evolution, food web, natural selection and...

Evolution, Food Web, Natural

Selection and Symbiosis

Evolution

Symbiosis Food Web

Natural Selection

SPECIES RELATIONSHIPS

1. Organisms occupy what are called niches.

2. A niche includes the physical space in which they live, how they

use the resources that are in that space, and how they interact

with other organisms in that space.

3. The interaction among organisms within or between overlapping

niches can be characterized into five types of relationships:

a. competition

b. predation

c. commensalism

d. mutualism

e. parasitism

Types of Ecological Relationships

Competition & Predation

Predation is when one organism eats another

organism to obtain nutrients. The organism that is

eaten is called the prey. (Examples of predation are

owls that eat mice, and lions that eat gazelles)

Competition is when individuals or populations

compete for the same resource, and can occur

within or between species. (More complicated;

it’s when one or more species compete for the

same resource. (example: lions and hyenas

that compete for prey)

Intra-specific interactions are those that occur

between individuals of the same species, while

interactions that occur between two or more

species are called inter-specific interactions.

Intraspecific example

a. Food

b. Reproductive success

Species Interaction (Competition )

Inter-Specific Interactions (Competition) happens when one species directly prevents another

species from accessing a limiting resource, and this

results in a decline in one species.

One example is the introduced

feral goat and Aldabra tortoise on

the Aldabra islands off the coast

of Africa. The tortoises only eat

native shrubs that they can reach

by extending their necks. The

goats also eat the shrubs, but

they can reach much higher than

the tortoises. The result is that

there is less vegetation that the

tortoises can reach, and many

starved to death before a feral

goat control program was put into

place.

Generalist species is

able to thrive in a wide

variety of environmental

conditions and can

make use of a variety of

different resources

Species Competition

A specialist species

can thrive only in a

narrow range of

environmental

conditions or has a

limited diet.

Species Competition

Symbiosis is the relationship between 2 or more

dissimilar plant or animal species. This relation-

ship between organisms can occur within or

outside the host body.

Symbiosis Defined

Host- is an organism that harbors a parasite, or a

mutual or commensal symbiont, typically providing

nourishment and shelter.

Symbiont- is the non-host individual of the

relationship and is used to define the relationship

Symbiosis Relationship

symbiosisThe interaction between two different organisms.

HOSTSYMBIONT

MutualismBoth the symbiont and host benefit mutually.

CommensalismThe benefit of the symbiont with little effect on the host- the relationship does not kill the host.

ParasiteThe symbiont lives off the host.

Complex Parasite Relationship

Tick Tick bites human Lyme Disease

Parasite

Parasite

Commensalism

Complex Parasite Relationship

PredationThe preying of one animal on another animal.

Predation or Predators

Symbiosis Review/Game!ON YOUR SHEET, F ILL IN THE FOLLOWING SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS THAT YOU SEE!

MUTUALISM, PARASITISM, COMMENSALISM

COMPETITION, PREDATOR/PREY

NUMBER YOUR PAPERS 1 -25 AND L IST THE TERM .USED TO BEST DESCRIBE THE SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP

# 1: Which am I?

Wile E. Coyote chases the Road Runner again and again…

# 2: Which am I?

A swollen tick is found on the neck of a dog.

# 3: Which am I?

Acacia ants from Africa feed off sugar deposits on the Acacia tree and defend it from other insects.

# 4: Which am I?

Barnacles hitch a ride on a traveling whale.

# 5: Which am I?

Plant seeds (sometimes called burrs) are stuck to a horse’s mane.

# 6: Which am I?

Kudzu, native to Japan, takes over a local forest in North Carolina.

# 7: Which am I?

A bee drinks nectar and collects pollen from a flower.

# 8: Which am I?

Heartworms have infested a dog’s heart.

# 9: Which am I?

For the same reason for the early domestication of the wolf, a man hunts with his dog.

# 10: Which am I?

A lion chasing a hyena for a fresh kill.

# 11: What am I?

Bacteria Nodules fixing Nitrogen on the roots of Legume Plants.

# 12: Which am I?

Okay, a bit silly, but squirrels fighting over the same piece of territory.

# 13: Which am I?

A Lichen is chillin’ on a log.

# 14: Which am I?

The Oxpecker eats parasites and flies off the African Ox.

# 15: Which am I?

A stick bug mimics a tree (also called camouflage) to avoid predators.

# 16: Which am I?

Cowbirds lay their eggs in a Carolina Warblers and Wrens’ Nests to raise their young.

# 17: Which am I?

An Eastern Blue Bird and a House Sparrow fight over shared resources.

# 18: Which am I?

A hornworm is covered with pupating wasps will eventually kill the host.

Okay, these get a little bit harder…# 19: Which am I?

A cat and a dog sleeping on a couch.

# 20: Which am I?

A bee is tricked in carrying pollen from an orchid while attempting to mate with a fake female (mimicry).

# 21: Which am I?

This squirrel has evolved to be the same color as his habitat, the oak tree.

# 22: Which am I?

A woman with her pet dog.

# 23: Which am I?

Protozoans living in a Cow’s stomach.

Slides – Check and Review

Case Scenario Organism I Organism II Type of Relationship?

# 1: Coyote and Roadrunner

+ + Predator / Prey

# 2: Dog and Tick - + Parasitism

# 3: Ants and Acacia Tree

+ + Mutualism

# 4: Barnacles and Whale

+ 0 Commensalism

# 5: Two male Gazelles Fighting

- - Competition

# 6: Horse and Burrs 0 + Commensalism

Slides – Check and ReviewCase Scenario Organism I Organism II Type of

Relationship?

# 7: Kudzu and Trees + - Parasitism

# 8: Bee and Flower + + Mutualism

# 9: Dog and Heartworms - + Parasitism

# 10: Dog and Man + + Mutualism

# 11: Lion and Hyena - - Competition

# 12: Bacteria and Legumes + + Mutualism

# 13: Squirrels and Squirrels - - Competition

# 14: A Lichen (fungus & alga) + + Mutualism


Relationship?

# 15: Ox pecker and Ox + + Mutualism

# 16: Stick Bug and Tree + 0 Commensalism

# 17: Cowbirds and Warblers + - Parasitism (Brood Parasitism)

# 18: Bluebird and Sparrow - - Competition

# 19: Hornworm and Wasps - + Parasitism

# 20: Cat and Dog + + Mutualism or Reciprocal Altruism


Relationship?

# 21: Clownfish and Anemone

+ +/0 Mutualism or Commensalism

# 22: Bee and Orchid - / 0 + Parasitism or Commensalism

# 23: Squirrel and Tree + + Mutualism

# 24: Woman and Dog +/- + Mutualism or Parasitism

# 25: Protozoans and Cow + + MutualismSpecial: Endosymbiont Theory + + Wicked Cool Mutualism!

Which ones were particularly tough?

Why do you think it’s not so easy to categorize certain relationships?

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