THE "LOXO" (OBLIQUE) BUILDING AT ZAKROS Evangelia Kardara

MS in Chemistry and Technology of Materials Scientific Team of Zakros

42, Akti Moutsopoulou str., 18036 Pireaus, Greece

Key-Words: Zakros, Minoan palaces, prehistoric cities, Neopalatial buildings, Late Minoan period

ABSTRACT This work presents the architecture of the “Loxo” (Oblique) building at Zakros, one of the most important after the palace. It is rectangular in plan and megalithic, with many rooms and storerooms, and is obviously influenced by palatial architecture. The study of excavation data and remains surviving in situ proves the existence of two building phases. The quality of the contents is rather poor. Before the erection of the palace, prestige artifacts are found in all over the city. Later on, the palace has the most luxury items. Most scholars currently accept that in the LM period there were two classes: the élite and the lower-classes. This distinction is mainly based on architecture rather than artefactual remains. At Palaikastro the most important objects were found in modest houses architecturally, built in the center of the city. Perhaps, therefore, there were two élites: the nobles (landowners?), who are traditionally conservative, have houses with poor architecture but luxury objects, and the nouveaux riches (tradesmen or craftsmen?), who imitate the new architectural forms of the palace and have less valuable objects. The erection of the palace is to do with the Knossian dominance of Crete. What happened at Zakros parallels modern post-revolutionary Greece of 1830, when predetermined synthetic neoclassical perceptions of Western European models came into fashion, at which point older houses suffered from transformations, reconstructions and additions, in order to be adapted in the modern spirit. INTRODUCTION I have worked at the Loxo and other buildings of Zakros since 2002 as a member of the Scientific Team of Zakros. I have also worked or visited most of the sites that are referred to here. I thank professors A. Nakasis and D. Nakassis for correcting the text of this paper and for their help to complete this work, as well as Dr E. Aggelakopoulou, V. Papadimitriou and the director of Zakros Excavations professor E. Platon. I thank Dr M. Arvanitakis for the analysis of building materials and the static analysis of the Loxo building.

Figure 1: Zakros. Hogarth 1901 Figure 2: Buiding D-E. Ηogarth 1901 Figure 3: Zakros. Nakasis 2000

In 1900, Hogarth began the excavations at Zakros[1] (fig. 1). In 1901 he found the Loxo building, which was built in two levels. He named the lower level as building D-E (fig. 2). A sudden storm made him stop his work, when he had just started excavating in the area of the palace, which he ignored. In 1961 N. Platon resumed excavation, and he exposed the palace and the surrounding city[2] (fig. 3). During 1968-9 he excavated at “Loxo” (Oblique) building, naming it because of its orientation relative to its neighbors. Loxo was planned in detail for the first time in 2001-2 (fig. 4). The Loxo builders (fig. 5) disregarded contemporary structures, and built on top of them. The same holds for the building G[2] (fig. 3, 6, 7), that also did not pay any attention to the surrounding structures and the public street and was built on top of them, thereby narrowing the street. It seems that they repeated an idea that they had already applied elsewhere or at least they had it in mind, that is a building of certain plan and dimensions. This suggestion is corroborated by the severe plan of these buildings, with rooms built on either side of a central axis. Buildings G and Loxo are parallel to each other (fig. 3). It is possible that their orientation was not accidental (perhaps they afforded a better view of the palace). In any case, the erection of the big building G on the top of the hill seems an obvious effort to show off (fig. 6).

Figure 4: Loxo building. Nakasis-Kardara 2002 Figure 5: Loxo building from North: photo Kardara 2002

Figure 6: Buiding G from South: Foto Kardara 2008 Figure 7: Zakros. Building G. Nakasis-Kardara 2008 The Loxo building existed already in Protopalatial (PP) period (1900-1700). It is one of the most important buildings at Zakros, after the transformations and renovations in the Neopalatial (ΝP) period. It was built at the same time as the palace (or just afterwards), as an annex of it. The palace was built about 1500 B.C. and was occupied for only 50 years[3]. It is comparable to buildings such as G, J (fig. 8) (Building J cannot be found anymore, because of damage after 1901; whatever is known is due to Hogarth[1]), “house” Β (fig. 9) and the “Villa” in Ano Zakros (fig. 10) [2]. (The terms “house” and “Villa” are used conventionally, as it is not known the social relations in prehistorical period[4]). Five more similar buildings have come to light thus far: Block Β at Palaikastro[5] (fig. 11), which is composed of five houses, the country-house at Tourtouloi (fig. 12), the country-house at Achladia[6] (fig. 13), the country-house at Pitsidia[7] (fig. 14) and house Εα at Malia[8] (fig. 16). EXPERIMENTAL

Loxo building. Description. The Loxo was a strong rectangular construction with a crepis (as at the building G, at house B, and at Block B at Palaikastro), founded partly on the bedrock, facing onto three roads. Part of its north facade is made of ashlar poros stone masonry, a feature that can be paralleled elsewhere at Zakros only at the palace (Poros stone is used only in NP buidings of Zakros). The facades had small protruded corners that vary the appearance of the whole structure (This was done also in order to lessen wind damage, from which most coastal installations suffer. Some think that this consists of an antiseismic precaution. That might be a plausible explanation, but the stones are not interlocked in these areas). Walls were supported by vertical (for the most part) wooden frames, as were the majority buildings at Zakros.

The Loxo occupies an area of about 190 m2. It had two entrances, a basement, a ground floor and a 1st floor connected by four stairwells. It had a luxurious main room and other big rooms as well, a wine-press, storage rooms, balconies and a light well. The main entrance had a threshold from a single stone of titanium, lower towards the inner part of the building, to help the door close hermetically. (Initially there was an entrance from south, which was closed at NP era with a wall to create a garden[2]). This led to a vestibule with a bench. (All Minoan palaces and other buildings have benches. In the vestibule were found many small vessels, mainly without decoration, which possibly means that it was a room for social meetings[2]). The vestibule’s floor was composed of red plaster, and the floor was divided into 9 rectangles of almost equal size. (The other floors were mortared with packed earth, lime-gravel and lime-mud. Walls were also covered with a fine layer of plaster[2]). The material in between these floor panels is not preserved. (There are parallels at the palace of Zakros and a floor of the palatial building at Archanes[8]). The Loxo’s position near the palace, its excellent construction, and its luxury show that it was inhabited by one of the palatial officials. Externally the building was decorated with big Knossian Horns of Consecration (as at the building G and at the Block B at Palaikastro), which characterise the houses of important individuals. Loxo building. Structural materials. The stones are limestones of local origin (dolomite, marly), phyllites, quarzites and sandstones (of quartz and calcitic nature). The dimensions and the strength of stones and mortars, the type of structure and the width of mortar joints result to an average stone masonry compressive strength equal to 1.3 MPa. The chemical and mineral characterization of structural materials was accomplished by testing five typical samples of sandstone, limestone and mortar. These samples were examined by: 1) Optical microscopy (polarized microscopy, Leica DMLP) for the determination of mineral phases, 2) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM, microscopy, JEOL JSM-5600) for the determination of mineral and chemical composition, and 3) X-ray diffraction (XRD) for the determination of mineral phases (that usually are microcrystalline) or for the detection of clay minerals.

Figure 8: Zakros. Building J. Hogarth 1901 Figure 9: Zakros. House Β. Nakasis 1997

Figure 10: Zakros. Villa. Nakasis-Kardara 2004 Figure 11: Palaikastro. Block Β. Bosanquet 1923

Figure 12: Tourtouloi. Country-house N. Platon 1960

Figure 13: Achladia. Country-house. Α,Β phase and findings. E. Platon 1997

Figure 14: Pitsidia. Country-house. Vallianou 1995

Figure 15: House Εα. A, Β και C phases. Pelon 1970

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Symbols: Loxo Loxo building Β House Β G building G J building J Villa Villa at Zakros Block Block B at Palaikastro Αchla country-house at Achladia Τοurt country-house at Τourtouloi Εα House Εα Pitsi country-house at Pitsidia

Table 1: General characteristics – Position

Loxo B G J Villa Block Achla Tourt Ea Pitsi

Chronology: PP NP

+ LMI

LMIa

LMI

LMI

LMIa

LMI

MMIIIa

MMIII

+ LMI

LMIa

Architectural phases 2 2 1 1? 1 2 2? 3 3 2

Building on a slope + + + + + - + + - -

Adjacent roads 2 4 2 1? ? 2 3? 1? 1 ?

Non entrance Roads 0 2? 1 ? ? 0 1 ? 0 ?

Rectangular plan + + - - + + - - + +

Nearly square plan - - + + - - + - +? -

Floor space (m2) 190 420 207 330 700? 925 270 320 180 320

Rooms/storey 12? 28 11 20+ 25? 40 12 30 15+ 30

Storeys (mainly wooden)

1 1 1 - 1 2? ? - 2 1

External protruted surface

+ + - - + + - + - +

Foundations on leveled bedrock

+ + + ? + - + + - +

Number of enclosures - - - - - 1 2 - - -

Most of the buildings are built in the LM I period. House Εα and the Loxo were built in the PP period and had additions and transformations in the LM Ia period. Achladia and Tourtouloi were already built in the ΜΜ III period. All the buildings existed during the LΜ Ιb period, during which, strangely, the country-house at Pitsidia was destroyed. Most of the buildings are destroyed in the ΜΑ period except the Villa, which was inhabited until the Geometric period when it was destroyed. All buildings underwent alterations, except for House G. House Εα and the country-house at Tourtouloi were altered twice. The buildings were erected on slopes, by leveling the bedrock. Εα and Block B were built on flat ground. The importance of the buildings has to do with their size and the streets onto which they face. House Β faces onto four streets, taking up an entire city block. The Loxo and Achladia face onto three, Block B onto two, and G onto one. There is no evidence, till now, for the other buildings. All these buildings are substantial in size. Block B is almost 1000 m2, the Villa and house B about 500 m2, Building J 330 m2, and the country-house at Tourtouloi is somewhat smaller than this. Loxo is smaller, while Εα is 180 m2. The number of rooms is generally impressive: 40 in Block B, 28 in Β, 25 (in each floor) in the Villa, 12 in G, the Loxo and Achladia. All these buildings had a wooden 1st floor, except the country-house at Tourtouloi, which had only a ground floor. At Malia and perhaps at Palaikastro there was a 2nd floor. It is not known if there was 1st floor at Achladia or buiding J.

Animal enclosures were only present at Block B and Achladia (2 enclosures). External walls with protruded corners are only attested at the Loxo, Villa, B, Block B and Tourtouloi.

Table 2: Architecture

Loxo B G J Villa Block Achla Tourt Ea Pitsi

Entrances Primary Secondary

2 2 0

3 1 2

2 1 1

1 1 0

? 1 ?

5? 2? 3?

2 1 1

6? 3? 3?

3 1 2

2 1 1

Courts 1 1? 1 1 1? 3 1? 2? 1 -

Porticoes - - 1 - - 1 - - - 1?

Halls 1 1 1 - - 2 1? 2? 1 1?

Reception halls 1? 1 1? 1? 1? 2? 1 2? 1 -

Kitchens - - - - - - 1 1 1 1?

Cupboards ? 1 1? - - 1? 1 ? 1 1?

Wine presses 1 1 1? 1 2? 1 - 2? 1 -

Weaving installations - 1 ? 1? 1? - 1? 1 - 1

Workshops - - - ? 2 - - 1 - -

Grain milling installations - - 1? 1? - - 1 1 - 1?

Shrines - - - 1 - - - ? - 4?

Storerooms 3? 6? 2? 2? 2+ 7? 2? 3? 3? 2

Staircases 4 2 2 - 2+ 2 - - 1 1

Auxiliary staircases 3? 1 3? - + 2? - 4 - -

Trapdoors 2? 2 2? - - - - - - -

Refuse pits (Deposits) - - - 1 1 - 2 ? - 1

Benches 1 1 - - 1 2? 1 4? 2 1

Pier-and-door partitions (polythyra) - 1 - - - - 1 - 1 1

Columns 2? - 1 1 - 2? 3 2? - 1

Piers 1 - - - 1 2? 2? - - 4

All these buildings had more than one entrance. At Tourtouloi, the excavation is incomplete, and it is not known where the entrance was. Some of the buildings have a portico. After the entrance there is usually a vestibule. Most of the buildings have a central court. It seems that all buildings had a well-built room with a public function. (Reception hall). Building J had purifying basin of religious function. A shrine was also found at Pitsidia. All these buildings, mainly the Villa, had evidence of manufacture or agricultural installations. All, but Achladia, had a wine press. The Villa at Ano Zakros had a double wine press. Loom weights are not commonly found, and even more rare are ceramic workshops or rooms for grinding grain. Building J had a room for dye-works. A clay pipe was found at Tourtouloi. At the Villa was found a ceramic installation with a pipe, a mortared basin, and indications for rooms to manufacture textiles and ivory products. Stairwells were made of stone and wood, or their lower part was made of wood. Stairwells are placed near external walls with windows in their middle between floors, an area where light is more necessary. Ladders were made of wood or stone. Each wooden trapdoor had a permanent or a sliding wooden scale.

The existence of interior windows is very rare. In house Β there was an external window, which after some external additions became interior. At the Villa there is an internal opening which is either a door or a window. The importance of the buildings at Achladia, Β and Εα (and all the others possibly) is emphasized by the existence of pier-and-door partitions (polythyra), benches, cupboards, and the large number of storerooms. In the Villa pieces of alabaster were found, which suggests some wealth. Columns and piers exist in some buildings, among which are the Loxo (2 columns, 1 pier), Villa (1 pier), Achladia (3 columns, 2 piers), Block B (2 Columns, 2 piers), Pitsidia, (2 small columns, 4 piers) and Τοurtouloi (2 columns, 1 pier).

Table 3: Building

Loxo B G J Villa Block Achla Tourt Ea Pitsi

Monolithic threshold blocks Interior threshold blocks

2 -

2 -

1 1

1 ?

- -

3? 3?

1 2

2? 3?

2 2

1 3

Floors Of packed earth Of stucco and earth Plastered Of plaster with pebbles Pavement Pavement in permanent wine-presses Pavement in heavily trafficked areas

+ + + + - - 1

+ - + + + 1 2

+ - ? + + - -

? ? ? + + - -

+ - + + - - -

+ + + + + - 1

+ +

+ - ? - + ? 1

+ + + + + 1

+ + + 1 1

Plastered (Coated) walls ? + ? + + - +

Megalithic exterior walls + + + + + + + + + +

Ashlar masonry with big stones is characteristic in the LM I period. These stones were rough on their interior face. Gaps between large blocks were filled by smaller stones. Some buildings have a “crepis”. The internal walls made of stone or mud bricks were narrow. Walls were supported by vertical (for the most part) wooden framework. Thresholds were usually monolithic (G only has a two-stone threshold), lower in elevation towards the interior, to help the door close hermetically (Loxo, Β, Pitsidia). Floors were made of packed earth, of stucco and earth, of plaster with pebbles or plastered. Areas with traffic were sometimes paved (Loxo, Β, Block B, Pitsidia, Tourtouloi), as were rooms with wine presses (Β, Εα, Pitsidia, Tourtouloi). At Tourtouloi traces of wall paintings were found. The majority of wall paintings among these buildings were found at the Villa.

Results

All buildings were built (or remodeled) in the same period as the palaces or just after. The ΝP period begins at 1700 (ΜΜ ΙΙΙa) with the palace at Knossos. In this period the palace at Galatas was built[9], which was abandoned at the end of LM Ιa period, when other cities had a great development. The palace at Phaistos (according to Carinci and La Rosa) was refurbished in the advanced LM Ιa period, 150 years after the rebuilding of the new palace at Knossos. In eastern Crete there is no NP finding of the ΜΜ ΙΙΙa period (1700-1600). At Zakros there are some findings of ΜΜ ΙΙΙb – LM Ιa period (1600-1500) in some places. N. Platon claimed that the palace at

Zakros was constructed in 1600, while E. Platon says that the palace was constructed in 1500, as at the palace only LM Ib pottery was found. So the palace (and consequantly the Loxo) were occupied for only 50 years (1500-1450). The Loxo and most of the buildings at Zakros have a direct relation with the palace, not only because of their position and their similar date, but also due to their palatial characteristics: walls with big stones, ashlar blocks, multiple pier-and-door partitions (polythyra), benches, pavements, light wells etc. In all periods, architecture structures and articulates human activities, especially social relationships. The architectural relation between the palace and the buildings under discussion helps to understand the relations between their inhabitants. This might illuminate the character of similar buildings in other sites on Crete. The quality of the contents of the buildings under examination is rather poor. Before the erection of the palace at Zakros prestige objects are found in all over the city. Later on, the palace has the most luxury items. In spite of this, some prestige objects were found in “private houses” which have a rather conservative architecture with no palatial characteristics. The inhabitants of these buildings were not lower-class citizens. The character of these buildings is not “public,” although in one of them there was a wine press for the needs of the palace and in another many sealings have been found. So the distinction between “private” and “public” building is not always obvious. The buildings considered “private” were simply less than very important. Most scholars nowadays accept that in the LM period there were two classes: the élite and the lower class. This distinction is mainly based on the architectural elements of buildings. At the city of Palaikastro the most important objects were found in houses of poor architecture, built in the center of the city. Perhaps, therefore, there were two élites: the “nobles” (landowners?), who are traditionally conservative, have houses with poor architecture but luxury objects, and the “nouveaux riches” (tradesmen or craftsmen?) who imitate the new architectural forms of the palace and have less important objects in the houses. Some of these houses were built during the LM Ib period under palatial influence, while other already-existing buildings were transformed in the same spirit. Some of these transformations did not last long and were discontinued when the “fashion” passed, since they were not functionally expedient. The construction of the palace at Zakros caused (as elsewhere) serious changes in the city plan which resulted in social changes. The buildings that existed in the area where the palace was constructed were demolished. The walls of the palace distinguished it from the other buildings of the city. The decision for the construction of the palace at Zakros was the result of a radical and sudden change, possibly of a political character and originating in Knossos. At the same period there was an extensive destruction and rebuilding in Aghia Triada, which is connected with a Knossian presence. After an extensive destruction, there are constructed at the end of LM Ia period important buildings at Mochlos and Pseira, as well the settlements at Gournia, Petras and Palaikastro, were the Knossian presence is obvious. So it seems that we have to deal with a widespread Knossian dominance all over the island. This dominance has to do also with the control of settlements and roads. The sea-routes all over eastern Mediterranean Sea were controlled by the mighty Minoan fleet which, according to tradition, had cleared pirates out of the Aegean and the other Seas and kept away any enemy, opening up at the same time trade routes to Egypt. This is why the Minoan cities were not fortified. The so called "Pax Minoica" can be discerned also from everyday scenes in art, where war is absent. This was due to the absence of

enemies, and this also characterises the almost contemporary Mycenaean cities. Mycenae and Tiryns were fortified in the Late Mycenean period, while Pylos remained always unfortified. There was no external fear, only internal, as we learn from the Theban tradition.

Graphic Restoration of the Loxo building

The graphic restoration is based on what is found in situ, artefacts that had fallen from the upper levels and other objects. Architectural elements and building details of the area and the period were also considered. The garden and the basement of the building are fairly well understood. During the construction of the Loxo a PP building was demolished, and then a wall was constructed to allow for a garden in the south part. A stair started from the garden and led towards the north road. This stair passed under the ground floor of the Loxo. The south part of the basement was raised several steps above the garden. It was divided into two parts. In the north part are still preserved the first steps of stairwells. The main wooden stairwell of the south part has been restored based on Hogarth’s notes. West of the stairwell, in the middle of the room, a pier has been restored. The store-rooms of the basement were entered via wooden trapdoors with sliding wooden scales. One of these rooms, which had a window facing west, served as a workroom for grinding.

Figure 16: Basement. Restoration. Figure 17: Ground floor. Restoration. Figure 18: 1st Floor. Restoration.

On the ground floor, the north entrance is still in situ, as is the floor of the vestibule, where there was a bench. The stairwell of the basement ended at the large SW hall, which is restored with two columns. In the SW corner, a column would have been located above the pier of the basement. In the same area we have restored a balcony to relieve the construction in the vulnerable SW corner. At the NW part is restored a large hall with two columns and four trapdoors. The east room is restored with three trapdoors, two columns and thick walls. The north part of this room is restored with three different raised levels (like three big steps), as the stair coming from the garden passed under it. There would be an entrance at the north where the threshold was found in situ. In the middle of the northern half of the ground floor, three of the stairwells of the basement ascended into two different rooms. In these rooms its threshold from the east is still preserved. In the same room there was a stair to the 1st floor. Under this stair a narrow store room (“sottoscala”) is still preserved. The existence of a 1st floor is hypothesised on the basis of the thickness of the walls.

There were not many windows, especially towards the south, as in all Minoan buildings, perhaps to limit the amount of sunlight. All rooms had enough light, especially the staircases, and were illuminated midway up the wall. Most of the openings (windows, doors) of the floors were aligned, as happens even in prepalatial buildings.

Figure 19: Cross section. Restoration. Figure 20: West elevation. Restoration.

Figure 21: North (main) elevation. Restoration. Figure 22: South elevation. Restoration. Static Analysis The computer programme ANSYS was used for this analysis. The developed vertical compressive stresses present maximum values at the joints of beams and circular columns. The tensile stresses were carried by the mortar, except in some of the upper joints where the allowed stress is exceeded. In these areas the elements of the structure would have been

larger or contained stronger materials. At the foundation level, stresses do not exceed the allowed limits. So the proposal for restoration is structurally correct.

Presentation of the structure Joints with limited degree of free motion

Vertical stresses Load application without earthquake.

Horizontal shear stresses.

Figure 23: Characteristic plans of the static analysis. CONCLUSIONS The construction of the palace at Zakros resulted in a new town plan[10] and affected the locals, making them have new conceptions about architecture. Some of them try to show off. Others incorporate ΝP elements in their houses. The new class was composed of the nouveaux riche (tradesmen or craftsmen?) or newcomers (colonists?) that accompanied the inhabitants of the new palace. Due to the short life of the palace the new ideas did not have enough time to spread and to influence more people.

The erection of the palace is to do with an extensive Knossian dominance of Crete. What happened at Zakros has a parallel in post-revolutionary Greece, when predetermined synthetic neoclassical perceptions of Western European models came into fashion. The new structures tried to be imposing through massive rectangular volumes, of monumental style, with an emphasis on the main entrance. The old existing houses in Athens were either demolished or suffered from transformations, reconstructions, renovations, changes and additions in order to be adapted at the modern spirit and the new “fashion”. REFERENCES [1] Hogarth D. J., (1901), “Excavations at Zakro, Crete”, British School at Athens (BSA), 1900-1901, Vol VII, pp. 121-149, London. [2] Platon Ν., (1961-1971), Praktika of Archaeological Society (PAE), (1974) The new Minoan palace, 334 pp., Athens. [3] Platon E. (2000), “Palatial characteristics in Minoan house architecture”, in Proceedings of the 8th Cretan Congress, September 9-14, Herakleion. [4] Hägg R. (1997), The function of the “Minoan Villa”, in: Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium at the Swedish Institute at Athens, 6-8 June, 1992, McEnroe J. (1979), Minoan house and town Arrangement, PhD., University of Toronto, (1982), A Typology of Minoan Neopalatial Houses, American Journal of Archeology, 86: pp. 3-19, Princeton N. J., Michailidou A. (1984), Indications for the organization and function of 3 NP houses, Αnthropologica, 5: pp. 37-50, Athens, Platon E. (1990), L’ Urbanisme Minoen, in: L’ habitat égéen préhistorique, Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique (BCH), Supplement 19, 23-25 juin 1987, Athènes. [5] Bosanquet R. C., Dawkins R. (1923), Palaikastro Excavations 1902-1906, British School at AthensA, Supplement I. [6] Platon N. (1959), PAE, , Excavation at Achladia in Sitia, pp. 210-219, tables 172-175a, (1960), Excavation at Praissos, Minoan country-house at Tourtouloi, pp. 294-300, inserted table at p. 296, tables 234-239, Platon E. (1997), The Minoan “Villa” in East Crete, Riza Achladia and Prophetes Helias, Praissos: two different speciments of one category?, in: Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium at the Swedish Institute at Athens, 6-8 June, 1992, Stockholm. [7] Vallianou D., Pitsidia, Archaeologikon Deltion (Deltion), Athens, 1988 (43, Β2: pp. 531-534, tables 329-331), 1989 (44, Β2: pp. 438-441), 1990 (45, Β2: pp. 417-20, tables 200-203). [8] Demargne P., Gallet de Santerre H. (1953), Fouilles exécutées a Malia. Études crétoises, 9: 74-75, table LXV, Paris, Pelon O. (1970), Fouilles éxecutées a Mallia: exploration des maisons et quartiers d’ habitation (1963-6) 3, Études crétoises, 16, Paris. [8] Sakellarakis J. and Ε., (1991) Archanes, Athens, p. 29, fig. 14. [9] Rethemiotakis G., Castelli Pediados, Deltion, 1987 (42: pp. 531–532), 1989 (44: pp. 428-429), Athens. [10] Preziosi D. (1983), Minoan architectural Design: formation and signification, Approaches to semiotics, Berlin, pp. 50-78, Platon E. (1990), L’ Urbanisme Minoen, in, L’ habitat égéen préhistorique, BCH, Supplement 19, Actes de la table ronde internationale, 23-25 juin 1987, Athènes, Driessen J., I. Schoep (1995), The Architect and the Scribe. Political implications of Architectural and Administrative Changes on MM II-LM III Crete, Aegaeum 12, Université de Liège, Liège – Universty of Texas, Austin.