated by time → Intensity minimizes nuclear waste
Bone scintigraphy of an ankle joint by means of Tc-99m → bright areas abnormally increased bone metabolism indicating an inflammation
Technische Universität München Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II)
Intense neutron sources for the production of Mo-99/Tc-99m
Reactor (Fuel) Current targets8 Normal operating days/year
Anticipated 99Mo production weeks/year
Expected available capacity per week (6-day Ci 99Mo)
Expected first full year of 99Mo production9
Expected available capacity per year (6-day Ci 99Mo) by 2021
Estimated end of operation
BR-21 (HEU) HEU 190 27 7 800 NA 210 600 2026
HFR2 (LEU) HEU 275 39 6 200 NA 241 800 2024
LVR-15 (LEU) HEU/LEU 210 30 2 400 NA 72 000 2028
MARIA (LEU) HEU 200 36 2 700 NA 95 000 2030
OPAL (LEU) LEU 300 43 1 750 NA 75 250 2055
RA-3 (LEU) LEU 230 46 400 NA 18 400 2027
SAFARI-13 (LEU) HEU/LEU 305 44 3 000 NA 130 700 2030
NRU4 (HEU) HEU 280 40 4 680 NA 187 200 Late 2016
RIAR5 (HEU) HEU 350 50 1 000 NA 50 000 At least until 2025
KARPOV5 (HEU) HEU 336 48 350 NA 16 800 At least until 2025
OPAL6 (LEU) LEU 300 43 +1 750 2017 75 250 2055
FRM-II7 (HEU) LEU 240 32 2 100 2018 67 200 2054
2016 Medical Isotope Supply Review: 99Mo/99mTc Market Demand and Production Capacity Projection 2016-2021 NEA HLG MR report 2017
Technische Universität München Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II)
Diagnostics: Reliable Mo-99 supply in future ?
© Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals
l Tomorrow: mainly 8 reactors worldwide (with 3 brand new)
l Challenges due to decay of Mo-99: l No storage of Mo-99 possible l Transport logistics within supply chain needs to be well coordinated
l Outlook: Routine operation of Mo-99 l at FRM II in 2019, l at Jules Horowitz in 2021
Technische Universität München Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II)
Continous versus pulsed Reactor versus Spallation
Spallation Reactor technical challenge cavities, heat evaporation fuel density, heat evaporation
dismanteling more remote needed more active volume
no remote needed
radioactive waste spent targets and Fe-shielding >> volume
high number of spent fuel
proliferation none depends on your view point peak intensity 10 – 30 times higher delivers intensity for medicine and industry
integral intensity equal > for medicine & industry reliability accelerators fluctuate, fail regularly very reliable
capability delivers > capability for basic research > UCN intensity hot neutrons more
capacity for basic research >> higher
capacity for industry and medicine
>> higher
money 3 x more expensive in investment & operation
→ Basic research needs both → Industry and medicine needs reactors
Technische Universität München Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II)
Neutrons for Research, Industry and Medicine Research with neutrons seeks answers to major challenges of the society such as:
l Energy l Key technologies l Information & Communication l Life Sciences & Health l Earth, Environment & Cultural Heritage l … l Curiosity
Technische Universität München Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II)
Schillinger, B. and Schulz, M. (ANTARES, FRM II)
Make the Invisible Visible
l High resolution radiography of an engine
→ High spatial resolution → Complex work piece
decomposed in its components
?
Technische Universität München Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II)
Residual Stresses during the Casting Process
l Measurement of residual stresses in cast part up to now only in the finite state without knowledge how they develop
l Knowledge on residual stresses important for design of cast parts (e.g. engine blocks)
l Behaviour during casting needed as input for FEM simulations
Source: KS Aluminium-Technologie AG
Aluminum
Steel liner
Aluminium (cast part)
Steel liner
Mock-up sample for neutron diffraction experiment at STRESS-SPEC
Cooperation between Chair of Metal Forming and Casting Department of Mechanical Engineering, TUM, M. Hofmann, STRESS-SPEC (FRM II)
Technische Universität München Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II)
Residual Stresses during the Casting Process l In-situ measurement l Ex-situ measurement
Cooperation between Chair of Metal Forming and Casting Department of Mechanical Engineering, TUM, M. Hofmann, STRESS-SPEC (FRM II)
Technische Universität München Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II)
Build-up of internal strain during cooling of the cast
M. Reihle, Entstehung und Ausprägung von Eigenspannungen in Verbundgussteilen, Doktorarbeit, TUM utg (2015) U. Wasmuth et al., CIRP Annals – Manufacturing Technology 57, 579 (2008), M. Reihle et al., Materials Science Forum 768-769, 484 (2014)
→ Variables: alloy composition, strain in Al, strain in liner, different moulds, cooling speed, → Drastically improved Finite-Element-Simulation of the casting process
Build-up of residual stress in the steel liner during cooling of the cast
Aluminium cast
Steel-liner
strain
Technische Universität München Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II)
Energy: Storage
l In-situ neutron diffraction
neutron beam
Primary slit Detector
neutron beam
Technische Universität München Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II)
Energy: Storage l Typical diffraction measurement of a 18650 Li ion battery
A. Senyshyn et al., J. Power Sources 203, 126 (2012); B. More publications of the group: O. Dolotko et al., J. Electrochem. Soc. 2159, A2082 (2012), A. Senyshyn et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 160, A3198 (2013), O. Dolotko et al., J. of Power Sources
255, 197 (2014), A. Senyshyn et al., J. of Power Sources 245, 678 (2014), A. Senyshyn et al., J. of Power Sources 282, 235 (2015)
2θ (degree)
Inte
nsity
nor
mal
ized
(%)
Weitere Literatur zu Li-Ionen Batterien der Gruppe: O. Dolotko et al., J. Electrochem. Soc. 2159, A2082 (2012) , A. Senyshyn et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 160, A3198 (2013), O. Dolotko et al., J. of Power Sources 255,
197-203 (2014), A. Senyshyn et al., J. of Power Sources 245, 678 (2014), A. Senyshyn et al., J. of Power Sources 282, 235 (2015)
cathode
anode
„fresh“ Li-Ion Battery (charged to 4.10 V)
Technische Universität München Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II)
Energy: Storage
Charging of a Li ion cell / Li plating
incorporation of lithium into graphite via
graphite ↓
Li1-xC18
↓ LiC12
↓ LiC6
→ can be followed
by in-situ neutron diffraction! Measurement at STRESS-SPEC
V. Zinth et al, J. Power Sources, 271, 152 (2014); Weitere Literatur zu Li-Ionen Batterien der Gruppe: S. Seidlmayer et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 162 (2), A1 (2015), I. Buchberger et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 162 (14), A2737 (2015)
Technische Universität München Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II)
Energy: Storage l Charging of a Li ion cell
• after too fast
charging: Li plating = deposition of metallic
lithium at the anode
• increased at low temperatures (-40 ˚C to -10 ˚C)
→ Risk: Li plating lowers the capacity and can lead to cell failure
V. Zinth et al, J. Power Sources, 271, 152 (2014); Weitere Literatur zu Li-Ionen Batterien der Gruppe: S. Seidlmayer et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 162 (2), A1 (2015), I. Buchberger et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 162 (14), A2737 (2015)
Technische Universität München Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II)
l Destructive effects do not appear during isolated investigation l In-situ / in-operando studies reveal mechanisms of degradation
Tesla: Burning after internal short circuit (http://www.cnet.com
Screenshot by Wayne Cunningham/CNET)
Boeing Dreamliner after internal short circuit
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki)
Also cause for the Samsung Galaxy Note 7 ? (Quelle: Tham Hua)
Energy: Storage
Technische Universität München Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II)
§ New magnetic ordering phenomenon § Storage of Information on atomic scale?
S. Mühlbauer, B. Binz, F. Jonietz, C. Pfleiderer, A. Rosch, A. Neugebauer, R. Georgii, P. Böni: Skyrmion Lattice in a Chiral Magnet, Science 323 (2009), pp. 915-919
Skirmion-lattice in MnSi
Technische Universität München Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II)
Skyrmions beyond MnSi
Ingredients for Skyrmions: No inversion symmetry (DMI) + strong spin-orbit coupling
Thin films support Skyrmions FePd bilayer on Ir(110) surface, spin polarized
STM
S. Heinze et al., Nature Physics 7, 713-718 (2011)
N. Romming et al., Science 341, 6146 (2013)
Write / delete single Skyrmions (270 atoms )
Skyrmions : general phenomenon
non-B20
B20 family (MnSi type)
Pt/Co/MgO nanosctrutcures (RT) 1)
GaV4S8 multiferroic, Tc=12K
Β-Mn type CoZnMn Tc~300K
N. Nagaosa et al., Nature Nano. vol. 8, 889 (2013)
O. Boulle et al., Nature Nano. vol. 11, 449 (2016)
I. Zezsmarki et al., Nature Mat. 14, 1116 (2015)
Y. Tokunaga et al., Nature Com. 6, 7638 (2015)
Technische Universität München Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II)
l Bipolar disorder (manic depression) is a relatively common disease with an overall lifetime incidence of 1%
l Lithium is an effective antimanic agent. l Still it is not clear how Lithium works in the brain. l Generate a Lithium map of the human brain!
Special detector setup
Material Testing from an Alternative Point of View: Lithium Traces in Human Brain Samples
J. Lichtinger, Quantitative Untersuchung der lokalen Lithiumkonzentration im menschlichen Gehirn und ihr Bezug zu affektiven Störungen, PhD thesis, TUM (2015), J. Lichtinger, R. Gernhäuser, A. Bauer, M. Bendel, L. Canella, M. Graw, R. Krücken, P. Kudejova, E. Mützel, S. Ring, D. Seiler, S. Winkler, K. Zeitelhack, J. Schöpfer, Medical Physics. 40, 023501 (2013);
Collaboration: Physik Department E12/ZTL, Institut für Rechtsmedizin der LMU, FRM II (DFG project GE 2296/1-1)
2D Lithium sample
y in
mm
x in mm
counts
Sensitivity: 0.2 ppb Spatial resolution: 0.2 mm
→ Li does work, in contrast to other psychotropic drugs, within the nerve tracts themselves
Victim of suicide Person with Li-treatment
→ Li accumulation in white matter observed in a number of depressive patients treated with Li
Technische Universität München Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II)
Life Sciences and Health l Therapy of a patient with prostate cancer with Lu-177 n.c.a.
and Prof. Dr. med. Richard P. Baum, Klinik für Nuklearmedizin/PET-Zentrum der Zentralklinik Bad Berka
l Diagnosis (PET/CT) with Ga-68 linked with
l Bisphosphonate → Imaging Bone metastases
l Specific molecule for the prostate specific membrane antigene (PSMA) → Imaging Metastases of tissue
Before therapy (05/2015) after Therapy with Lu-177 n.c.a. (11/2015)
l 2 Treatments with Lu-177 n.c.a. with 4 – 5 GBq/Dos each
→ Lu-177-PSMA as a new option for therapy with huge success
Technische Universität München Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II)
Neutrons in the heart of the campus of Garching
Thank you for your attention!