Examination Questions on Period Five (1485-1603)

Period Five (1485-1603)

1. Describe the chief ways Henry VII strengthened the monarchy.

2. What dangers threatened Henry VII from abroad and how did he seek to defend himself?

3. Describe the relations between England and Scotland from 1485 to 1558.

4. Describe the domestic policy of Henry VII.

5. What were the chief economic problems in England in the sixteenth century and what measures were taken to deal with them?

6. Show. a) Why and how, Henry VIII defied the Papacy.

7. Explain why the reign of Henry VII is regarded as marking a new epoch in the history of England.

8. Examine the effects in intellectual life in England of: a-the invention of printing, b- the work of the Oxford reformers.9. Show the attitude of each of the following towards The Protestant Reformation: a) Sir Thomas More; b) Desiderius Erasmus; c) Martin Luther; d) Henry VIII

10. How far had the Reformation proceeced in England by the death of Henry VIII?11. Show: a) Why and. b) How Henry VIII defied the papacy.

12. State the part played in the Reformation by: a) Cranmer and b) Somerset.

13. State the main facts concerning Henry VIIIs relations with France, Spain and Ireland.

14. Criticize the foreing policy of Wolsey.15. Give an account of the progress of reformation in England from the end of the Reformation Parliament in 1536 tV the death of Edward VI in 1553.16. What did the Reformation movement in England owe to: a) Archbishop Cranmer, and b) The protector Somerset.17. What effect did the conversion of arable land into pasture have upon the social and economic life in England during this period?18. What were the main causes of economic distress in Tudor England? To what extent was it relieved?

19. State the main facts concerning: a) social distress in England in the reign of Edward VI, b) the policy of Somerset and Northumberland with regard to this problem.

20. Trace the course of exploration during the Tudor period.

21. State the main facts concerning the growth of English naval and maritime power under the Tudors.

22. What importance in English history do you attribute either to the reign of Edward VI or to that of Mary?

23. The accession of Mary Tudor was very popular, but her death was equally welcomed. Discuss this statement.

24. Describe: a) Elizabeths difficulties during the first ten years of her reign; and b) How she dealt with them.

25. For what reasons was Mary Queen of Scots beheaded, and what were the political results of her execution?

26. Why was Queen Elizabeth so reluctant to go to war with Spain and why did she eventually do so?

27. Describe, Elizabeths foreign policy down to 1588. Do you consider that it was successful?

28. What were the causes of Elizabeths war with Spain?

29. Elizabeth seldom made a decision; she left things to settle themselves. Discuss these statements.

30. Show how the foreign policy of Elizabeth differed from that of her father and grandfather.

31. Discuss Elizabeth as a typical monarch of her time. How far was she personally responsible for the fortunes of England in her day?32. Describe the relations between England and Scotland from 1568. What was the Scottish question especially during these years?33. outline the relations of England and France during the reing of Elizabeth.34. Explain the term Counter Reformation and show how England was affected by it during the reing of Elizabeth.Development

1. Henry strengthened the power of the monarchy by using traditional methods of government to tighten royal administration and increase revenues. Strengthening the navy as well as his army in general. He had established a new dynasty after 30 years of struggle, he had strengthened the judicial system as well as the treasury.2. Henry VII also kept a careful watch over the marriage alliances of England's great noble families to ensure that no rival power base was established. Henry proposed an alliance with his neighbours from the North (Scotland) and married his daughter Margaret with the King of Scotland. Later, he made alliance with Spain, and married first his son Arthur, and then his son Henry (Later, Henry VIII) to Katherine, daughter of the king of Aragon.3. Scotland Kingships intention was to imitate the same kind of centralized monarchy that the English which was so successful in 15th century. But there was a serious issue with this, because of the weaker economical condition of the Scottish Kingdom and beacuse of the fact that the population was not law-abiding community. Scottish people were not agree with the idea of being ruled by anyone, and that included the English Monarchy. In spite of the fear of the powerful English armies, a new Scottish parliament, aware of popular feeling, turned down the marriage agreement. For the next two years English soldiers punished them by burning and destroying the houses of southern Scotland. Rather than give little Mary to the English, the Scots sent her to France, where she married the French king's son in 1558.

4. Henry tried to reduce the power of great nobles in the localities by appointing to important local offices lesser men who were more dependent on royal favor. The authority of the law had been almost completely destroyed by the lawless behaviour of nobles and their armed men. Henry used the "Court of Star Chamber", traditionally the king's council chamber, to deal with lawless nobles, Local justice that had broken down during the wars slowly began to operate again. Henry encouraged the use of heavy fines as punishment because this gave the Crown money.5. A huge income was left after Henrys death in 16th century, surrounding 2 million pounds. The only thing on which he was happy to spend money freely was the building of ships for a merchant fleet. Henry understood earlier than most people that England's future wealth would depend on international trade. And in order to trade, Henry realized that England must have its own fleet of merchant ship. He was cruel, wasteful with money, and interested in pleasing himself. He wanted to become an important influence in European politics.

He spent so much on maintaining a magnificent court, and on wars from which England had little to gain, that his father's carefully saved money was soon gone. Gold and silver from newly discovered America added to economic inflation. In this serious financial crisis, Henry needed money. One way of doing this was by reducing the amount of silver used in coins. But although this gave Henry immediate profits, it rapidly led to a rise in prices. It was therefore a damaging policy, and the English coin age was reduced to a seventh of its value within Twenty-five years.6. In 1510 Henry had married Catherine of Aragon, the widow of his elder brother Arthur. But by 1526 she had still not had a son who survived infancy and was now unlikely to do so. Henry tried to persuade the pope to allow him to divorce Catherine. Normally, Henry need not have expected any difficulty. His chief minister, Cardinal Wolsey, had already been skillful in advising on Henry's foreign and home policy. Wolsey hoped that his skills, and his important position in the Church, would be successful in persuading the pope. But the pope was controlled by Charles V, who was Holy Roman Emperor and king of Spain, and also Catherines nephew. For both political and family reasons he wanted Henry to stay married to Catherine. The pope did not wish to anger either Charles or Henry, but eventually he was forced to do as Charles V wanted. He forbade Henry's divorce.

He could quote former acts against papal authority. Henry appealed to the English universities, and finally to the court of the archbishops, who declared his former marriage null.7. It marks the beginning of modern Europe; the Renaissance first began in Italy and later to England: it was marked by the revival of learning, especially of the study of the classics. Greek was once more studied with enthusiasm.

New ideas in education were developed, and were founded new schools. The invention of the printing made education more widespread. The arts and painters flourished and architects introduced new schools of art, and a new type of architecture both in churches and in houses.

In religion men began to criticize established doctrines and organizations.8. Caxtons printing press was as dramatic for his age as radio, television and the technological revolution ate for our own. Books suddenly became cheaper and more plentiful, as the quicker printing process replaced slow and expensive copywriting by hand. Printing began to standardize spelling and grammar, though this process was a long one. More important, just as radio brought information and ideas to the illiterate people of the twentieth century, Caxtons press provided books for the newly educated people of the fifteenth century, and encouraged literacy. Caxton avoided printing any dangerous literature. But the children and grandchildren of these literate people were to use printing as a powerful weapon to change the world in which they lived.

Erasmus never was a Protestant, but he paved the way to criticism and study of the Bible by his new edition of the Greek Testament with a new translation of i into Latin. He, Colet and More also criticized clerical learning.9. a). More opposed the Protestant Reformation, in particular the theology of Martin Luther. In 1533, More refused to attend the coronation of Anne Boleyn as the Queen of England. Technically, this was not an act of treason, as More had written to Henry acknowledging Anne's queenship and expressing his desire for the King's happiness and the new Queen's health. Despite this, his refusal to attend was widely interpreted as a snub against Anne, and Henry took action against him.

b). Erasmus lived against the backdrop of the growing European religious Reformation; but while he was critical of the abuses within the Church and called for reform, he kept his distance from Luther and Melanchthon and continued to recognise the authority of the pope.

c). Luther's rediscovery of "Christ and His salvation" was the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation. His railing against the sale of indulgences was based on it. He insisted that, since forgiveness was God's alone to grant, those who claimed that indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation were in error. Christians, he said, must not slacken in following Christ on account of such false assurances.

d). Henry is generally credited with initiating the English Reformation the process of transforming England from a Catholic country to a Protestant one though his progress at the elite and mass levels is disputed, and the precise narrative not widely agreed.10. There was no reformation in Henrys lifetime, at least not anything that we would today recognize as such. That is to say; the doctrine of the church basically did not change. There is of course another side to the story. By the time Henry died in 1547, Protestantism as we understand it had in fact made a certain amount of progress. But during Edward VIs reing there were a lot of changes.11. Henry was aware of the importance of securing a male heir during his reign. He was worried that he had only one surviving child, Mary, to show for his marriage to Catherine, who was now in her 40s. So the king asked Cardinal Wolsey to appeal to Pope Clement VII for an annulment and it soon became clear he wanted to marry Anne Boleyn, who had been a lady-in-waiting to his first wife.

But, unwilling to anger Catherine of Aragon's nephew the most powerful ruler in Europe, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V the Pope refused. Thomas Wolsey's ascendancy was cut short by this failure.

In 1533, Henry VIII broke with the church and married the now pregnant Anne Boleyn in a secret ceremony. Henry was excommunicated by the Pope and the English reformation had begun.12.

a).Thomas Cranmer was a leader of the English Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI. He started with the annulment of the marriage between Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII. Besides, with the redaction of the Act of Supremacy declared Henry VIII as the head of the church in England.b). First of all, being a Duke of Somerset was declared a title derived from Somerset, it is particularly associated with two families; the Beauforts who held the title from the creation of 1448 and the Seymours, from the creation of 1547 and in whose name the title is still held. Edward Seymour became the new Duke of Somerset during the reing of his nephew, Edward VI. Somerset's takeover of power was smooth and efficient. His appointment was in keeping with historical precedent, and his eligibility for the role was reinforced by his military successes in Scotland and France.

13. Henry VIIIs foreign policy primarily involved France. Traditionally, Tudor foreign policy tried to steer a path of neutrality with both these states and initially Henry VIIIs foreign policy was no different. Henry knew that England did not have the ability to take on either state but that as a nation she could profit from extending the hand of friendship to both. Irelandplayed a minor part in the reign of Henry VIII. The families who ruled this area had no binding loyalty to the monarch nor were they under royal law. Ireland had a strong religious affiliation to Rome. However, there is little evidence that countries such as Spain saw Ireland as a place to start an invasion of England.14. Wolseys lack of a clear objective in his foreign policy is evident in his switching of allegiances between France and Charles. He also underestimated the devastating effects of making an enemy of the Holy Roman Empire. Although there was no actual war between England and Charles V, the wool trade suffered heavily. Englands principal customers were either from the provinces of Charles empire or those surrounded by his territory. When Charles ceased trade with England, there was a huge reduction in income from the wool trade, and tax revenue declined, affecting the entire nation.15. The break with Rome was effected by a series of acts of Parliament which took place between 1532 and 1534, among them the 1534 Act of Supremacy which declared that Henry was the "Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England". The final authority regarding doctrinal and legal disputes are now rested with the monarch, and the papacy was deprived of revenue and the final say on the appointment of bishops.

More noticeable, and objectionable to many, were the Injunctions, first of 1536 and then of 1538. The programme began with the abolition of many feast days, "the occasion of vice and idleness" which, particularly at harvest time, had an immediate affect the towns and villages of England and, in many places, people did not like it.The theology and liturgy of the Church of England became markedly Protestant during the reign of Henry's son Edward VI largely along lines laid down by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer. Under Mary, the whole process was reversed and the Church of England was again placed under papal jurisdiction. Soon after, Elizabeth reintroduced the Protestant faith but in a more moderate manner. The structure and theology of the church was a matter of fierce dispute for generations.

16. During Cranmer's tenure as Archbishop of Canterbury, he was responsible for establishing the first doctrinal and liturgical structures of the reformed Church of England. Under Henry's rule, Cranmer did not make many radical changes in the Church, due to power struggles between religious conservatives and reformers. This was thanks to the death of the previos Achbishop Warham, a strong opponent in the annulment.

During the reing of Edward VI, Edward Seymour became the new Duke of Somerset. He proceeded at first hesitantly, partly because his powers were not unchallenged. When he acted it was because he saw the political advantage in doing so.

17. In English social and economic history, enclosure is the process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century. Once enclosed, these uses of the land become restricted to the owner, and it ceases to be land for commons. In England and Wales the term is also used for the process that ended the ancient system of arable farming in open fields. Under enclosure, such land is fenced (enclosed) and deeded or entitled to one or more owners. The process of enclosure began to be a widespread feature of the English agricultural landscape during the 16th century. By the 19th century, unenclosed commons had become largely restricted to rough pasture in mountainous areas and to relatively small parts of the lowlands.18. Following the Black Death and the agricultural depression of the late 15th century, population growth began to increase. The export of woollen products resulted in economic upturn with products exported to mainland Europe. Henry VII negotiated the favourable Intercursus Magnus treaty in 1496. The high wages and abundance of available land seen in the late 15th century and early 16th century were replaced with low wages and a land shortage. Various inflationary pressures, perhaps due to an influx of New World gold and a rising population, set the stage for social upheaval with the gap between the rich and poor widening. This was a period of significant change for the majority of the rural population, with manorial lords beginning the process of enclosure.19. a) There was a growing party desirous of further change in religion, some of them genuinely anxious for a complete form of Protestantism, others merely greedy for further plunder of property devoted to religious uses. This party, though prominent, was small; large masses of the country, especially in the conservative north and west, were opposed to any meddling with their old faith.

b) Somerset asked Cranmer to draw up the First Prayer Book (1549) (which followed Roman service in many respects); abolished images in the churches; destroyed frescoes and pictures; confiscated property of the religious gilds which used to help poor.

Northumberland issued the Second Prayer Book (1552), he was more extreme and Protestant in character. He determined to work for a Protestant succession. He married his son Guildford Dudley to Lady Jane Grey, the Protestant heiress of Henry VIIIs younger sister.

20. Drake sailed by Straits of Magellan, into the Pacific, and round the world, 1577-80. Knighted for this on ship Golden Hind. Cavendish also sailed round the world and discovered use of limes against the scurvy.

Humphrey Gilbert attempted to colonize Newfoundland (1583).

Raleghs ships discovered Florida and Virginia where they founded a colony (1576)

Frobisher went to Greenland and Labrador, and found Hudson Bay (1578).

21. Henry VII embarked on a program of building ships larger than heretofore. He also invested in dockyards, and commissioned the oldest surviving dry dock in 1495 at Portsmouth. Edward VI and Mary I added little new to their father's navy. Although the navy was involved in the manoeuvrings following the death of Henry VIII, it was ineffective. Mary maintained the building program, the navy performed satisfactorily if not outstandingly (it did not prevent the loss of Calais) in the war with France of 1557 to 1559. However, the marriage of Mary I and Philip II led to trade with Spain, allowing English shipwrights to examine and adapt modern Spanish galleon design to the needs of the English Navy as English ports were soon visited by both Spanish warships and merchantmen. Elizabeth I made naval strength a high priority. She risked war with Spain by supporting the "Sea Dogs," such as John Hawkins and Francis Drake, who preyed on the Spanish merchant ships carrying gold and silver from the New World. By the 1580s, tensions with Spain had reached the breaking point, exacerbated by Elizabeth's support for the privateering expeditions of Hawkins, Drake, and others, and capped by the Cadiz raid of 1587, in which Drake destroyed dozens of Spanish ships. In 1588, Philip II of Spain launched the Spanish Armada against England, but after a running battle lasting over a week, the Armada was scattered and limped home. 22. Although Edward reigned for only six years and died at the age of 15, his reign made a lasting contribution to the English Reformation and the structure of the Church of England. The last decade of Henry VIII's reign had seen a partial stalling of the Reformation, a drifting back to more conservative values. By contrast, Edward's reign saw radical progress in the Reformation. In those six years, the Church transferred from an essentially Roman Catholic liturgy and structure to one that is usually identified as Protestant. In particular, the introduction of the Book of Common Prayer, the Ordinal of 1550, and Cranmer's Forty-two Articles formed the basis for English Church practices that continue to this day.

23. Mary hoped all accused of heresy would save themselves by returning to the faith; the number burnt was 300 in 3 years. Philip thought Mary was mistaken in her policy and was driving her people into opposition, and urged her not to persecute at all. Certainly the English nation did not forget or forgive her.

24. Elizabeth's early years saw other problems, in particular, the wars in Scotland and France inherited from Mary. English support for the successful Scottish Protestant rebellion of 1560 led by John Knox, combined with the outbreak in 1562 of the French Wars of Religion diminished both threats.

Elizabeth made peace as soon as possible and tried to stay out of expensive wars; she even attempted to maintain peaceful relations with Spain (although she drew the line at marrying Philip as he proposed). Elizabeth adopted a moderate religious policy. The Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity (1559), the Prayer Book of 1559, and the Thirty-Nine Articles (1563) were all Protestant in doctrine, but preserved many traditionally Catholic ceremonies. Moreover, Elizabeth did not persecute Catholics - the penalties for recusancy were mild and often not enforced.25. In 1584, William of Orange was assassinated, and in 1586 Babingtons Plot to kill Elizabeth; Mary was proved to be acquainted whit this. Mary tried, found guilty of treason, and On 8 February 1587, Mary was beheaded at Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire. After Mary's execution, Elizabeth claimed not to have ordered it and indeed most accounts have her telling Secretary Davidson, who brought her the warrant to sign, not to dispatch the warrant even though she had signed it. 26. Elizabeth did not wish to provoke Spain to open war till England was stronger, so did not break openly with Philip, but sent help privately to France and Netherlands, and did not employ Drake officially. 27. Elizabeth always used France as a make-weight against Spain. Part of the effect of her friendship with France was to counteract the connection between France and Scotland.

Elizabeth and the Netherlands, Philip II had the dominions of these lands, but Netherlands became strongly Protestant, and Elizabeth supported them but not officially after their rebelled against Philip.

Her foreign policy was successful because her friendship with France gave her an allied against Spain which she heated and feared even though France was Catholic was not of the Catholic Counter-Reformation party.

28. The reasons for Elizabeths War with Spain exploded due to various conflicts surrounding the wealth and power to be gained from trade from the New World. And the differences in Religion. Under Elizabeth I England became a Protestant country. Elizabeth was excommunicated by the Pope the fanatical Catholics in Spain saw a war and the conquest of England as a religious crusade. The escapades of the Elizabethan seamen, or pirates, included attacking Spanish vessels and taking any gold and silver. Not surprisingly Elizabeth made no real effort to chastise these escapades! Drake, Hawkins, Raleigh and Frobisher hated the Spanish and the Catholic religion. The religious differences had been boiling over many years. 29. She left things to settle themselves because if she did something it would give Spain reasons to attack England. Spain sought every opportunity to quarrel with England that is why Elizabeth couldnt take decision.30. Elizabeths foreign policy differed from that of her father and grandfather because unlike them she always opposed Spain. Her grandfather made alliance with Scotland and Spain and attacked France, instead of attacking France Elizabeth hold a friendship to counteract the connection between Scotland and France and as a make-weight against Spain.31. Her reign is famous for the defeat of the Armada, and for successful raids against the Spanish. Elizabeth established an English church that helped shape a national identity and remains in place today. Those who praised her later as a Protestant heroine overlooked her refusal to drop all practices of Catholic origin from the Church of England. Though Elizabeth followed a largely defensive foreign policy, her reign raised England's status abroad. "She is only a woman, only mistress of half an island". 32. In 1558 the alliance between the two kingdoms was finally revived with the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots to the future Francis II of France. Yet with her exile in 1568 to England, Scotland was transformed by its new king James VI who was heir to the English throne as well as Scotland's. His desire to form close links with England meant that the alliance had outlived its usefulness. In the 1560s, after more than 250 years, formal treaties between Scotland and France were officially ended by the Treaty of Edinburgh.[8] With the Scottish Reformation, Scotland was declared Protestant, and allied itself with Protestant England instead. During the Reformation, the Protestant Lords of the Congregation had rejected the Auld Alliance and brokered English military support with their treaty of Berwick against the French Regent Mary of Guise.33. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. England had lost the last of her territories in France during the reign of Mary. A second major issue that had to involve France was the treatment of Mary Stuart, (Mary, Queen of Scots). Mary had been married to Francis II, King of France. His early death led to Mary returning to her native Scotland but she was still held in high regard in France and had many powerful supporters there. When Mary declared that she was the rightful heir to the English throne and that Elizabeth was illegitimate, she received support from France.34. The Counter-Reformation was the period of Catholic revival beginning with the Council of Trent (15451563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648), and was initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation. The Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort composed of four major elements:

1. Ecclesiastical or structural reconfiguration

2. Religious orders

3. Spiritual movements

4. Political dimensions

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR DE FORMACIN DOCENTE F.A.C.

CURSO: 4 MATERIA: Cultura Inglesa II ALUMNOS:

Martnez, Rodrigo PROFESORA:

Lopez Cano AO: 2015