exam 1 performance (after the curve)
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EXAM 1 Performance (After the curve). Emile Durkheim The “Chicago School” Social Disorganization. Social Structure I. French Scientist Suicide Humans nature: selfish and insatiable Effective Societies able to “cap” desires Socialization & Social Ties - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
EXAM 1 PERFORMANCE(AFTER THE CURVE)
SOCIAL STRUCTURE I
Emile DurkheimThe “Chicago School”Social Disorganization
EMILE DURKHEIM (LATE 1858-1917) French Scientist
Suicide Humans nature: selfish and
insatiable Effective Societies able to “cap”
desires Socialization & Social Ties
Special concern with “Industrial Prosperity”
Coined the Term “Anomie”: Institutionalized norms lose ability to
control human behavior and human needs
DURKHIEM’S LEGACY
Rapidly Changing Society
“Industrial Prosperity”
Anomie (Norms are Weakened)
Human Nature asInsatiable; must
therefore cap or control
Social Ties Important
The Anomie/Strain Tradition(Next Week)
The Social Disorganization and “Informal Control” Tradition (Today/Tuesday)
MEANWHILE, BACK IN AMERICA “Social Pathologists” (1900-1930)
Cities as “bad” and “corrupting” Immigrants as amoral and inferior
Chicago School (1930s) University of Chicago (Sociologists) Tie to Durkheim: City/Societal Growth
Worry over lack of integration (and control)
PARK & BURGESS (1925)
How does a city growth and develop? Concentric Zones in Chicago
Industrial zone
Zone in transition
Residential zones
SHAW AND MCKAY
Juvenile Delinquency in Urban Areas 1942. Mapped addresses of delinquents (court
records) Zone in transition stable and high
delinquency rates over many years Implications of these findings:
1. Stable, despite multiple waves of immigrants!!
2. Only certain areas of the city Something about
this area causes delinquency
SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION What were the characteristics of the
zone in transition that may cause high delinquency rates? Population Heterogeneity Population Turnover Physical Decay Poverty/Inequality
Why might these ecological characteristics lead to high crime rates?
EXPLAINING HIGH CRIME IN THE ZONE OF TRANSITION
1. Social Control Little community “cohesion,” therefore, weak
community institutions and lack of control Borrowed from Durkheim here: humans need to be
controlled or deviance and crime will result.
2. Cultural Transmission of Values Once crime becomes rooted in a neighborhood,
delinquent values are passed trough generations of delinquents
SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION 1960-1980
Fell out of favor in sociology in 1950s Individual theories gained popularity
Criticisms of Social Disorganization Use of “Official Data” Are these neighborhoods really
“disorganized?” Cannot measure “intervening variables” “Chicago Specific” (not all cities grow in
rings)
MODERN S.D. THEORY Interest rekindled in the 1980s
Continues today with “ecological studies” Reborn as a pure social control theory (left
behind “transmission of values”) Addressing criticism
“Concentric rings” not necessary, it is simply a neighborhood level theory
Ecological characteristics do affect a neighborhoods level of informal control
SAMPSON AND GROVES (1989)
ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
• Population turnover• Poverty / inequality• Divorce rates • Single parents
SOCIAL CONTROL• Street supervision• Friendship networks • Participation in organizations
Using British Crime Survey Data (BCS)
SAMPSON (1997) Replicated results in Chicago
Areas with “concentrated disadvantage,” (poverty, race, age composition, family disruption) lack “collective efficacy”
Willingness to exercise control (tell kids to quiet down)
Willingness to trust or help each other Lack of collective efficacy increases crime
rates
SAMPSON FRIENDS (1997-PRESENT) VERSION
Concentrated Disadvantage(Ecological)
• Population turnover• Poverty / inequality• Race composition • Family disruption • Physical decay
Collective Efficacy• Willingness to supervise/confront in neighborhood
• Mutual trust and willingness to help neighbors
Data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods
CRIME• Homicide • Violence as “problem”• Victimization
REVIEW OF SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION Macro (Neighborhood) level theory
Explains why certain neighborhoods have high crime rates
Theory of “Places,” and not “People” Not all people who live there are “crime
prone,” in fact most are law-abiding Not simply a result of “bad people” moving
into certain neighborhoods
RETURN OF THE “CULTURAL TRANSMISSION”
William J. Wilson (Concentrated Poverty) The “Underclass” or “Truly Disadvantaged” Cultural Isolation no contact with “mainstream”
individuals/institutions Little respect for “life” Hyper materialism, violence as “normative” Some believe recent “crime drop” reflect move away
from these values Elijah Anderson
Code of the Streets Disrespect and fear of disrespect at heart of
code
BEYOND “INFORMAL” CONTROLS Robert Bursik
Residents of the zone in transition lack “political capital”
Inadequate access to public services
S.D. AS AN EXPLANATION FOR HIGH RATES OF AFRICAN AMERICAN OFFENDING
William Julius Wilson and Robert Sampson High proportion of the current members of
the “Zone in Transition.” Public Policy made matters worse (high rise
“projects” of the 1950s-60s) Why do African Americans not “move out”
like prior ZIT residents (immigrants)? Housing Segregation Loss of Manufacturing Jobs The irony of “Black Flight”
SAMPSON AND WILSON II Clarify the “cultural component”
Issue of “disrespect” rooted in legacy of racism and despair (e.g., based on reality).
Idea of “cognitive landscape” When violence is a regular part of reality, it
seems more “normal” as a response.
POLICY IMPLICATIONS? Build neighborhood “collective efficacy”
How do you do this? Address ecological characteristics that ruin
collective efficacy Family disruption, concentrated poverty,
residential mobility Moving to Opportunity Program in
Baltimore Randomly moved 200 families from high poverty to low
poverty—then track the children Community Policing Movement
FEATURE PRESENTATION + GROUP WORK What in the video clip can you connect
to social disorganization theory? Ecological factors? Social control? Cognitive landscape?
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