evolution objective: k1 - analyze & evaluate how natural selection produces changes in a...
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Evolution
Objective: K1 - Analyze & evaluate how natural selection produces changes in a population, not individuals & describe the three types of isolation that cause speciation
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I. Population Genetics - study of the traits in a population
A. Population – a group of interbreeding organisms (a species) living in a given area
B. Gene Pool – combined genetic material of all the members of a population
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C. Allele – forms that a gene can take
D. Allele Frequency – the number of each allele for a trait as a fraction of all the alleles for a particular trait
a. Example: 8 alleles total, 4 are green. Allele frequency of green = 4/8 or 1/2
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II. How do you get NO EVOLUTION - NO evolution = genetic equilibrium - Five conditions must be met to have genetic equilibrium. 1. Random mating 2. Large Populations 3. No Immigration or Emigration 4. No Mutation 5. No Natural Selection - Genetic Equilibrium does not occur - It is only theoretical
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III. Generalization 1. If gene pools do not remain the same
over time, they must change. 2. This “changing of the gene pool” (allele
frequency) has a name —› Evolution. 3. Evolution – the changes in the gene pool
of a population over time.
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IV. Speciation – formation of a new species
1. Behavioral Isolation
- occurs when 2 populations are capable of interbreeding but have differences in courting rituals or other reproductive strategies
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2. Geographic Isolation
- 2 populations are separated by geographic barriers
●examples: rivers, mountains, bodies of water
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3. Temporal Isolation
- 2 or more species reproduce at different times
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What a Beak! Lab
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Objective: K2 - Analyze & evaluate the relationship of natural selection to adaptation and to the development of diversity in & among species & how the elements of natural selection result in differential reproductive success
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V. Natural Selection: a. Artificial Selection – humans select for variations
in plants and animals that they find useful. b. Natural Selection
– also means “Survival of the Fittest”.
- Fitness in this sense does not mean strongest.
- Fitness in Darwin terms means reproduction. The one who survives long enough to reproduce the most is the one with the highest fitness.
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VI. Types of Selection -Evolution acts on the phenotype of the
individual, not the genotype. - There are 3 types of selection that can
occur on a population. i. Directional Selection – when individuals at one end of the curve have a
higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve.
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ii. Stabilizing Selection – when individuals near the center of the
curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end of the curve, narrowing of the graph.
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iii. Disruptive Selection– when individuals at either end have a higher
fitness and individual near the middle of the curve are selected against.
- Over time with enough selection a population can go through genetic drift.
a. genetic drift – random change in allele frequency.
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VII. Adaptation- an inherited trait that increases a population’s chance of survival and reproduction in a particular environment A. Through adaptations, populations often
become suited to a specific job called a niche.
1. niche – a habitat and the role a population plays in that habitat
- job, profession, role 2. Competition arises when 2 populations
occupy the same niche.
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B. Mimicry - Definition: The advantageous
resemblance of one species to another
Purpose:Deceives predatorsProvides a form of camouflage for protectionExample: The viceroy butterfly is a mimic of
the monarch butterfly because the monarch is toxic and the viceroy is non-toxic.
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M & M Allele Activity