evolution of mining practices in the western lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill &...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Evolution of Mining Practices in the Western Lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill & sledge steam powered air powered drilling ... •In addition to drill, blast, load &](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5ab5c60c7f8b9a1a048d38e6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
copyright by Allan M. Johnson
Evolution of Mining Practices in the
Western Lake Superior Area
By Allan M. Johnson
Professor Emeritus
Michigan Technological University
Houghton, Michigan
![Page 2: Evolution of Mining Practices in the Western Lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill & sledge steam powered air powered drilling ... •In addition to drill, blast, load &](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5ab5c60c7f8b9a1a048d38e6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Native Americans were the first
miners
• Open pits and shallow shafts
• Keweenaw Peninsula & Isle Royale
• Fire & water to break rock
• Hammer stones to free copper
• Made tools, weapons, jewelry
• Trade routes were the rivers & lakes
• 4000 to 7000 years ago
![Page 3: Evolution of Mining Practices in the Western Lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill & sledge steam powered air powered drilling ... •In addition to drill, blast, load &](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5ab5c60c7f8b9a1a048d38e6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Evolution of Mining Practices in the Western Lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill & sledge steam powered air powered drilling ... •In addition to drill, blast, load &](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5ab5c60c7f8b9a1a048d38e6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Evolution of Mining Practices in the Western Lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill & sledge steam powered air powered drilling ... •In addition to drill, blast, load &](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5ab5c60c7f8b9a1a048d38e6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Early native copper mining
![Page 6: Evolution of Mining Practices in the Western Lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill & sledge steam powered air powered drilling ... •In addition to drill, blast, load &](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5ab5c60c7f8b9a1a048d38e6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Miners: drill, blast, load and haul
![Page 7: Evolution of Mining Practices in the Western Lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill & sledge steam powered air powered drilling ... •In addition to drill, blast, load &](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5ab5c60c7f8b9a1a048d38e6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Early iron ore mining
![Page 8: Evolution of Mining Practices in the Western Lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill & sledge steam powered air powered drilling ... •In addition to drill, blast, load &](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5ab5c60c7f8b9a1a048d38e6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Early copper mining
![Page 9: Evolution of Mining Practices in the Western Lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill & sledge steam powered air powered drilling ... •In addition to drill, blast, load &](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5ab5c60c7f8b9a1a048d38e6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Technological advances in mining
drilling steel drill
& sledge
steam
powered
air
powered
drilling
machine
blasting blasting
powder
nitro-
glycerine
dynamite ANFO &
additives
loading load by
hand
steam or
air
electric
power
diesel
power
hauling horse &
cart
tram/rail
tracks
LHD
machine
boat &
rail
![Page 10: Evolution of Mining Practices in the Western Lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill & sledge steam powered air powered drilling ... •In addition to drill, blast, load &](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5ab5c60c7f8b9a1a048d38e6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Status of Michigan mining by early 1970’s
Native copper mines closed
Underground iron ore mines closed
All iron ore production from huge open pits
![Page 11: Evolution of Mining Practices in the Western Lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill & sledge steam powered air powered drilling ... •In addition to drill, blast, load &](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5ab5c60c7f8b9a1a048d38e6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Evolution of Mining Practices in the Western Lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill & sledge steam powered air powered drilling ... •In addition to drill, blast, load &](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5ab5c60c7f8b9a1a048d38e6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Some early mine problemsMany hundreds of Closed Mines
in Michigan’s W. Upper Peninsula
Earliest laws – rails around shaft
County mine inspectors Yearly inspections and reports
Later practices:
Fencing, warning signs
Shaft capping
Shaft filling in some cases
Bat cages for selected mines
![Page 13: Evolution of Mining Practices in the Western Lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill & sledge steam powered air powered drilling ... •In addition to drill, blast, load &](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5ab5c60c7f8b9a1a048d38e6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Failed mine shaft capping
![Page 14: Evolution of Mining Practices in the Western Lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill & sledge steam powered air powered drilling ... •In addition to drill, blast, load &](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5ab5c60c7f8b9a1a048d38e6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Open mine fenced shaft
![Page 15: Evolution of Mining Practices in the Western Lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill & sledge steam powered air powered drilling ... •In addition to drill, blast, load &](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5ab5c60c7f8b9a1a048d38e6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Search & Rescue Crew
![Page 16: Evolution of Mining Practices in the Western Lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill & sledge steam powered air powered drilling ... •In addition to drill, blast, load &](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5ab5c60c7f8b9a1a048d38e6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Open fenced shaft near school
• Teenager death
• Drowns in mine stope
• Popular hangout
![Page 17: Evolution of Mining Practices in the Western Lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill & sledge steam powered air powered drilling ... •In addition to drill, blast, load &](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5ab5c60c7f8b9a1a048d38e6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Mine subsidence
![Page 18: Evolution of Mining Practices in the Western Lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill & sledge steam powered air powered drilling ... •In addition to drill, blast, load &](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5ab5c60c7f8b9a1a048d38e6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
W. Menonminee Range mines
• In 40, 80, 160 acre
parcels.
• Major roads built on
section lines
• Small mining co’s
may mine to their
property boundary
and leave no or in-
adequate pillars
![Page 19: Evolution of Mining Practices in the Western Lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill & sledge steam powered air powered drilling ... •In addition to drill, blast, load &](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5ab5c60c7f8b9a1a048d38e6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Piping subsidence in overburden
![Page 20: Evolution of Mining Practices in the Western Lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill & sledge steam powered air powered drilling ... •In addition to drill, blast, load &](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5ab5c60c7f8b9a1a048d38e6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Pit one year later
![Page 21: Evolution of Mining Practices in the Western Lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill & sledge steam powered air powered drilling ... •In addition to drill, blast, load &](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5ab5c60c7f8b9a1a048d38e6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Illustration of piping subsidence
![Page 22: Evolution of Mining Practices in the Western Lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill & sledge steam powered air powered drilling ... •In addition to drill, blast, load &](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5ab5c60c7f8b9a1a048d38e6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Illustration of piping subsidence
![Page 23: Evolution of Mining Practices in the Western Lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill & sledge steam powered air powered drilling ... •In addition to drill, blast, load &](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5ab5c60c7f8b9a1a048d38e6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Acid mine water drainage
![Page 24: Evolution of Mining Practices in the Western Lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill & sledge steam powered air powered drilling ... •In addition to drill, blast, load &](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5ab5c60c7f8b9a1a048d38e6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Evolution of Mining Practices in the Western Lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill & sledge steam powered air powered drilling ... •In addition to drill, blast, load &](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5ab5c60c7f8b9a1a048d38e6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Dober mine pit acid water
• Acid water is clear
• Cloudy when acid is
neutralized
• Iron hydroxide
precipitate or “yellow
boy”
![Page 26: Evolution of Mining Practices in the Western Lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill & sledge steam powered air powered drilling ... •In addition to drill, blast, load &](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5ab5c60c7f8b9a1a048d38e6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Evolution of Mining Practices in the Western Lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill & sledge steam powered air powered drilling ... •In addition to drill, blast, load &](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5ab5c60c7f8b9a1a048d38e6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Low cost pond system idea
• Bring river water into
Dober pit to neutralize
acid
• Treated water flows
into downstream
ponds to let iron settle
• Return clear water to
river downstream
![Page 28: Evolution of Mining Practices in the Western Lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill & sledge steam powered air powered drilling ... •In addition to drill, blast, load &](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5ab5c60c7f8b9a1a048d38e6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
First Michigan superfund project
![Page 29: Evolution of Mining Practices in the Western Lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill & sledge steam powered air powered drilling ... •In addition to drill, blast, load &](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5ab5c60c7f8b9a1a048d38e6/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Gravity system installed
![Page 30: Evolution of Mining Practices in the Western Lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill & sledge steam powered air powered drilling ... •In addition to drill, blast, load &](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5ab5c60c7f8b9a1a048d38e6/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Evolution of Mining Practices in the Western Lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill & sledge steam powered air powered drilling ... •In addition to drill, blast, load &](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5ab5c60c7f8b9a1a048d38e6/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Evolution of Mining Practices in the Western Lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill & sledge steam powered air powered drilling ... •In addition to drill, blast, load &](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5ab5c60c7f8b9a1a048d38e6/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Summary & Recommendations
Mining is evolving --
• In addition to drill,
blast, load & haul
• Add mine closure
engineering and
design to avoid
environmental
problems
![Page 33: Evolution of Mining Practices in the Western Lake … advances in mining drilling steel drill & sledge steam powered air powered drilling ... •In addition to drill, blast, load &](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5ab5c60c7f8b9a1a048d38e6/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Summary & Recommendations
• Mining’s evolving
• In addition to drill,
blast, load & haul . . .
-- Add mine closure and
design to avoid
environmental
problems