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Europeans and American Indians fought for dominance, control, and security in North America, and distinctive colonial and native societies developed.

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o Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North American environments that different empires confronted led Europeans to develop diverse patterns of colonization.

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Spain tight control over process of colonization convert or exploit the native population French & Dutch utilized trade alliances & intermarriage with natives acquire furs & other products to export to Europe

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British establish colonies based on agriculture utilized large numbers of men & women acquire land, populate settlements importation of indentured servants hostile relationships with American Indians due to expansion of settlements King Philips War

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miscegenation sexual relations or marriage between people of two different races allowed in Spanish, French, and Dutch colonies with native people and, in Spains case, with enslaved Africans! in English colonies, males & females rarely intermarried with natives or Africans resulted in rigid racial hierarchy!

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Atlantic slave trade (causes) abundance of land shortage of indentured servants difficulty of enslaving native peoples demand for colonial goods Triangular trade Middle Passage Barbados Slave Code

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Middle Passage

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Barbados Slave Code a law passed by England to provide a legal base for slavery in the Caribbean island of Barbados the code's preamble, which stated that the law's purpose was to "protect them [slaves] as we do men's other goods and Chattels, any article of tangible property other than land, buildings, and other thins annexed to land

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Barbados Slave Code law required masters to provide each slave with one set of clothing per year no standards for slaves' diet, housing, or working conditions denied slaves even basic rights guaranteed under English common law, such as the right to life allowed the slaves' owners to do entirely as they wished to their slaves, including mutilating them and burning them alive, without fear of reprisal

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Bacons Rebellion Nathaniel Bacon led frontier farmers against government of Virginia former indentured servants denied land William Berkeley Governor, refused protection against western Indians Effects: decrease import of indentured servants turn to African slavery for labor supply laws make slaves, and their progeny, slaves for life!

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Overt/covert forms of resistance to slavery slow pace of work sabotage equipment run away revolt New York 1712 Stono Rebellion - 1739 Denmark Vesey 1822 (planned) Nat Turner - 1831

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New England Colonies environmental & geographic conditions: rocky soil non-navigable rivers short growing season harsh winters fish, fur, lumber enterprises develop waterfalls provide source of power leads to manufacturing & industry to develop major commercial center

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New England Colonies Plymouth/Massachusetts Bay Colonies Puritanism group of Protestants in 16 th century within the Church of England (Anglican) demanded simplification of doctrine and worship advocated greater strictness in religious discipline puritan (lowercase) a person who is strict in moral or religious matters, often excessively so! Puritan (Protestant) Work Ethic idle hands are the devils workshop

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Middle Colonies environmental & geographic conditions: rich soil export wheat, grains (Bread Basket Colonies) forests lumber, ship building textile & iron industries develop ethnically & religiously diverse English, Swedes, Dutch, Germans, Scots-Irish and French Dutch Mennonites, French Huguenots, German Baptists, Portuguese Jews, English Anglicans, Lutherans, Quakers, Moravians, Amish, Dunkers, Presbyterians, and Catholics

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Pennsylvania William Penn The Quaker Holy Experiment inner light in each person services without formal ministers dressed plainly no deference to persons of rank embraced pacifism no military service no land-owning aristocracy adult male settlers receive 50 acres of land & right to vote

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Pennsylvania Government a representative assembly freedom of religion Native-American Relations people approached in friendship respond in friendship letter to the Delaware paid the Delaware for their land regulated trade between tribes and colonists set up a court for adjudication of disputes no disputes for over 50 years!

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Southern Colonies environmental & geographic conditions: warm climate long growing season swampy land - perfect for crops such as tobacco, rice, indigo, and sugar staple crop economy cash crops sold for profit, not consumption tobacco, rice, sugar cans, cotton slave labor utilized in places, slaves constitute majority of population

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Jamestown - 1607 joint-stock company Virginia Company tobacco cultivation John Rolfe indentured servants leads to Bacons Rebellion and slavery Native-American Relations colonial desire for land & crop space leads to warfare Anglo-Powhatan Wars I & II

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o European colonization efforts stimulated intercultural contact and intensified conflict between various groups of colonizers and native peoples.

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European/American Conflicts Anglo-Powhatan Wars 1610 1646 3 wars resulted in a boundary being defined between the Indians and English lands King Philips War 1675 - 1678 New England Wampanoag natives defeated colonial expansion ensured

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European/American Conflicts Beaver Wars 1630s 1640s encouraged and armed by their Dutch and English trading partners, the Iroquois expanded their territory and sought to monopolize the fur trade realigned the tribal geography of North America destroyed several large tribal confederacies Chickasaw War 1736 Chickasaw vs. the French Chickasaw maintained themselves albeit with great loss to both population and way of life resulted in enmity between the Illini and the Chickasaw

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New sources of labor Native Indian Slavery easy to escape, blend into other tribal societies Indentured servitude period of indenture 4 7 years freedom dues African slavery slaves for life introduces institutional racism!

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Acquire commodities valued in Europe fur lumber fish naval stores pitch tobacco rice indigo

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Mistrust over conflicting interests of European leaders and colonial citizens Woolen Act - 1699 prohibited American colonists from exporting wool restricted the import of woolens and linens created in other areas of the British Empire

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Mistrust over conflicting interests of European leaders and colonial citizens Mercantilism Navigation Acts Salutary Neglect Molasses Act 1733 tax on molasses not to raise money but to regulate trade

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Mistrust over conflicting interests of European leaders and colonial citizens Smuggling reaction to the heavy taxes and regulations imposed by mercantilist trade policies widespread in Spanish & English colonies

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Trade goods & disease cause cultural & demographic change Catawba Nation South Carolina decimated by smallpox epidemics, tribal warfare and social disruption declined markedly in number in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

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Trade goods & disease cause cultural & demographic change Huron Confederacy As the European demand for furs increased during the seventeenth century, both the Iroquois and the Huron began to expand westward in search of new furs and new Indian trading partners. This expansion brought about some violent conflicts between the Huron and the western Indian nations such as the Winnebago (Ho Chunk) and Ottawa. In addition, conflict between the Huron and the Iroquois also increased.

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In 1648, the Seneca and the Mohawk, both members of the Iroquois League of Five Nations, set out to destroy the Huron trading network. The Seneca, armed with firearms obtained from the Dutch, attacked the Huron town of Teanaostaia. Three hundred of the 2,000 inhabitants of the town were killed and 700 were taken captive. The following year, the Iroquois, supplied with 400 guns and unlimited ammunition on credit by the Dutch, attacked and destroyed the Huron. This marked the end of the Huron confederacy. Many of the Huron people took refuge with other Indian nations in the Great Lakes area. A new nation, however, the Wyandot, composed of Huron refugees as well as other Indian refugees, soon emerged, but did not challenge the Iroquois supremacy. Native American Netroots

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Trade goods & disease cause cultural & demographic change Wampanoag About 1614, a series of three epidemics, inadvertently introduced through contact with Europeans, began to sweep through the Indian villages in Massachusetts. At least ten Wampanoag villages were abandoned because there were no survivors. The Wampanoag population decreased from 12,000 to 5,000.

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Trade goods & disease cause cultural & demographic change Wampanoag In 1675, pushed by the Puritans who demanded that the Indians obey Puritan law and who severely punished the Indians who did not, Metacom asserted the sovereignty of his people by going to war. As a result of this war commonly called King Philips War many of the smaller Indian nations were destroyed or scattered.

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Trade goods & disease cause cultural & demographic change Metacom stumbled into an ambush in which he was shot and killed. The English drew and quartered his body and took his head to Plymouth where it was displayed to the public for 20 years. Head was carried in triumph to Plymouth, where it arrived on the very Day that the Church there was keeping a Solemn Thanksgiving to God. God sent em in the Head of a Leviathan for a Thanksgiving-Feast. Cotton Mather By the end of the war, the Wampanoag were nearly exterminated: only 400 survived.

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Spanish worldview seek accommodation with Native culture after Pueblo Revolt 1680, the Pueblo Indians gain a measure of freedom from future Spanish efforts to eradicate their culture and religion Spanish issued substantial land grants appointed a public defender to protect the rights of the Indians did not again attempt to impose a theocracy on the Pueblo who continued to practice their traditional religion

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English worldview land ownership private vs. tribal/communal gender roles ????????????? reinforced through contact/conflict praying towns seek religious conversion, abandonment of native ways gatherer-hunter lifestyle, clothing, rituals, etc

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American Indian warfare increases in intensity & destructiveness deadlier weapons long rifle musket alcohol great disrupter of Indian life greater susceptibility to effects

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o The increasing political, economic, and cultural exchanges within the Atlantic World had a profound impact on the development of colonial societies in North America.

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Atlantic economy shared labor market wide exchange of goods African slave trade products of Americas

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Anglicization (convert to English norms) Political communities Pennsylvania William Penn The Quaker Holy Experiment inner light in each person services without formal ministers dressed plainly no deference to persons of rank embraced pacifism no military service no land-owning aristocracy adult male settlers receive 50 acres of land & right to vote

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Pennsylvania Government a representative assembly freedom of religion Native-American Relations people approached in friendship respond in friendship paid the Delaware for their land regulated trade between tribes and colonists set up a court for adjudication of disputes no disputes for over 50 years!

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Anglicization (convert to English norms) Commercial ties Joint-stock companies Virginia Company London Company

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Anglicization (convert to English norms) Legal structures

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Anglicization (convert to English norms) Protestant evangelism

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Anglicization (convert to English norms) Religious toleration Maryland Act of Toleration freedom of worship for all Christians in Maryland sentenced to death anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus Atheists, Jews

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Anglicization (convert to English norms) Enlightenment Ideas John Locke 1632 - 1704 English philosopher ideas concerning the natural rights of man and the social contract theories concerning the separation of Church and State, religious freedom, and liberty influenced European Enlightenment writer, Voltaire shaped the thinking of America's founders, from Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson

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Slavery & colonial wars impacted growth of ideas on race Casta System determined a persons social importance in old Mexico one-hundred different terms to describe different racial categories Espaoles - persons of pure Spanish ancestry Indios/Indias - persons of pure Indian Ancestry Mestizos/Mestizas - one Spanish and one Indian parent Mulattos/Mulattas - one Spanish and one Black parent

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Slavery & colonial wars impacted growth of ideas on race Metis are one of the recognized Aboriginal peoples of Canada descendents of mixed First Nations & Europeans essentially, Native Americans of Canada often associated with lower social class distinction

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British colonies develop similar patterns Culture Laws Institutions Government

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Hierarchical imperial structure Mercantilist economic aims

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Resistance to imperial control Experiences of self-government Evolving local ideas of liberty

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Resistance to imperial control Political thought of Enlightenment Greater religious independence & diversity

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Resistance to imperial control Ideology of corruption in imperial system