EVOLUTIONREVIEWChapter 15

Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006

Change in a population over time

evolution

Differences among individuals within a species

Natural variation

Structures that develop from the same embryonic tissues, but have different mature forms

Homologous structures

Organ with little or no function

Vestigial organ

Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in a specific environment

fitness

Inherited characteristic that increases and organism’s chancesfor survival

adaptation

Preserved remains of an ancientorganism

fossil

Islands that Darwin visited on hisvoyage on the Beagle that startedhim thinking about how organismschange over time

Galapagos

Concept that each living species has descended with changes from other species over time

Descent with Modifications

Idea that organisms that are best suited to their environment will survive and reproduce

Survival of the Fittest

GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF APHYSICAL ADAPTATION

Webbed feet, horns, antlers,claws, feathers, wings, camouflage,. . . . there are a million

GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF ABEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION

Nocturnal (coming out at night);Flying south for the winter, living in herds,“wagon train” defense; burrowing; hibernation

When humans select and breed animals with certain useful traits from the natural variation in the population

Artificial selection

Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

Convergent evolution

Book published by Charles Darwinin which he proposed a mechanism and provided evidence for his Theory of Evolution

“On the Origin of Species”

Process by which related organisms evolve differences when they are isolated in different environmentsDivergent

evolution

The bones in the diagrams below are examples of

________________Homologous structures

http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html

Naturalist who gave Darwin incentive topublish his ideas about evolution bywriting an essay that described similarideas.

Alfred Wallace

French naturalist who hypothesizedthat organisms acquire traits during their lifetime through use or disuse which can be passed on to offspring

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

2 geologists who recognized that Earth is many millions of years old and that processes that changed it still operate today

James Hutton & Charles Lyell

English economist who reasoned that if the human population kept growing unchecked, there would be insufficient food and space for everyone

Thomas Malthus

Explain what was incorrect about Lamarck’sInheritance of Acquired Traitshypothesis

Explain what was correct about Lamarck’sInheritance of Acquired Traitshypothesis

First theory about evolution;Organisms do change and adapt to their environments

Genes determine which traits are passed on;unless genes are changed the acquired trait willonly show in the original organism

Name 3 kinds of evidence that supports Darwin’s THEORY OF EVOLUTION

FossilsGeographic distributionHomologous structuresVestigial organsEmbryologyDNAPseudogenesArtificial selection Can see natural selection work antibiotic resistance, new diseases,

The idea that all species, living and extinct, were derived from a common ancestor

Common descent

Natural selection is the same as______________Survival of the fittest

Measuring lima beans and finding beans come in different sizes is an example of

____________Natural variation

The practice of breeding dogs toproduce offspring with specifictraits is an example of_________________Artificial selection

A human’s appendix and a skink’s legs are examples of _______________Vestigial organs

How would Lamarckexplain these giraffeswith longer necks?They grew longer with use

Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006

How would Darwin explain these giraffes with longer necks?Populations naturally haveindividuals with differentsizes of necks(natural variation)The ones with longer necksare better able to get food, survive, and pass on their longer neck genes.

Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006

How would Darwin explain the evolution of this giraffe population towards longer necks?Longer necked giraffes can better compete for food and survive to reproduce, passing on their long necked genes.

Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006

How would Lamarck explain the evolution of this giraffe population towards longer necks?The long-necked trait acquired by stretching can be passed onto offspring and those organisms will be better able to survive.

Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006

The diagrams at theright show evidenceof ____________

A. natural selectionB. natural variationC. common descentD. artificial selection

Common descent

http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html

According to this diagram, modernwhales have a vestigial pelvisand femur. What does this suggestabout ancestors of modern whales?

Ancestors of modern whales had legs and walked on land

Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006

The adaptations in species of finches that Darwin observed on the Galάpagos Islands were

different shaped _____________

beaks

Why did Darwin first hesitate to publish his ideas about evolution?

His findings challenged fundamental scientific beliefs at the time

A possible explanation for a set of observations or a possible answer to a scientific question

Change in the DNA sequence of anorganism due to mistake is replication or damage from radiation or chemicals

hypothesis

mutation

Whales and wolves share a common ancestor, but have evolved to look very different. This is an example of _____________ evolution.

divergent

What do we call genes that havelost their function due to mutations?

pseudogenes

Whales and sharks are not closely related, but have evolved to have similar body shapes and fins because they live in similar environments. This is an example of _____________ evolution.convergent

Tell one piece of evidence that suggests human chromosome #2 evolved by joining 2 smaller ancestor chromosomes.

Banding pattern matchesIt has telomeres in the middle instead of just at the ends.It has an extra inactive centromere instead of just one.

Whales and wolves share a common ancestor, but have evolved to look very different. This is an example of _____________ evolution.

divergent

What do we call genes that havelost their function due to mutations?

pseudogenes

Give an example of homologous structures

Human arm, bird wing, whale flipper

Give an example of a pseudogene youlearned about

Vitamin C gene in primates,genes for “smell” in humans

A well supported, testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world is called a ______________

Name the ship that Darwin spent 5 years on traveling around the world.

theory

H.M.S. Beagle

Who is the scientist that proposed the idea that forces have been changing the Earth and have been at work for millions of years?James Hutton

Who is the scientist that proposed the idea of “Inheritance of Acquired Traits”?

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Who is the scientist that proposedthe idea that forces which have beenchanging the Earth are still at work?

Charles Lyell

Who realized that human populationswere increasing and said eventuallythere would not be enough food andspace for everyone?

Thomas Malthus

Who is the scientist that proposedan idea about evolution whichprompted Darwin to publish his

theory?Alfred Wallace

Fur, feathers, beaks, antlers, & clawsare all examples of ____________adaptation

s

When lions prey on a herd of antelope, some antelope are killed and some escape. Which part of Darwin’s theory of evolution might be used to describe this situation?

Survival of the fittest;

Adaptations can be which of these?

Physical behavioral geographical

Physical or behavioral

Explain what was incorrect about Lamarck’sInheritance of Acquired Traitshypothesis

Explain what was correct about Lamarck’sInheritance of Acquired Traitshypothesis

LIVING THINGS CHANGE OVER TIME TO BEST FIT THEIR ENVIRONMENTS

TRAITS ARE DETERMINED BY GENES; ACQUIRED TRAITS ARE NOT PASSED ON

Another name for divergent evolutionis ________________

What Darwin called “survival of the fittest”

_________________

Another name for “struggle for existance” is _______________

Adaptive radiation

Natural selection

competition

Of all the places he visited, the ______________ Islands influenced Darwin’s ideas about evolution the most.

GALAPAGOS

In addition to observing living organisms, Darwin studied the preserved remains of ancient organisms called _________________fossils

On the Galápagos Islands, Darwin observed that the characteristics of many animals and plants

A. all looked alikeB. were completely unrelatedC. were acquired through use

D. varied from island to island .

D. Varied from island to island

Darwin’s concept of evolution was influenced by all of the following EXCEPT _________________

A. the work of Charles Lyell and James Hutton

B. his collection of specimens and fossilsC. his knowledge of the structure of DNAD. his voyage around the worldE. Malthus’s ideas about populations and

resourcesC. Darwin didn’t know about DNA!

All of these statements about the structure of

human chromosome #2 provide evidence for

evolution EXCEPT _______________________

A. Its banding pattern matches the pattern seen on two smaller chimp chromosomes

B. It has telomeres in the center, as well as at the ends

C. It carries a functional gene for making vitamin C

D. It has an extra non-functional centromere C. Humans have a nonfunctional vitamin C making gene, and its not on chromosome #2

Give a summary of Darwin’s theory of evolution

Natural variation in population provides basis for natural selection to act

Overproduction of offspring forces competition for resources (struggle for survival)

Organisms best suited to their environment will survive and reproduce; Other organisms die or leave fewer Offspring (survival of the fittest/natural selection)

Species alive today have descended with modification from ancestral species that lived in the distant past

All organisms are united into a single “tree of life” (common descent)

THE END. . .

or is it?

EVOLUTION IS STILL HAPPENING