Evaluation of Selenium in Evaluation of Selenium in Bison and Their EnvironmentBison and Their Environment

Stacy Sabin, Kevin Sedivec, Stacy Sabin, Kevin Sedivec, Chris Schauer, and Joel Chris Schauer, and Joel

CatonCatonNorth Dakota State UniversityNorth Dakota State University

Ruth Short Bull, Lisa Colombe, Ruth Short Bull, Lisa Colombe, and Linda Hugelenand Linda Hugelen

Fort Berthold Community College, Sinte Fort Berthold Community College, Sinte Gleska University, and Sitting Bull Gleska University, and Sitting Bull

CollegeCollege

Human healthHuman health Acts as an antioxidant Acts as an antioxidant

Cancer, Arthritis, Heart diseaseCancer, Arthritis, Heart disease

Immune system Immune system Controlling viral emergence and evolutionControlling viral emergence and evolution Optimize cellular and humoral immune Optimize cellular and humoral immune

processesprocesses

Toxicity and Deficiency Toxicity and Deficiency Selenosis, Keshan disease, Kaschin-Beck Selenosis, Keshan disease, Kaschin-Beck

diseasedisease

Importance of SeImportance of Se

BisonBison

Spiritual animal Spiritual animal associated with associated with Native AmericansNative Americans

Many Tribes in the Many Tribes in the Northern Great Northern Great Plains raise BisonPlains raise Bison

Importance of Bison as a Meat Importance of Bison as a Meat Source and Saleable ProductSource and Saleable Product

Bison meat is fed Bison meat is fed to Citizens on to Citizens on Tribal LandsTribal Lands

Bison meat is sold Bison meat is sold in Marketsin Markets

Bison meat is part Bison meat is part of the US Gov’t of the US Gov’t program in the program in the school lunch menu school lunch menu in Tribal schoolsin Tribal schools

Marketing High Selenium Marketing High Selenium BisonBison

An interest among An interest among Tribal Leaders and Tribal Leaders and Local Colleges to Local Colleges to Market a High Market a High Selenium Bison Selenium Bison product as a NICHE product as a NICHE marketmarket

Supplying Power of SoilSupplying Power of Soil

Se content of parent Se content of parent material material

FormForm

pHpH

Oxidation-reduction Oxidation-reduction conditionsconditions

Moisture levelMoisture level

Competitive ionsCompetitive ions

Soil textureSoil texture

Organic matterOrganic matter

Degree of aerationDegree of aeration

Accumulating Power of PlantAccumulating Power of Plant

SpeciesSpecies

Environmental factorsEnvironmental factors

Growth phaseGrowth phase

Physiological condition of plantPhysiological condition of plant

(Unpublished data, Franzen 2004)

Se Levels in ND(ppb)

(Unpublished data, Franzen 2004)

Se Levels in ND(ppb)

Marine Shales in

SD

Se Potential in SD

ObjectivesObjectives

Determine correlations between Se Determine correlations between Se concentration in soil, vegetation, and concentration in soil, vegetation, and bison plasma and hairbison plasma and hair

Determine Tribal lands with high Determine Tribal lands with high selenium concentrationsselenium concentrations

Study AreaStudy Area Three LocationsThree Locations

Fort BertholdFort Berthold NWND1NWND1 NWND2NWND2

Standing Rock Standing Rock SCNDSCND NCSDNCSD

RosebudRosebud SCSDSCSD

Study AreaStudy Area Ecological SitesEcological Sites

ClaypanClaypan

Loamy (Silty)Loamy (Silty)

SandySandy

ShallowShallow

Thin UplandThin Upland

Vegetation types Vegetation types

Wheatgrass-needlegrassWheatgrass-needlegrass

Wheatgrass-grama grass Wheatgrass-grama grass

Study AreaStudy Area

Materials & MethodsMaterials & Methods

VegetationVegetation Six sites per location (Block)Six sites per location (Block)

Five samples taken per siteFive samples taken per site Graminoids, forbs, and selenium indicator Graminoids, forbs, and selenium indicator

speciesspecies Collected twice; July and Sept/OctCollected twice; July and Sept/Oct

Not a second collection for SCSDNot a second collection for SCSD

Materials & MethodsMaterials & Methods

SoilsSoils Six sites per location (Block)Six sites per location (Block)

Five samples taken per siteFive samples taken per site 0 to 15 cm core and 15 to 30 cm core0 to 15 cm core and 15 to 30 cm core Collected once in JulyCollected once in July

Materials & MethodsMaterials & Methods

BloodBlood 12 mature female bison/herd12 mature female bison/herd Two 10 ml Vaccutainer® EDTA coated Two 10 ml Vaccutainer® EDTA coated

tubestubes Centrifuged, decanted plasma, stored (-Centrifuged, decanted plasma, stored (-

70º C)70º C) NWND1-Sept; NWND2-June/Sept; NCSD & NWND1-Sept; NWND2-June/Sept; NCSD &

SCND-Oct; SCSD-NA SCND-Oct; SCSD-NA

Materials & MethodsMaterials & Methods

HairHair 12 mature female bison/herd12 mature female bison/herd Clipped hair down right or left side of Clipped hair down right or left side of

the rumpthe rump Cleaned with acetone and deionized Cleaned with acetone and deionized

distilled water, then dried distilled water, then dried NWND1-Sept; NWND2-June/Sept; NCSD NWND1-Sept; NWND2-June/Sept; NCSD

& SCND-Oct; SCSD-NA& SCND-Oct; SCSD-NA

Results and DiscussionResults and Discussion

Se (total) in SoilsSe (total) in Soils

SoilsSoils Range between 0.1 and 2 ppm Range between 0.1 and 2 ppm (Swaine, 1955)(Swaine, 1955)

8 ppm East Williams County, ND 8 ppm East Williams County, ND (Byers et al., (Byers et al., 1948)1948)

0.84a

0.14b

0.02

0.07b

0.06ab

(Hintze,1999)

Se in ppm, ND

Selenium Content (soluble) by Selenium Content (soluble) by Ecological SiteEcological Site in 2003 in 2003

0 to 15 cm soil depth (ppb)0 to 15 cm soil depth (ppb)

7.47.6

8.48.6

8.7

6

6.5

7

7.5

8

8.5

9

Sandy Loamy Shallow Claypan Thin Upland(NS)

Selenium Content (soluble) by Selenium Content (soluble) by Ecological Site in 2003Ecological Site in 2003

15 to 30 cm soil depth (ppb)15 to 30 cm soil depth (ppb)

6.8

8.6

7.1

8.9

7.6

6

6.5

7

7.5

8

8.5

9

Sandy Loamy Shallow Claypan Thin Upland(NS)

Soluble Selenium Content (ppb) Soluble Selenium Content (ppb) by Soil Depth by Soil Depth (0 to 15 cm) (0 to 15 cm) in North in North

and South Dakota in 2003and South Dakota in 2003

7.6

10.3

8.6

6.6

7.5

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

NWND1 NWND2 SCND NCSD SCSD

a b ab a a

(P < 0.05)

Soluble Selenium Content (ppb) Soluble Selenium Content (ppb) by Soil Depth by Soil Depth (15 to 30 cm) (15 to 30 cm) in in North and South Dakota in North and South Dakota in

20032003

7

8.9

10.6

5.2

6.9

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

NWND1 NWND2 SCND NCSD SCSD

ab ab a b ab

(P < 0.05)

Se in Vegetation (individual Se in Vegetation (individual plants)plants)

U.S. & Canada

(Trelease & Beath, 1949)

Plant containing 50 to 500 ppm of SePlant containing > 500 ppm of Se

Se in Vegetation (Hintze Se in Vegetation (Hintze 1999)1999)

0.85a

0.40ab

0.20ab

0.48ab

0.17b

Se in ppm, ND

Se in VegetationSe in VegetationFarms with Se Toxicity,

SD

(Moxon, 1937)

Main effects and Interaction of Main effects and Interaction of Se in Vegetation in 2003Se in Vegetation in 2003

Species*Eco Site*LocationSpecies*Eco Site*Location p=0.0375p=0.0375 Eco Site*LocationEco Site*Location p=0.6543p=0.6543 Species*LocationSpecies*Location p=0.1623p=0.1623 Eco SiteEco Site p=0.3826p=0.3826 LocationLocation p=0.0195p=0.0195 Plant TypesPlant Types p=0.0050p=0.0050 Sites (replication)Sites (replication) p=0.1208p=0.1208

Selenium concentration (ppm) of Selenium concentration (ppm) of Selected Plant Types (DM) in 2003Selected Plant Types (DM) in 2003

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Se (ppm)

Astragalus/Oxytropissp.Forbs

Graminoids

b

a

b

(P < 0.1)

Selenium concentration (ppm) of Selenium concentration (ppm) of Forages (DM) by Study Location in Forages (DM) by Study Location in

20032003

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Se (ppm)

Mission, SD

Fort Berthold, ND

Fort Yates, ND

Fort Yates, SD

Figure 4, ND

a

b

bc

(P < 0.1)

bc

c

Se Concentration (ppm) in Se Concentration (ppm) in Vegetation (DM) in 2004 (Sabin Vegetation (DM) in 2004 (Sabin

2004)2004)0.35

0.23

0.48

0.33

0.29

Se concentration (ppm) in Se concentration (ppm) in Vegetation (Vegetation (Hintze 1999Hintze 1999, , Sabin Sabin

20042004))

0.35

0.23

0.48

0.33

0.29

0.48

0.20

0.85

0.40 0.17

Bison HairBison Hair

Selenium (ppm) of Bison Hair Selenium (ppm) of Bison Hair (DM) by Location in 2003(DM) by Location in 2003

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Se (ppm)

Fort Berthold, ND

Fort Yates, ND

Fort Yates, SD

Figure 4, ND

a

b ab b

Selenium content of Blood and Selenium content of Blood and Meat in BISONMeat in BISON

ImplicationsImplications

Correlations found between bison Correlations found between bison plasma & hair, vegetation, and soil plasma & hair, vegetation, and soil could be used to test other areas for could be used to test other areas for high selenium high selenium

If any of these areas are found to If any of these areas are found to have high selenium bison, there is have high selenium bison, there is the possibility of marketing the the possibility of marketing the product for human health benefitsproduct for human health benefits