evdt ppt

EVDT

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“HERE TO HELP”

Revised November 2000

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Program Overview

I. Introduction 10 min.

II. Extent of the Problem 45 min.

III. Personnel Selection 45 min.

IV. Necessity of SOGs 20 min.

V. Legal Aspects 45 min.

VI. Vehicle Dynamics 45 min.

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Program Overview

VII. Inspections/Maintenance 60 min.

VIII. Vehicle/Ops Safety 60 min.

IX. Competency Course 30 min.

X. Appendices

XI. Bibliography

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Objectives

Objectives Understand the goal of this emergency

vehicle driver training program. Recognize the importance of an emergency

vehicle driver training program. Identify the elements of a comprehensive

emergency vehicle driver training program

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Course Goal

Present the necessary classroom, competency course training, and testing for new and existing emergency vehicle drivers. The program will verify proficiency in both the knowledge and understanding of, as well as, the practical application to emergency vehicle driving.

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Importance of Driver Training

All emergencies involve vehicle response.

25% of firefighters killed are responding to or returning from incidents.

Drivers being criminally charged. Driver training program demonstrates

the organization’s commitment to safety.

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Comprehensive Emergency Vehicle Driver Training

1. Classroom Instruction

2. Competency Course Completion

3. Street and Highway Driving

4. Testing

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Module II Extent of the Problem

Objectives

1. Understand the complexities of driving under emergency conditions and the existence of laws governing an emergency vehicle.

2. Recognize the high incidence of accidents involving emergency vehicles and the associated deaths and injuries.

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Module IIExtent of the Problem

3. Know the types, conditions, and causes of accidents involving emergency vehicles.

4. Recognize the factors that contribute to the incidence of accidents involving emergency vehicles.

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Perspective

Misconception

…to rely solely on the fact that there are laws governing emergency vehicle response and that this will insure a safe emergency vehicle response.

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On-Duty Firefighter Deaths1977 - 1999

157

171

126

139135125

113119

126121

131136

118108 109

75 77

10497 96 97 91

109

77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

Source: U. S. F.A, Annual Firefighter Fatality Studies 1977-99 * NFPA Journal

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Emergency Vehicle Incidents Based on Frequency of Accidents

OverturnRear EndFire RelatedIntersectionsAll Others

45%

13%

11%

7%

Intersections 24%

Source: VFIS

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Emergency Vehicle Incidents Based on Severity of Accidents

OverturnRear EndFire RelatedIntersectionsAll Others

29%

13%

8%

5%

Intersections 45%

Source:VFIS

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Contributing Factor

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Frequency Severity

Driver ErrorError OtherMaintenanceUnknown

53%

18%

8%

21%

59%

21%

8%12%

Source: VFIS

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Intersection Accident Details

Type of Response Warning Devices Percent of Reported IncidentsEmergency Lights/Siren 68 %Emergency Lights Only 8 %Emergency Neither 2 %Emergency Unknown 1 %

Return from Emergency Lights Only 1 %Return from Emergency Neither 2 %Training Neither 1 %Other Neither 5 %Unknown Unknown 12 %

Source: VFIS

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Impacts of Vehicle Accidents

1. Personnel Injury or Death to Emergency Responders

2. Peripheral Injury or Death to Others

3. Vehicle and Equipment Loss

4. Long Term Impact

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Emergency Vehicle Incidents

Rock Springs Teen Dies in Collision Suburban Van at Intersection Pumper Experiences Rear-End Collision Civilian Fatality at Intersection Accident Tanker Rolls Over, Driver Killed County Firefighter Killed in Head-On Collision

with Fire Truck

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Unfortunately, the story continues….

California

Texas

Oklahoma

North Carolina

Indiana

Wisconsin

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Criminalization of Emergency

Service Personnel

Ohio

Texas

Georgia

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Module IIIPersonnel Selection

Objectives1. Recognize that proper personnel selection

procedures are the first steps in developing an effective program.

2. Understand that the human aspects of driver selection are an important component of the process.

3. Recognize that a number of abilities necessary for driving must be acquired.

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Module IIIPersonnel Selection

4. Recognize the importance of maintaining accurate and complete personnel records.

5. Understand the importance of maintaining proficiency through an on-going re-certification program.

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Importance of Driver Selection

Human Aspects Acquired Abilities Vehicle Characteristics Personnel Records

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Human Aspects

Attitude Knowledge Mental Fitness Judgment Physical Fitness Age Habits Driving Characteristics

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Acquired Abilities

Driver’s License State and Local Laws Defensive Driving Techniques Vehicle Characteristics

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Defensive Driving Techniques

Space Management Following Distance and Rate of Closure Hazard Identification Correct Braking Techniques

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Vehicle Characteristics

Type of Emergency Vehicle Vehicle Components and Features Special Driver Training

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Personnel Files

Training Records Physical Capability Driving Record Suspected Substance Abuse

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Driver Re-certification

Actual Emergency Vehicle Driving Experience

Observed Proficiency Time Since Last Re-certification Introduction of New Vehicles Introduction of New Technology

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Module IVNecessity of SOGs

Objectives1. Understand the reasons that SOGs

are important to operating an effective driver training program.

2. Recognize the subject areas for SOGs that impact the certification, operation, and re-certification of emergency vehicle drivers.

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Significance of SOGs

1. All Personnel Understand What is Expected or Required

2. Intended Compliance with All Necessary Requirements is Identified

3. Pre-planned and Agreed Upon Actions

4. Resource Documents Upon Which to Base Training

5. Required Anticipated Actions

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SOG Subject Areas

1. Eligibility Requirements for Drivers

2. Training and Proficiency Testing Requirements for Drivers

3. Emergency Response Procedures and Requirements

4. Customary and Ordinary Operational Procedures

5. Special Situation Procedures

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Module VLegal Aspects

Objectives

1. Understand the changing legal climate which exists and its impact upon emergency vehicle drivers and the organization.

2. Identify the primary legal principles which affect drivers and recognize their implications upon emergency vehicle operation.

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Module VLegal Aspects

3. Recognize that specific state driving laws affect the emergency vehicle driver.

4. Recognize that individual state or local laws, standards, and requirements impact emergency vehicle driver training and operations.

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Five Categories of Requirements

State motor vehicle and traffic laws Nationally recognized standards State and federal occupational and

safety regulations Local ordinances Organizational policies, procedures, and

guidelines

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Changing Legal Climate

Concept of public kindness “King can do no wrong”

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Legal Principles and Terms

Subject to laws unless specific exemption exists

Exemptions apply only to true emergencies

Emergency vehicle drivers can be found criminally and/or civilly liable

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True Emergency Due Regard Negligence Gross Negligence Willful and Wanton Vicarious Liability

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Judicial review based on ….

1. Was it a true emergency?

2. Was due regard for the safety of others exercised?

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Emergency Vehicle Driving Laws

1. CDL requirements

2. Exemptions granted to emergency vehicle drivers

3. Requirements for members of the public

4. Requirements for emergency responders in POVs

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Other Requirements and Standards

National Fire Protection Association Standards

State Laws and/or Administrative Regulations

Local Ordinances or Statues Organizational Rules and Regulations

and Standard Operating Guidelines

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Module VIVehicle Dynamics

Objectives1. Understand the physical forces which

act upon vehicles and their impact upon vehicle handling.

2. Recognize that certain vehicle characteristics can influence the impact of physical forces on emergency vehicles.

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Physical Forces

Friction Velocity Momentum Inertia Centrifugal Force

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Physical Forces

Friction – resistance to motion between two moving objects that touch.

Tire/Road Friction Brake Friction Steering Friction

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Physical Forces

Velocity – speed

Acceleration (velocity increase) Deceleration (velocity decrease) Braking (velocity decrease)

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Physical Forces

Directional Control – a derivative of three factors.

Steering Turning Tracking

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Physical Forces

Momentum – is measured as the product of the object’s mass or weight times its velocity.

Inertia – the force it takes for a moving object to stay in motion in the same direction.

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Physical Forces

Centrifugal Force – the force caused by inertia, which tends to make a rotating body move away from the center of rotation.

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Physical Forces

Centrifugal Force

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Total weight and weight distribution Suspension system Braking system(s) Baffling system

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Total weight and weight distribution Gross Axle Weight Rating (GAWR) Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) or

(GCWR) Weight Distribution – horizontal and

vertical centers of gravity

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Suspension System

1. Axles

2. Springs

3. Wheels and Tires

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Braking Systems Anti-lock Braking Systems (ABS) Secondary or Auxiliary

Engine Brake Automatic Transmission Retarder Driveline Retarder

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National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Report Engine Retarders Limiting Valves

Baffling Systems

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Module VIIInspections & Maintenance

Objectives1. Understand the value and importance

of regular inspections of emergency vehicles.

2. Identify the major component systems of an emergency vehicle.

3. Understand how to perform pre- and post-trip inspections.

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Module VIIInspections & Maintenance

4. Understand the various classes of PM and the importance of a PM program for emergency vehicles.

5. Recognize the role of the driver in inspections and maintenance.

6. Understand the importance of keeping accurate and complete records.

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Emergency Vehicle Components

Chassis Body Primary Function Components (Task or

Mission) Auxiliary Systems

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Chassis Frame Suspension System Steering and Braking Systems Power Train Components

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Body Primary Function Auxiliary Systems

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Inspections

Post-Trip Cleaning of vehicle. Replacing supplies. Re-fueling and checking fluid levels, if

justified. Report any unusual occurrences or

malfunctions.

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Inspections

Pre-trip Vehicle overview Check the engine compartment Start engine and check inside cab Check headlights, signal lights, warning lights, and

audio devices Conduct walk around inspection Check controls and indicators Check brake system (air brakes)

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Types of Preventative Maintenance

Routine Maintenance Scheduled Maintenance Crisis Maintenance

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Routine Fluid level checks Wheels and tires Electrical systems and devices

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Scheduled Manufacturer’s recommended schedule Amount of use Organizational policy Professional standards

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Crisis Classification A (Immediate) Classification B (As Soon As Possible) Classification C (Next P.M.)

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Role of the Emergency Vehicle Driver

Battery or Batteries Braking System Coolant System Electrical System Fuel Hydraulic Fluids

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Lubrication Oil (Engine) Tires Steering System Belts Tools, Appliances, and Equipment

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Document the need for maintenance on the assigned vehicle.

Verify that the requested and needed maintenance was performed.

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Recordkeeping

Maintenance Records Training Records Operational Records

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Module VIII: Emergency Vehicle Operations/Safety

Objectives1. Recognize that motivation is both

physically and mentally based.2. Understand that there are a number of

important actions which must be completed prior to initiating driving.

3. Recognize that emergency response driving is a complex process.

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Motivation

Routine Comfort Confidence

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Defensive Driving Goals

To maintain the highest level of safety possible.

To be prepared for unexpected situations and conditions which can adversely affect emergency vehicle operation.

To avoid, through effective training and applied practice, unnecessary legal consequences.

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Preparing to Drive

Route Planning Driver Readiness Effective Start-Up Procedures

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Preparing to Drive

Route Planning Minimizing accident exposure Enabling the emergency vehicle driver to

focus on actual driving tasks Avoiding environmental and construction

hazards

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Preparing to Drive

Driver Readiness Fatigue Health Personal Problems

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Preparing to Drive

Effective Start-Up Procedures Circle of Safety Inspection Adjustment of Cab Features Wearing of Occupant Restraints Receive Signal Before Moving

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Emergency Response Driving

Predicting the predictable Expect the unexpected Handling any unexpected problems

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IPDE System Identify Predict Decide Execute

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Five Visual Habits1. Aim high in steering2. Get the big picture3. Keep eyes moving, scan4. Make sure the other drivers see the

emergency vehicle5. Identify an escape route

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Use of Emergency Lights and Siren

Signal two basic concepts:

1. They notify other drivers that an approaching emergency vehicle is operating in an emergency mode.

2. They request other drivers to yield the right of way to the emergency vehicle in accordance with state and/or local law.

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RED – Stop. May also attract. BLUE – Emergency vehicle (fire or

police). AMBER – Danger/Caution. Excellent for

rear of vehicle. CLEAR – Caution. Good visibility, shut

off at scenes.

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Procedures for Use of Siren Use when responding to an emergency Change to yelp mode at least 200’ from

intersection High-low mode is least effective Use another audible device to alert drivers

who fail to hear siren

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Space Management

Following Distance4 second rule at 40 mph or less; 5 second

rule above 40 mph Rate of Closure Blind Spots Alongside Traffic Closure from Behind

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Speed Management

Two important rules:

1. Emergency vehicles must not be driven in excess of the posted speed limits.

2. Emergency vehicles must not exceed cautionary speeds.

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Basic Maneuvers

Steering Use both hands Keep arms inside of vehicle Maintain hands in “3” and “9” position

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Basic Maneuvers

Braking and Stopping Hydraulic – Pump brake pedal Air – Firmly and steadily press brake pedal,

release if wheels lock ABS – Apply firmly and hold down for

duration

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Basic Maneuvers

Backing Up Park Intelligently Give Audible Notice Use a Spotter Understand Signals Use Side Mirrors Check Front Corners Maintain Speed Control

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Basic Maneuvers

Lane Changing Plan Ahead Signal Intention Practice Space Management Make the Change of Lanes Smoothly

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Basic Maneuvers

Turning Always signal before turning Whenever possible turn from one proper

lane into another proper lane

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Basic Maneuvers

Passing Check traffic both ahead and behind Check sides and double check blind spots Signal before initiating pass Accelerate while changing lanes Signal before returning to the driving lane Check mirror before returning to the driving lane Cancel directional signal and resume cruising

speed

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Basic Maneuvers

Negotiating Intersections Scan for possible hazards Slow down Change siren cadence Check options and avoid opposing lane Come to a complete stop (controlled intersection) Establish eye contact Proceed one lane at a time

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Operating Under Adverse Conditions

Traction Implications Rain Snow and Ice Leaves

Adverse Handling Implications High Winds

Vision Implications Night Driving Precipitation

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Crash Avoidance

Crash Avoidance Identify Escape Route Brake Smoothly and Firmly Accelerate Smoothly Steer to Avoid Head-On Impact

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Placement of Vehicles at Emergency Incidents

Placement on streets and highways Positioning so as to minimize the blinding

effect of warning lights Identify potential hazards at scenes Identify safe distances from certain scenes Consideration for the ease of leaving the

scene

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Module IX: EmergencyVehicle Competency Course

Objectives

1. Understand the purpose of successfully completing a competency course.

2. Recognize the importance of safe operations when participating on a competency course.

3. Understand the method of scoring the competency course.

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Purpose of a Course Program

Assist in the training of a candidate driver.

Verify the competency of an existing driver.

Examine the proficiency of an existing emergency vehicle driver.

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Performance Criteria

Comfortable seating position Ease and convenience for reaching all

essential vehicle controls Proper hand position on the steering wheel Careful vehicle control Precise steering adjustments Consistent vehicle speed Proper adjustment and effective use of vehicle

mirrors

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Supplemental Highway Driving

Comply with NFPA 1002 and/or NHTSA’s national standard curriculum – ambulance

Successfully complete competency course first

Minimum of eight hours of highway driving

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Emphasis on Safety

Dedicated Safety Officer All personnel identified and visible Only personnel with assignment on

course Vehicle can be declared as unsafe Malfunctions reported immediately Only one vehicle on course at any time

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Emphasis on Safety

Second person in cab of vehicle All personnel seated and belted No food, drink, or smoking permitted Maximum course speed – 15 mph Operate with headlights on Proceed only after being given signal

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Scoring of Competency Course

Each cone brushed, moved or overturned 10 points

Cross any line, each time crossed 3 points Park 12” or more from curb 3 points Stop more than 6” but less than

12” from the measured point 3 points Stop 12” or more but less than

18” from the measured point 6 points Stop 18” or more from or go past

the measured point 10 points

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Appendix Competency Course

Station One Straight Line Station Two Confined Space Turn

Around Station Three Alley Dock Station Four Serpentine Station Five Offset Alley Station Six Parallel Parking Station Seven Diminishing Clearance Station Eight Stop Sign

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THANK YOU!

VFIS

1-800-233-1957

www.vfis.com

evdt ppt - 1 here to help revised november 2000. evdt ppt - 2 here to help revised november 2000...

Documents

emergency vehicle incidents

vfis slide

testing slide

truck slide

bibliography slide

emergency vehicles

emergency conditions