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EPA Region 5 Records Ctr.

EVALUATION OF WATER MISTING SYSTEMSFOR USE AX LEMON LANE 253754

August 11,2000Introduction

Water spraying has been used extensively in the past at Lemon Lane for dust suppression.A sprinkler system was set up at the load uul pile lu keep the surface of the pile wet. Thepurpose was to prevent dust, which could contain PCS, from forming and blowing intothe atmosphere. At the excavations a fire hose was used to wet the excavation face andthe soil in the excavator buckets. The top of the soil in the onsite trucks was alsn wettedbefore the dirt was transported to the loadout pile. In addition, a water truck was used tospray water on the TSCA and aon-TSCA transport roacb on site to prevent dustformation.

A recent review of the literature by CBS has shown that excessive wetting of PCBcontaminated soil may prevent dust but could also be causing higher volatilization of thePCB content of the soils. Based on the recent evaluation of the elevated PCB emissionevents at Lemon Lane, CBS now believes that volatilization of PCBs contributedsi&uifiuantly lu these events. CBS review of recent research has shown that PCBsvolatilize from wet soils much more that from dry soils.

Objective

Alternative uses of water spraya have been investigated that will prevent dust butminimize the soaking of PCB contaminated soils. Specifically, water misting or foggingsystems using atomizing nozzles that form a very fine mist of small micron size waterparticles were investigated. The fine droplets will form a fog over the exposed PCBcontaminated soils that will act to contain and prevent dust emissions but will not soak orsaturate the soils.

The main benefit of using fine water pailide fugging may be that a high degree ofevaporative cooling will be realized that will reduce volatilization. The fine waterparticles evaporate in the air over the exposed PCB soils, soaking up heat and droppingtemperatures locally. This principal is used extensively in evaporative vrater coolingtowers to cool closed loop water systems.

Literature presented by CBS showed that PCB volatilization increases exponentially withincreased temperature. The increase in volatilization was shown to be especiallysensitive in the temperature ranges (>80 °F) being experienced at the site during the hotsummer months-

Some researchers have also theorized that as the water content in PCB soils evaporatesand desorbs out of the soil, die water vapor may also carry PCBs willi it, suuilur to steamstripping. Therefore if the humidity of the air was increased around PCB soils, theevaporation of the water content of the soil will be reduced. Any PCBs being carriedwith the water vapor will also be reduced.

03/ i l /29i3C il :57

The fogging nozzles will increase the humidity of the air above the exposed PCB soils tonear saturation so that evaporation of the water content from the soil should be greatlyreduced.

Therefore the use of a misting fog system over exposed PCB soils should reduce PCBvolatilization in three ways:

1) reducing the moisture content in the soils caused by soaking sprays2) reducing the temperature of the PCB soils and3) increasing the humidity of the air around the PCB soils.

Misting systems have been used successfully in the past to reduce PCB emissions at aFord Motor Co. site in Atlanta, GA.

Application of Misting Systems to the Lemon Lane Site

As indicated previously, two areas of the site have exposed PCB soils that are a concern.These two areas are the excavation pit itself and the loadout pile where the excavatedTSCA soils are stockpiled and loaded into trucks for disposal Separate misting systemsare being developed for each of these two areas.

Portable Misting Systems for Excavation Faces

The system for the excavation face must be portable so that it can be moved andpositioned as the excavation progresses. This system will allow for readjustment andredirection several times during the day as the excavator digs along a sidewall or as theprevailing winds change direction.

To produce a portable system, a structural framework is being fabricated as shown inFigure 1, Multiple spray bars (2 or 3) will be mounted on the frame containing up to SOfogging nozzles. A nigh pressure pump and gas powered generator will be mounted tothe frame and hard-plumbed to the spray nozzles. The entire assembly (or fogging rack)will be lifted by an all terrain forktruck, as shown in Figure 2 and moved into position.The pump will be supplied by a flexible hose from the city water supply piped from thefire hydrant at the northeast of the site on Lemon Lane.

Three of these fogging racks will be fabricated and positioned with three all-terrainforktrucks around the excavation to get complete coverage of the exposed excavationarea. The racks will be positioned upwind of the excavation to allow the wind to carrythe fog over the exposed soil. The forktrucks can maneuver to position the fog asdesired.

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Stationary Misting System for the Load Out Pile

A misting system will also be installed surrounding the perimeter of the loadout pile. Themisting system will be installed in conjunction with a windbreak around the loadout pile,as shown m Figure 3 and 4. Spray bars will be installed around the top of the windbreak,and directed to spray a fog onto the loadout pile.

The purpose of the windbreak is to prevent the wind from blowing dust into theatmosphere from the loadout pile. The windbreak should especially contain any dustformed from dumping loads of excavated PCR soils from the onsite trucks into the loadout pile. The windbreak will be constructed out of a berm of clean clay about 8 to 10 feettoil around all four sides of the loadout pile. An opening will be positioned in the caslberm to allow the onsite trucks access to bring excavated soils to the loadout pile.

The west benn will be wide enough to allow the excavator to sit atop and load disposaltrucks. A small dozer will be used inside the windbreak berms to push soil to the truck-loading excavator. This should minimize duet formed by the excavator handling thematerial.

Spray bars will be positioned on poles around the top of the berms. About 50 spraynozzles will be positioned around the berm and fed from a high pressure pump. Thepump will be powered from the electric supply in the scale home

Spray Notzle Comparison

Two different types of misting spray nozzles have been procured, high pressure (-200psi) and low pressure (~25 psi) nozzles. Table 1 lists three high pressure nozzles and twolow pressure nozzles that were obtained. The low pressure nozzles are constructed ofplastic and can be supplied directly from the city water line. The high pressure nozzlesare constructed out of stainless steel or brass and require a booster pump.

The nozzle outlets are severely restricted to produce a fine mist of very small particles.They consume much less water (2 to 38 gallons per hour) than the sprinkler type spraysystems ws pnevicwsly used, which used several gallons per minute.

The nozzles form spray patterns which vaiy from a hollow to solid cone. The spraypattern of the John Deere low pressure nozzle is a fan pattern. The nozzles aremanufactured with different spray angles ranging from 30° to 180 * to get differentcoverage. High spray angles give wide mist coverage close to the nozzle. Low sprayangles produce a narrow spray pattern that penetrates further away from the nozzles.

Spray Nozzle Testing

These nozzles have been assembled onto spray bars and tested at the site. Table 1 showsthe droplet size for the high pressure nozzles. Droplet size is not specified for the lowpressure nozzles. However, in trying out these different no77les it was found that the

08/11/2000 11:57 411-b'42-JtnJb Lbi~L-|_UUI*IJ.."iU ; ...M r r.Lj._

high pressure nozzles produce much smaller droplet sizes and make a much finer mist orfog than the low pressure nozzles,

The smaller droplet size is preferred for evaporative cooling. The smaller the droplets,the more surface area is available for evaporation.

The low pressure nozzles did not produce a true fog but a heavier mist that will result inmore of the water falling to the ground before it evaporated. Therefore, evaporativecooling will not be realized from the water that falls to the ground. This water will alsocause wetter PCB soils in the exposed area, which will encourage PCB volatilization.

As the nozzles were tried out at the site, some temperature measurements were takenunder the actual uncontrolled conditions that the misting systems will be operating.The nozzles were mounted outside under variable wind speeds and directions andsunlight. The number and spacing of nozzles varied and the flow rates achieved fordifferent spray bars of nozzles also varied. The number of nozzles operated was muchless than will eventually be used during excavation.

With the limited number of nozzles used it was found that air temperatures were reducedup to 9 F at a distance of 5 feet from the high pressure nozzles. Ambient air temperatureswere at about 85 to 90 °F. Wind speeds varied from 6 to 11 mph. Relative humidity wasbetween 66 and 77%.

Additional temperature reduction testing was performed with an array of 14 Westgate 2.8gph nozzles and an array of 17 Hago 5gph nozzles. Temperature probes were set up 5feet in front of the nozzles. A probe was also set up away from the spray to recordambient temperatures. Figure 6 shows that a 3.5*C (6.3T) temperature drop wasachieved with the Westgate nozzles and up to a 9 °C (16°F) temperature drop with theHago nozzles.

It is assumed that if many more fogging nozzles are used and in combination withnozzles which spray out further, the temperature drop and coverage can be improved.

Spray Nozzle Selection

It was decided to use an assortment of many of the different high pressure nozzles toproduce a broader coverage with the fog. Wide and narrow spray angles will both beused to achieve coverage both close to the spray bars and further away. Some of thehigher flow M 15 Hago nozzles will also be used to get additional distance away from thespray bars. These different high pressure nozzles will be "mixed and matched" as we usethe misting systems. Different nozzles will we tested throughout the excavation processto attempt to optimize the coverage and cooling effects.

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Misting System Testing

It is planned to have the three portable spray racks assembled by Tuesday, August 15, todemonstrate. The three racks will be set up to simulate misting of a 25ft by 25ftexcavation area.

An array of 9 temperature-measuring probes will be positioned between the three racks asshown in Figure 5. One temperature probe will be set up upwind of the fogging area tochart the ambient temperature. The probes will be connected to a temperature recorder tocontinuously record air temperature. The air temperatures will first be recorded with nowater flow for about an hour to obtain a baseline. The water spray will be turned on toform a fog and the temperature will continue to be recorded for a period of time todetermine the temperature reduction. After the fogging nozzles are shut off, thetemperatures will continue to be monitored for about one more hour to see how thetemperatures again approach ambient conditions. Data from the data recorders will bedownloaded onto Excel spreadsheets and plotted.

Wind speed and direction aud relative humidity will be monitored along with thetemperatures.

1'he stationary misting system for the loadout pile along with the clay berm windbreak isalso planned to be completed by Tuesday, August 15, weather permitting. If it iscompleted, it will also be demonstrated on that day.

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