•Exam #1 is T 9/23in class(bring cheat sheet)

Protein

DNA is used to produce RNA and/or proteins, but not all genes are expressed at the same time or in the same cells.How do cells control which genes are expressed?

Stimulus

Signal Transduction

Stimulus

Perception(by receptor)

EffectorResponse

(change in cellular components and/or gene expression)

Effector…Effector

Effector

External

Internal

How do cells express genes?

a gene

The relationship between DNA and genes

promoter coding region terminator non-geneDNA

Combinations of 3 nucleotides code for each 1 amino acid in a protein.

Fig 13.2

• Overview of transcription Fig 12.2

Fig 9.8

Each nucleotide carbon is numbered

Fig 9.22

Each nucleotide is connected from the 5’ carbon through the phosphate to the next 3’ carbon.

Fig 9.22

Each nucleotide is connected from the 5’ carbon through the phosphate to the next 3’ carbon.

The relationship between DNA and RNA

Fig 12.8

Fig 12.8

What is so magic about adding nucleotides to the 3’ end?

Fig 12.7

How does the RNA polymerase know which strand to transcribe?

5’5’3’

3’5’

Reverse promoter, reverse direction and strand transcribed.

RNA

DNARNA RNA

DNA

UU

Why do polymerases only add nucleotides to the 3’ end?

similar to Fig 11.11

P

Error

P-P

The 5’ tri-P’s can supply energy for repair

Error

P

P-P-PPU

3’

5’Error repair on 5’ end not possible.

Incoming nucleotide

similar to Fig 11.11

U

DNARNA RNA

DNA

UU

Need for error repair limits nucleotide additions to 3’ end.

similar to Fig 11.11

a gene

When to express a gene is critical

promoter coding region terminator non-geneDNA

Promoter sequences in E. coli Fig 12.5

Transcription initiation in prokaryotes:sigma factor binds to the -35 and -10 regions and then the RNA polymerase subunits bind and begin transcription

Fig 12.7

Transcription Elongation Fig 12.8

Termination of Transcription Fig 12.11

Eukaryotic promoters are more diverse and more complex

Fig 12.13

Fig 12.14

in eukaryotes: transcription factors are needed before RNA polymerase can bind

Transcription overviewFig 12.3

Some genes code for RNA (tRNA, rRNA, etc) mRNA is used to code for proteins

Protein

RNA synthesis

rRNA is transcribed by RNA polymerase I

tRNA is transcribed by RNA polymerase III

mRNA is transcribed by RNA polymerase II

mRNA is processed during transcription and before it leaves the nucleus.

(transcribed from DNA)

Addition of the 5’ cap, a modified guanineFig 12.23

Addition of the 3’ poly-A tail Fig 12.24

After the RNA sequence AAUAAA enzymes cut the mRNA and add 150 to 200 A’s

What do the cap and tail do?

(transcribed from DNA)

Luciferase Gene (from fireflies) Expressed in a Plant

4.7% 0.34% 0.22%100%

The cap and tail have overlapping and distinct functions

Protects from degradation/ recognition for ribosome

Protects from degradation/ transport to cytoplasm

5’ untranslatedregion

3’ untranslatedregion

DNA Composition:In humans:•Each cell contains ~6 billion base pairs of DNA.•This DNA is ~2 meters long and 2 nm wide.•~3% directly codes for amino acids•~10% is genes•In a single human cell only about 5-10% of genes are expressed at a time.

Introns are spliced out of most mRNAs before they leave the nucleus.

(transcribed from DNA)

• Conserved sequences related to intron splicing

Sequences shown in bold are highly conserved

Serve as recognition sites for the binding of the spliceosome

Splicing an intron: intron removal.

Fig 12.22

Splicing an intron: reattach exons.

Fig 12.22

Alternate splicing of introns/exons can lead to different proteins produced from the same gene.

Fig 15.16

Complex patterns of eukaryotic mRNA splicing

Fig 15.16

(-tropomyosin)

Fruit fly DSCAM, a neuron guide,115 exons over 60,000 bp of DNA20 exons constitutively expressed95 exons alternatively splicedFor over 38,000 possible unique proteins

Size and Number of Genes for Some Sequenced Eukaryotic Genomes

RNA editing:Some mRNAs are changed after transcription by guide RNA

http://www.cc.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/mcclean/plsc731/genome/genome9.htm

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/R/RNA_Editing.html

Tbl 12.3

A processed mRNA ready for translation

5’ untranslatedregion

3’ untranslatedregion

•Exam #1 is T 9/23in class(bring cheat sheet)