excavation of neopalatial deposits at tholos (kastri), kythera a
TRANSCRIPT
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1 The excavation was a synergasia between the Kythera Island Project and 2nd EPCA (co-directed by C. Broodbank and A. Tsaravopoulos respectively). We thank the Central Archaeological Council and the Ministry of Culture for the permit to conduct this work. Funding was provided by the Institute for Aegean Prehistory (INSTAP), the British School at Athens and the Mediterranean Archaeological Trust. The field team consisted of A. Bevan (field director, University College London [UCL]), A. Brysbaert (on-site conservator, University of Glasgow), S. Diamantopoulou (Institute of Education, London), V. Isaakidou (bioarchaeologist, UCL), E. Kappa (University of Ioannina), S. Papachristou (University of Athens) and E. Twigger (UCL), with total station support from J. Conolly (UCL) and O. Pryce (UCL). The pottery was studied by E. Kiriatzi (Fitch Laboratory, BSA) and C. Knappett (University of Cambridge) with the assistance of E. Kappa. D. Romanou (UCL) and M. Nikiforidou (T.E.I. Athens) drew the pottery. We would like to thank INSTAP and T. Brogan for lending the services of the INSTAP (East Crete) conservator, M. Rogenbuche, to whom we are also grateful for mending most of the non-conical cup vessels. The authors are especially grateful to C. Broodbank and A. Tsaravopoulos for guidance and continuous logistical support during the excavation and subsequent study of the Tholos material. The latter took place at the Archaeological Museum of Peiraias and we would like to thank K. Axioti and all the staff of the Museum for facilitating our study. L. Preston provided advice and information on Cretan burial practices and C. Frederick and N. Krahtopoulou on-site geoarchaeological advice. Thanks also go to C. Inepekoglou for donating spraying equipment for the excavation. Finally, we would like to express our particular gratitude to C. Broodbank, without whose input and enabling of every stage of the excavation and post-excavation process this report would not be possible. Special Abbreviation: Kythera = J.N. Coldstream, & G.L. Huxley, Kythera. Excavations and Studies (London, 1972).
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2 S. Benton, 245-6; 'The Ionian Islands', BSA 32 (1931-2), 213-46. 3 See H. Waterhouse & R. Hope Simpson, 148-60; 'Prehistoric Laconia: Part II', BSA 56 (1961), 114-75, for an early survey of the site and its tombs. Kythera for publication of the 1960s excavations by Coldstream and Huxley at Kastri. 4 Y. Sakellarakis, ‘Minoan religious influence in the Aegean: the case of Kythera’, BSA 91 (1996), 81-99.
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6 In all cases, the vessel surfaces were very poorly preserved and fabrics were soft and fragile even when they were obviously highly fired. 7 It proved necessary to clean the pottery in a weak acid solution followed by prolonged rinsing; prior to this, ten sherds had been removed for possible future organic residue analysis. 8 The method was dictated by the absence of a flotation machine and the limited amount of soil processed was due to water shortage experienced that year on the island. 9 The remaining soil samples are currently stored in the KIP apotheke (Mitata, Kythera) for further processing, although on present evidence it is thought unlikely that they contain any bioarchaeological material.
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10 G.N. Leontsinis, 203-204, 228; The Island of Kythera. A Social History (Athens, 1987). 11 Within this fill were some red clay inclusions, some of which may have been degraded pottery.
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# 12 Pebbles were also found in a lamp in tomb A: Kythera, 228 no. 1. 13 They were removed as four sherd concentrations; excavation find numbers: ^156, ^157, ^171, ^173.1 (not catalogued).
##
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I#TSA;U# -,(J@5'(EB%E#K'6,()# B7F)#F,E%#'(E#-78(E%E)#5%'&,BG#%&%-.%E#-,N#T(7.# 1-%6%(.U)# B'-J%# .5,4C# &%-.,4'B# 9B'..%(%E# 5'(EB%# F,.5# -',6%E#4%(.-'B# -,K)# 7(BG# 4"# S;b)# 9-'JN%(.6# (7(@M7,(,(J)# 6%N,@47'-6%#K-7F(#'(E#N8E6.7(%@.%N1%-%E)#47'-6%-#.5'(#7.5%-#K'6,(6#79#.5,6#.G1%)# F5%%B@9'65,7(%E# T'# 47,B# 6%'N# ,6# &,6,KB%U)# 1B',()# &%-G#F7-(#68-9'4%6)#8(B,C%#7.5%-#%D'N1B%6#5'(EB%#'(E#-,N#'-%#(7.#(7.45%E)#1-%6"#[.#c";4N)#Z-,N#:A4N"#
A#TA=U# 47(,4'B#K7FB)#1B',(#-,N)#9B'-,(J#K7EG)# B8Jf#'.#N,E#K7EG)#9B'.#K'6%)#AAb)# =;@c;# 9-'JN%(.6)# 'BN76.# 47N1B%.%# 1-79,B%)# 47'-6%# B,J5.#-%EE,65@K-7F(# '(E# N8E6.7(%@.%N1%-%E)# B,J5.# J-%G# 47-%)# 47,B@K8,B.)#1B',()#K'6%#,6#O8,.%#F7-()#[.#1-%6"#SW"W4N)#Z-,N#W<4N"##
N#TScSU# KB7667N# K7FB)# AAb)# 4"# ?;# 9-'JN%(.6)# 'BN76.# 47N1B%.%# 1-79,B%)#6%N,@9,(%#.7#N%E,8N@47'-6%#1'B%#-%EE,65@K-7F(#'(E#N8E6.7(%@.%N1%-%E)#F5%%B@9,(,65%E# TF,.5# 47,B@M7,(6)# 7-# .F7# 4B'G# B'G%-6# ,(#6%4.,7(6U)# N7(745-7N%# -%EE,65@K-7F(# 6B,1# TO8,.%# F7-(U# '(E#1B'6.,4# E%47-'.,7(># &%-.,4'B# -%B,%9# ,N,.'.,7(# 79# B,BG# B%'&%6)# O8,.%#.5,4C@#F'BB%E#T.5,4C%-#F'BB6#.5'(#B@CU)#[.#S;@SS4N)#Z-,N#SS4N)#ZK'6%#A4N"#
D#TS?SU# B7F@6178.%E#M8J)#1,-,97-N#K7EG)#&%-.,4'B#-7BB#5'(EB%#'..'45%E#M86.#K%B7F#-,N)#.-78J5#6178.#18BB%E#78.#9-7N#-,N_#811%-#K7EG#'BN76.#47N1B%.%# Tc?bU)# -%6.7-%E# 9-7N# 4"# ?;# 9-'JN%(.6)# 6%N,@47'-6%#
* Field number (on-site recording sequence). A concordance of catalogue and field numbers, sorted by field number, is also provided at the end of this report.
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
BC#TS?c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c4N"#
BB#TSY<)#S:S)#:U## %F%-)#7&7,E@47(,4'B#65'1%#F,.5#.'BB)#('--7F#(%4C#'(E#9B'-,(J#-,N)# ?;b)# N'(G# 9-'JN%(.6)# F57B%# 1-79,B%)# N%E,8N@679.# 6%N,@47'-6%#J-%%(,65#K899#'(E#N8E6.7(%# .%N1%-%E>#("K"#(%4C#47'-6%-#.5'(#-%6.#79#&%66%B)#F5%%B@9'65,7(%E#T-,BB,(JU)#F,.5#'#J77E#E%'B#79#57-,/7(.'B#1'-,(J#'.# B7F%-#N,E@K7EG)#O8,.%#.5,(#F'BB%E#'.#Q'DE)#E'-C@7(@B,J5.#K'(E#'.#K'6%#'(E#:#N7-%#'.# B7F%-@N,E#K7EG)#&%-G#98J,.,&%# .586#5'-E#.7#6%%# ,9#'(G#N7-%#K'(E6#7-#61,-'B6)#[.#W:4N)#Z-,N#SS"?4N)#ZK'6%#<"W4N"#
BF#TS:SU# %F%-)# 7&7,E@47(,4'B# K7EG)# &%-.,4'B# -7BB# 5'(EB%)# '(E# -,N# 6B,J5.BG#18BB%E#78.#F5%-%#'..'45%E)#?;b)#-%6.7-%E#9-7N#9-'JN%(.6)#K8.#(7#-,N)#N%E,8N@5'-E# 6%N,@9,(%# K899# '(E#N8E6.7(%@.%N1%-%E)# 47,B@K8,B.#F,.5#57-,/7(.'B#1'-,(J#'.#811%-#K7EG)#9,(J%-@N'-C6#'(E#47,B@-,EJ%#8(6N77.5%E#'.#6578BE%-# ,(.%-,7-)#E'-C@7(@B,J5.#K'(E6#'(E#61,-'B6# T-78J5BG#1',(.%EU># '#K'(E#'.# B7F%-#K7EG)#:#'.#N,E@K7EG)#1-%6"#[.#W;4N"#ZK'6%#SS4N"#
BG#TSY"WU# M8J`%F%-)#7&7,E@47(,4'B#K7EG)#&%-.,4'B#-7BB#5'(EB%#9-7N#6578BE%-#.7# (%4C`-,NTfU)# =;b)# 4"# A;# 9-'JN%(.6)# K'6%`K7EG`6578BE%-#1-%6%-&%E)# N%E,8N@5'-E# N%E,8N@47'-6%# B,J5.# 1,(C,65@K-7F(#TK899# 68-9'4%U# '(E# N8E6.7(%@.%N1%-%E)# 47,B@K8,B.)# 6N77.5%E#68-9'4%#F,.5#E'-C@7(@B,J5.#KB'4C#-8((,(J#61,-'B6#K%.F%%(#K'(E6)#ZK'6%#S:4N"#
BE#TS=:":U# JB7K8B'-# M'-)# B7F# 9B'..%(%E#47BB'-#'(E#:#81.8-(%E#57-,/7(.'B# -7BB#5'(EB%6# '.# 811%-#K7EG)# %D.-%N%BG# 9-'JN%(.'-G)# WWb)# 679.# 6%N,@47'-6%# B,J5.# -%EE,65@K-7F()# N8E6.7(%@.%N1%-%E)# F5%%B@9'65,7(%E#F,.5#-,BB,(J)#1B',()#%99%4.#79#K899#6B,1#^#9,-,(Jf#Z-,N#S;";@SS";4N"#TJ7%6#F,.5#B,E#BIU"#
B@#TSASU# N%E,8N@6,/%#M'-)#1-7K'KBG#JB7K8B'-#F,.5#5'(EB%6#7(#.5%#6578BE%-)#81.8-(%E# 57-,/7(.'B# -7BB# 5'(EB%)# &%-G# 9-'JN%(.'-G# @# 4"# W;#9-'JN%(.6)# N%E,8N@47'-6%# B,J5.# -%EE,65@K-7F()# N8E6.7(%@.%N1%-%E)# B,J5.# J-%G# 47-%)# F5%%BN'E%f# F,.5# -,BB,(J)# 177-BG#1-%6%-&%E#68-9'4%)#1766,KB%#.-'4%6#79#KB'4C#1',(.#'-78(E#.5%#K'6%#79#5'(EB%"#
BI#TS=:"SU# B,E)#9',(.BG#47(&%D)#F,.5#-7BB#5'(EB%)#47N1B%.%)#A#9-'JN%(.6)#47'-6%#K899# N8E6.7(%# .%N1%-%E# )# 5'(E@N'E%)# 1B',(# '(E# 8(6N77.5%E)#Z-,N#S:"?4N"#T,.#6%%N6#.7#J7#F,.5#BEU"#
BA#TSc;U# 4B76%E# &%66%B)# K'6%# 7(BG)# 4"# :;# 9-'JN%(.6)# 6%N,@47'-6%# J-%%(,65#K899# '(E#N8E6.7(%# .%N1%-%E)# 47,B@K8,B.# F,.5# 57-,/7(.'B# 1'-,(J)#O8,.%#.5,4C#F'BB6)#68-9'4%#47(4-%.%E)#ZK'6%#S;"?4N"#
##
##
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#2'#.1%&!1$3/!!BB# 79# .5%# 97BB7F,(J# '-%# 1B',()# .5,4C@F'BB%E# T;"A@;"=4NU)# '(E# F5%%B@9'65,7(%E#T79.%(#F,.5#47(4%(.-,4#6.-,'.,7(6#'.#K'6%U#BN#TSU# S;b)#:#M7,(,(J#-,N#9-'JN%(.6)#Z-,N#="?4N"#BD#TWU# 'BN76.# 47N1B%.%)# S?# 9-'JN%(.6)# N%E,8N@679.# 9,(%# 1'B%# K899)#
1-7K'KB%#47,B#6%'N#&,6,KB%)#[.#W"<4N)#Z-,N#="<4N)#ZK'6%#W"=4N"#FC#T=U# ?;b)# S:# (7(@M7,(,(J# '(E# ?# M7,(,(J)# 679.# 9,(%# K-7F(# K899)# ZK'6%#
W"A4N"#FB#TcU# ?;b)# A# M7,(,(J# 9-'JN%(.6# '(E# SS# (7()# 679.# 9,(%# 1'B%# K899)# [.#
W"c4N)#Z-,N#c4N)#ZK'6%#W"<4N"#FF#TSWU# =# -,N# 9-'JN%(.6)# (7# 1-79,B%# '(E# 9-'JN%(.'-G)# 6%N,@9,(%# B,J5.#
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FI#TSY"?U# AAb)# S# 1,%4%)# N%E,8N@679.# 6%N,@9,(%# B,J5.# K-7F(,65# K899# F,.5#61'-6%#N8E6.7(%#,(4B86,7(6)#[.#W"<4N)#Z-,N#c4N)#ZK'6%#W"c4N"#
FA#TSY"AU# ?;b)# =# 9-'JN%(.6)# 679.# 6%N,@9,(%# B,J5.# K-7F(# F,.5# 61'-6%#N8E6.7(%#,(4B86,7(6)#[.#W"c4N)#Z-,N#c4N)#ZK'6%#W"A4N"#
FN#TSY"=U# W;b)# Y# 9-'JN%(.6)# N%E,8N@679.# 6%N,@9,(%# B,J5.# K-7F(,65# K899#F,.5# 61'-6%#N8E6.7(%# ,(4B86,7(6)#[.# W"c4N)#Z-,N#c"S4N)#ZK'6%#W"=4N"#
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GC#TScU# 'BN76.# 47N1B%.%)# A# 9-'JN%(.6)# 9,(%# .7# 6%N,@9,(%# 1'B%# K899# F,.5#61'-6%#N8E6.7(%6)# .-'4%6# 79# 47,B# 6%'N6# &,6,KB%)# [.# Y";4N)# Z-,N#c";4N)#ZK'6%#Y"W4N"#
GB#T::U# AAb)#S;#9-'JN%(.6)#679.#9,(%#K899#T7-'(J%#'.#47-%U)#[.#W"A4N)#Z-,N#c"S4N)#ZK'6%#W"A4N"##
GF#TWYU# 47N1B%.%)# Y# 9-'JN%(.6)# N%E,8N@679.# 9,(%# 1'B%# K899# F,.5# 61'-6%#N8E6.7(%# ,(4B86,7(6)# 5,(.6# 79# 47,B# 6%'N6# 4B76%# .7# -,N)# [.# W"A@Y":4N)#Z-,N#="<4N)#ZK'6%#Y"S4N"#
GG#TW?U# c;b)# =# 9-'JN%(.6)# N%E,8N@679.# 9,(%# 1'B%# K899)# .-'4%6# 79# 47,B#6%'N6#&,6,KB%)#[.#W"A4N)#Z-,N#c";4N)#ZK'6%#Y";4N"#
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GI*TW<U# ?;b)#A#9-'JN%(.6)#9,(%#K899)#.-'4%6#79#47,B#6%'N6#&,6,KB%)#[.#Y";4N)#Z-,N#c";4N)#ZK'6%#Y"S4N"#
GA#TY;U# WWb)#c#9-'JN%(.6)#679.#9,(%#1'B%#7-'(J%#K899)#ZK'6%#Y";4N"#GN#TYSU# 47N1B%.%)# =# 9-'JN%(.6)# N%E,8N@5'-E# 9,(%# 1'B%# K899)# &%-G# 4B%'-#
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14 These techniques are explained in V. Roux and M.-A. Courty, ‘Identification of Wheel-fashioning Methods: Technological Analysis of 4th-3rd Millennium BC Oriental Ceramics’, Journal of Archaeological Science 25 (1998), 747-63. In a Cretan context, C. Knappett, 'Technological Innovation and Social Diversity at Middle Minoan Knossos', in W. Cavanagh and E. Hatzaki (eds.), Knossos: Palace, City, State (BSA Studies; London, in press).
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15 For Deposit ! (LM IA), see Kythera, 116, no. 31; for Deposit " (LM IA), Kythera, 122, no. 16; for Deposit µ (LM IB), Kythera, 130-1, no. 28; for Deposit # (LM IB), Kythera, 136, no. 29 Deposit $ (LM IB) – p.144, no. 90. 16 Kythera, 131. 17 Kythera, 285 (LM IA summary) and 294 (LM IB summary).
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18 e.g. Kythera, 243-4, 253, fig. 87, pl. 75. 19 Kythera, 294. 20 Some of the Cretan examples have pierced bases and thus were used as rhyta; those from Kythera do not possess this feature. Evans shows Cretan stemmed cups of both LM IA and LM IB date - A.J. Evans, The Palace of Minos at Knossos, IV, (London, 1935), 363-4, fig. 304. The one he illustrates as belonging to LM IA is actually from Palaikastro – see also R.C. Bosanquet and R.M. Dawkins, The Unpublished Objects from the Palaikastro Excavations 1902-1906, Part I, (BSA supp. Paper 1; London, 1923), pl. 17b. Indeed, the Palaikastro LM IA example (with typical LM IA decoration of medallion spirals) has a foot more like our 244 (the decoration of which we suppose to be LM IA), whereas Evans’ LM IB example (fig. 304c, in fact from Phaistos) resembles our 144 (which we suppose to be LM IB judging by its decoration) in its stem. 21 Kythera, 121. 22 Kythera, 293.
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23 see P.M. Warren, Minoan Stones Vases (Cambridge, 1969), 98: tankards = type 40. 24 Kythera, 245-246 (nos. 17-19). 25 Kythera, 234 (no. 7) and 236 (no. 26). 26 Kythera, 286. 27 The examples reported by Coldstream and Huxley come solely from deposits assigned to LM IA, with no mention of any continuation into LM IB. 28 e.g. Kythera, pl. 82, 8-9. 29 Kythera, 286. 30 The Cretan parallels referred to are from the Magazine of the Lily Vases in A.J. Evans, The Palace of Minos at Knossos, I (London, 1921), 577, fig. 421, 8; and from the House of the Sacrificed Oxen, A.J. Evans, The Palace of Minos at Knossos, II (London, 1928), 304, fig.176L. The Knossian parallels are very broad; they simply show that the general shape was known on Crete.
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31 Though the shape is not dissimilar to that of the silver cups from the Kastri settlement – Kythera, pls.59.23-4, 60.23-4. 32 Evans (n. 30), vol. II, 624, 637-644, figs. 402-3, 407, 409B; H. Matthäus, Die Bronzegefässe der kretisch-mykenisch Kultur (PBf II, 1, 1980). Matthäus has very useful information on ring-handled basins, which he terms Breitrandschalen, from all of the abovementioned contexts, such as Mycenae etc. His work supersedes to a large extent H. Catling, 1964 Cypriot Bronzework in the Mycenaean World, (1964), e.g. 174, form 10. 33 C. Doumas, 147, 151, pls. 111, 115; The Wall-paintings of Thera (Athens, 1992). 34 Kythera, 237, no. 31 (pl. 71). 35 Kythera, 237-238, nos. 28-38. 36 Kythera, 286. 37 Kythera, 294.
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38 Coldstream and Huxley (Kythera, 286) have the following to say about LM IA blossom bowls: “of peculiar interest are our local imitations of closed stone bowls. Serpentine blossom bowls, decorated with six lily petals in relief, were imported from Crete to Kythera (L 13-16); the closest – and perhaps therefore the earliest – of the clay imitations try to reproduce the heavy thick walls and the grey soapy surface of the originals (D 9-10, E 22). The others are made in the normal technique; yet when the lily petals are gouged out of the surface (E 20, J 16), the illusion of stone is still preserved. Latest, perhaps, are E 23-4, where the potters have resorted to a time-saving device in adding the petals by the appliqué technique; furthermore, the collar and disc foot are foreign to the serpentine prototype.” 39 Warren (n. 23), 14-17. 40 Further discussion of the ceramic skeuomorphs of stone vessels on Kythera can be found in A.H. Bevan, ‘Value Regimes in the Eastern Mediterranean Bronze Age: A Study Through Stone Vessels’ (unpublished PhD diss., UCL 2001), 235-6. 41 Kythera, 287. 42 Coldstream and Huxley contrast it to the ‘high-spouted jug’, a feature of both MM IIIB and LM IB but not LM IA, and a shape that might more commonly be dubbed ‘beaked jug’ or ‘jug with cutaway spout’. 43 Particularly close is no. 59 from Tomb E (Kythera, pl. 79). Vessel dimensions are also informative: in height the 12 examples published by Coldstream and Huxley vary between 16.5-21.4cm, Drim 12-15.6cm, and Dbase 6-11cm. The two published here have heights of 20.1 and 22.2cm, Drim of 13.5 and 14.5cm, and Dbase of 10 and 10.8cm. They thus fall substantially within the very same size range. Moreover, they also have rather elliptical rims, a feature of at least two of those published in 1972.
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44 No. 151 does not have any neck or rim, but it seems rather certain to be a ewer due to its body form (FIG.16). 45 Kythera, pl. 72: 61, 63. 46 Kythera, 287. 47 No. 44 from Tomb D - Ht 32cm, Drim 12cm, Dbase 6cm. No. 149 from feature 5 – Ht 32cm, Drim 11.5cm, Dbase 9.3cm. 48 Kythera, no. 43, on p. 248-9, and pl. 77, fig. 89.
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49 E. Kiriatzi, 'Sherds, fabrics and clay sources: reconstructing the ceramic landscapes of prehistoric Kythera', paper to be presented at METRON conference, University of Yale, New Haven, April 2002. 50 See pottery from Kastri Deposit !: Kythera, 75-83. 51 Kythera, 93, and pl. 21, nos. 25-29.
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52 This material and its implications will be returned to in further study of the surface material of Kastri. 53 Although this fabric is used for braziers and lamps found in tombs at Kastri, these shapes cannot be confirmed at Tholos, and certainly not in this fabric. 54 Additional evidence of possible interspersed tombs and settlement on Kythera will be provided by the publication of the KIP survey data.
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55 especially Tomb E: Kythera, 223. 56 G. Cadogan, ‘Pyrgos, Crete, 1970-7’, Archaeological Reports (1977-78), 70-84. See figs. 5 and 8, and p.73: “the LM I offerings of Pyrgos IV had been placed on the upper floor and eventually tumbled down over the burials below”. 57 Y. and E. Sakellarakis, Archanes: Minoan Crete in a New Light (Athens, 1997), 223-29. Building 4 is within the Phourni cemetery but was not used for burial. In this, and in the fact that it was in large part devoted to craft activities, it differs somewhat from the other contexts discussed here. 58 Note the possible brazier in feature 5 and a possible alabastron in feature 21. 59 This is based on the known heights of chambers in the 1960s tombs (1-1.6m) and the (at least) 20-30cm of bedrock on top of them.
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60 The Palaiopolis area was brought under more intensive cultivation by the inhabitants of several inland villages from c. 1800 AD - see Leontsinis (n. 8), 36, 204, 61 C. Frederick and A. Krahtopoulou pers. comm. Changes to the coastline around Kastri are part of an ongoing geoarchaeological study (as part of KIP) to be published elsewhere. 62 Kythera, figs. 2-3. 63 These have been documented by L. Preston and are part of a wider study of the Kytheran funerary landscape (as part of KIP) to be published elsewhere.
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64 For the Protopalatial, see J.A. MacGillivray, Knossos: Pottery Groups of the Old Palace Period (BSA Studies 5; London, 1998). For the Neopalatial, and particularly MM III, see M.S.F. Hood, ‘Back to Basics with Middle Minoan IIIB’, in D. Evely, I. Lemos and S. Sherratt (eds.) Minotaur and Centaur. Studies in the archaeology of Crete and Euboea presented to Mervyn Popham (BAR Int.Series 638; Oxford, 1996), 10-16. Also, A. van de Moortel, The Transition from the Protopalatial to the Neopalatial Society in South-Central Crete: A Ceramic Perspective (Diss. Bryn Mawr College, 1997). 65 Hood (n. 64); van de Moortel (n. 64); also C. Knappett and T.F. Cunningham, ‘Three Neopalatial Deposits from Palaikastro, East Crete’, (BSA, forthcoming). 66 Although of course the settlement at Kastri does see significant changes between LM IA and IB, notably in the importation of finewares from Crete. 67 J. Driessen and C. Macdonald, The Troubled Island. Minoan Crete Before and After the Santorini Eruption, (Aegaeum 17; Liège, 1997).
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68 Kythera, 220-26. 69 Kythera, 223, fig.74. Note that the pebble deposit is described as ‘much disturbed’ and is portrayed as one or two discrete concentrations (50+cm across which is roughly the size of the Tholos patches) in the section drawing, so these may also have been isolated pebbled zones within the chamber. 70 Kythera, pl. 65d. 71 e.g. Kythera – silver cups: pls. 59: 23-4, 60: 23-4; stone vessels: pls. 61: 37; 62: 6, 62, 152, 154, 346, 348; 69: 39; 82: 8, 9, 11; 83: 6-7, 13-16.
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72 E.J. Forsdyke, ‘The Mavrospelio Cemetery at Knossos’, BSA 28 (1926-7), 243-96. 73 N. Dimopoulou, ‘The Neopalatial Cemetery of the Knossian Harbour-Town at Poros: Mortuary Behaviour and Social Ranking,’ in I. Kilian-Dirlmeier (ed.), Eliten in der Bronzezeit (Bonn, 1999), 27-36. She notes the “overall similarities with the Kythera tombs with multiple chambers” (p. 28), as well as the ubiquity of the conical cup in the Poros tombs (p. 29). 74 For an important recent discussion, see L. Preston, ‘A Mortuary Approach to Cultural Interaction and Political Dynamics in Late Minoan II-IIIB’ (unpublished PhD diss., UCL 2001), chapter 3.
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