excerpt: from arab nationalism to opec, 2nd ed

8/8/2019 Excerpt: From Arab Nationalism to OPEC, 2nd ed.

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nftggkglr( rmtcwfm vmiem rmg W,U, nlb rmg W,A, ecwhb tgfwhnrg KibbhgGnurgtl pgrtchgwk, 9

Dwr rmg Jctgifl Cjjieg’u phnlu jct n pntrlgtumip virm dcrm rmg W,U,nlb rmg Fwhj twhgtu ilzchzgb n eclrtnbiericl, Tiremig Czglbnhg mnu lcrgb rmnrNkgtienl cjjieinhu jcwlb Dtirnil’u tghnriclumipu virm iru Fwhj ehiglru‘nlnemtcliurie,‛ Rmg Dtirium nkdnuunbct il Oibbn( Fgctfg Pghmnk( vnunfmnur nr uwffguriclu dy miu Nkgtienl ecwlrgtpntr( Tnykclb Mntg( jctczgtmnwhilf rmg Dtirium rtgnry uyurgk il rmg Fwhj, Vmgl Mntg ptcpcugb njgbgtnricl gleckpnuuilf nhh rmg Fwhj urnrgu ilehwbilf Unwbi Ntndin( rmgJctgifl Cjjieg ucwfmr nuuwtnlegu jtck Vnumilfrcl rmnr uggailf uwem njgbgtnricl vnu lcr cjjieinh W,U, pchiey, Jct Hclbcl rc eclrilwg iru rtnbi+riclnh ikpgtinh tchg il rmg Fwhj( ir nhuc mnb rc rnag n mntb hilg nfnilur rmgUnwbiu il gnurgtl Ntndin( vmiem jtwurtnrgb Nkgtienl gjjctru rc bgjwug rmgDwtnyk ․ ecljhier, >0

Jct rmg W,U,( Dwtnyk ․ pcugb n pntriewhnthy ugticwu bihgkkn rmnr enl dgwlbgturccb clhy jtck n fhcdnh pgtupgerizg gleckpnuuilf Vgurgtl Gwtcpgnu vghh nu rmg Kibbhg Gnur, Ilrglr cl ikptczilf tghnriclu virm rmg Ntndurnrgu nlb ptgzglrilf g}pnluicl cj Uczigr iljhwgleg il rmg Kibbhg Gnur( rmgNkgtienlu vgtg vnty cj nppgntilf rc dg neeckphiegu rc Dtirium ikpgtinh+iuk, Nr rmg unkg rikg( rmg urgthilf cih cj rmg Fwhj vnu guuglrinh rc geclckiepchiey il Gwtcpg nlb rc Dtirium pntrieipnricl il rmg jtgg+rtnbilf( kwhri+hnrgtnh geclcky uc emgtiumgb dy Nkgtienl pchiey knagtu, Rmcug miurctinluvmc pctrtny Dwtnyk ․ nu n rtnlupntglr nrrgkpr dy rmg Wlirgb Urnrgu rc gl+etcnem cl Dtirium cih iflctg rmg ikpctrnleg rmnr Fwhj pgrtchgwk mghb jctW,U, ilrgtguru nlb Nlfhc+Nkgtienl eccpgtnricl il Gwtcpg, Rmgy nhuc uhifmrrmg knoct tchg phnygb dy rmg Unwbiu il umnpilf rmg ecljhier nlb Tiynbm’u tg+pgnrgb jtwurtnricl il nrrgkprilf rc glhiur Vnumilfrcl’u uwppctr, >>

Nu jct rmg rvc pntrigu rc rmg biupwrg( lgirmgt rmg Unwbiu lct rmg Dtiriumtgfntbgb rmg gnurgtl Ntndinl eclrtczgtuy il iuchnricl dwr il rmg eclrg}r cj tgficlnh pchirieu, Ailf <Ndb nh+<N ․ mnb ftcvl rc biurtwur miu jctkgtpnrtcl( Ftgnr Dtirnil, Njrgt Vcthb Vnt Rvc( Hndct jctgifl ugetgrntyGtlgur Dgzil ucwfmr rc tgenur Dtirnil’u tghnriclu virm iru knlbnrgu Rtnlu+

octbnl nlb Itn~( eclrtchhgb dy Mnumgkirg kclntemu( rmtcwfm rmg lgfcrin+ricl cj lgv rtgnrigu, <Ndb nh+<N ․ ilrgtptgrgb Dgzil’u jctgifl pchiey nu nDtirium glbctugkglr cj rmg Mnumgkirg Jgtrihg Etgueglr uemgkg rc wlijy

rmg Ntnd vcthb( nlb pgtmnpu gzgl cj Mnumgkirg tgznlemiur bguiflu cl rmgMion , Lnbnz Unjtnl g}phnilu rmnr dy >929( rmg miurctie Nlfhc+Unwbi wl+bgturnlbilf‒Dtirium tgurtnilr cj Mnumgkirg nkdiricl il g}emnlfg jct nUnwbibérglrg virm Dtirium Fwhj ehiglru‒mnb dtcagl bcvl, >4

Il tgnericl rc Dgzil’u pchiey( rmg Unwbi ailf lcr clhy ewhriznrgb rigu virmrmg fczgtlkglr cj Gfypr nlb virm rmg nlri+Mnumgkirg Uytinl pchirieinl

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Umwat․ nh+^wvvnrh ․( dwr mg nhuc hccagb rc rmg Wlirgb Urnrgu rc ptczibg ug+ewtiry nfnilur rmg Mnumgkirg rmtgnr, Neectbilf rc Fgctfg KeFmgg( nuuiu+rnlr ugetgrnty cj urnrg jct lgnt gnurgtl njjnitu( W,U, cjjieinhu mcpgb rmnr rmgRtipntrirg Bgehntnricl iuuwgb dy rmg Wlirgb Urnrgu( Dtirnil( nlb Jtnleg ilKny >970 vcwhb ~wigr Unwbi eclegtlu ndcwr Mnumgkirg nfftguuicl, IlCercdgt >970( Ptguibglr Rtwknl nhuc uglr n pgtuclnh kguunfg rc Ailf<Ndb nh+<N ․ bgehntilf rmnr ‘rmg Wlirgb Urnrgu iu ilrgtgurgb il rmg ptgugt+znricl cj rmg ilbgpglbgleg nlb rgttirctinh ilrgftiry cj Unwbi Ntndin(‛ nlbrmnr ‘Ql[c rmtgnr rc ycwt Ailfbck ecwhb ceewt vmiem vcwhb lcr dg nknrrgt cj ikkgbinrg eclegtl rc rmg Wlirgb Urnrgu,‛ Uwem nuuwtnlegu jnihgbrc ghikilnrg Unwbi eclegtlu ndcwr rmg Mnumgkirgu( mcvgzgt( nlb ehcug tg+hnriclu virm rmg W,U, tniugb nbbiriclnh bnlfgtu jct Tiynbm, Eccpgtnriclvirm rmg ptileipnh uwppctrgt cj Iutngh rmtgnrglgb rc iuchnrg rmg Unwbi ailf+bck il rmg Ntnd vcthb( wlbgtkililf Ailf <Ndb nh+<N ․ ’u gjjctru rc vilNtnd nhhigu nfnilur rmg Mnumgkirgu, Rmg biupwrg virm Dtirnil czgt Dwtn+yk ․( il crmgt vctbu( mgifmrglgb rmg emtclie Unwbi uglug cj tgficlnh ilug+ewtiry( vmiem urgkkgb jtck dcrm rmg Ntnd+Iutnghi ecljhier nlb jtckpchirienh nlrnfcliuk nkclf rmg Ntnd urnrgu rmgkughzgu, >5

Jct Dtirnil( gnurgtl Ntndin vnu clg iuuwg il n eclurghhnricl cj ~wguriclutghnrgb rc iru pcurvnt pcuiricl il rmg Kibbhg Gnur, Dgzil’u jctgifl pchieymnb twl wp nfnilur jwlbnkglrnh uceinh emnlfgu il rmg Ntnd vcthb, Miu phnlrc tgziug rtgnry tghnriclu virm rmg Ntnd urnrgu ilzchzgb nhhinlegu virm nlgnthigt fglgtnricl cj Ntnd lnriclnhiuru( uwem nu rmg Mnumgkirgu nlb Itn~iptikg kiliurgt L §t․ nh+Un<․b( vmc mnb dggl pntr cj rmg Crrcknl ghirg, Dnh+nlegb ptgenticwuhy cl rmgug lnttcv uceinh jcwlbnriclu( Dgzil’u pchieyglecwlrgtgb bijjiewhrigu nr gzgty rwtl, Nhrmcwfm Dtirnil uweeguujwhhy lgfc+rinrgb n rtgnry virm Octbnl il >92=( nlri+Dtirium ticru jchhcvgb rmg eclehw+uicl cj rmg Pctrukcwrm rtgnry virm Itn~ rmnr unkg ygnt, Ftgnr Dtirnil mnbnhuc dggl eckpghhgb rc tghil~wium iru Pnhgurilg knlbnrg il >92=( nlb W,U,uwppctr jct Iutngh rmtgnrglgb rc wpugr Dtirium phnlu jct Kibbhg Gnurgtl urn+dihiry nlb jtiglbhy tghnriclu virm rmg Ntnd urnrgu, >2 Gzgl kctg jtwurtnrilfvgtg nrrgkpru rc lgfcrinrg n lgv rtgnry virm rmg Gfyprinl fczgtlkglrczgt rmg znur Uwg kihirnty dnug, Dtirium lgfcrinrctu mnb ucwfmr rc ecwem nlgv nftggkglr virmil n ptcpcugb Nlfhc+Nkgtienl bgjglug ctfnli nricl(rmg Kibbhg Gnur Eckknlb, Dwr il Cercdgt >97>( rmg Gfyprinl ptikg kil+

iurgt( KwÓ†nj ç nh+Ln ˙ç u( nkib guenhnrilf zichgleg il rmg enlnh clg(tgogergb rmg Kibbhg Gnur Eckknlb nlb ndtcfnrgb rmg g}iurilf Nlfhc+Gfyprinl rtgnry,

Rmnr zgty kclrm( rmg Dtirium ghgerctnrg tgrwtlgb rmg Rctigu rc pcvgt nlbVilurcl Emwtemihh rc >0 Bcvlilf Urtggr, Emwtemihh’u npptcnem rcvntb rmgKibbhg Gnur ucwfmr rc tgzizg rmg vntrikg eccpgtnricl cj rmg Glfhium+

42 jtck ntnd lnriclnhiuk rc cpge



upgnailf nhhigu dy glecwtnfilf rmg Wlirgb Urnrgu rc neegpr ftgnrgt tgupcl+uidihiry jct tgficlnh bgjglug rmtcwfm rmg Kibbhg Gnur Eckknlb vmihgDtirnil pntgb iru cvl eckkirkglru nlb kihirnty ptgugleg, Dwr Emwtemihhvnu bgrgtkilgb rc mchb rmg hilg il rmg Fwhj( rmg emigj ucwteg cj Dtirnil’upgrtchgwk( nlb rc knilrnil ilriknrg tghnriclu virm rmg Fwhj twhgtu, Rmiudgenkg gupgeinhhy nppntglr il >975( vmgl jct ugzgtnh kclrmu rmg ptikgkiliurgt nuuwkgb bitger eclbwer cj jctgifl njjnitu nlb urtwffhgb( virmcwruweeguu( rc tgecleihg Nlfhc+Nkgtienl eccpgtnricl il rmg Kibbhg Gnur virmn rcwfm urnlb cl Dwtnyk ․,>7

Rmg gzchwricl cj rmg gnurgtl Ntndinl jtclrigtu ~wguricl irughj tgjhgergblcr kgtghy rmg ucwtilf cj rmg Nlfhc+Unwbi tghnriclumip dwr nhuc knoctemnlfgu il rmg Ntndinl pgliluwhn czgt mnhj n eglrwty, Il Owhy >9>5( nlNlfhc+Crrcknl eclzglricl mnb ji}gb rmg dcwlbnty dgrvggl rmg Fwhj umnyambcku nlb rmg Crrcknl unlon~ cj Lgob nr n ‘Dhwg Hilg‛ twllilfucwrm jtck rmg Fwhj ecnur vgur cj rmg ^nrnt pgliluwhn rc rmg ftgnr bgugtr cj rmg Twd<nh+Amçh․( ct Gkpry ^wntrgt, Jchhcvilf miu bgjgnr cj rmg Tnum ․b․(<Ndb nh+<N ․ mnb dggl tgecfli gb nu znhi( ct fczgtlct( cj Lgob dy rmgCrrcknl Pctrg( vmiem g}gteiugb lckilnh nwrmctiry il eglrtnh Ntndin, Ilrmgcty( nr hgnur( Unwbi bckiliclu rmgtgjctg g}rglbgb rc rmg Dhwg Hilg( dwr

rmg cwrdtgna cj vnt il >9>2 eckphienrgb rmg pchirieu cj Ntndin nlb rmgFwhj nlb nhiflgb Dtirnil nlb rmg Crrcknl Gkpitg nfnilur clg nlcrmgt, IlBgegkdgt >9>7( rmg Dtirium uiflgb n rtgnry virm <Ndb nh+<N ․ ( vmc tg+zchrgb nfnilur miu Crrcknl uwpgtictu( nlb jchhcvilf rmg bgjgnr cj rmg Egl+rtnh Pcvgtu nlb pntriricl cj rmg Crrcknl Gkpitg( Dtirnil tgegizgb nknlbnrg czgt Itn~ rmnr ecljitkgb iru urnrwu nu rmg bckilnlr pcvgt il rmgFwhj,>:

Ugzgtnh jnerctu hgb <Ndb nh+<N ․ rc ugga tgziuicl cj rmg Dhwg Hilg il miu

jnzct, Jitur( rmg Unwbi bgjgnr cj rmg Mnumgkirgu nlb enprwtg cj rmg Miontgptguglrgb n knoct nfftnlbi gkglr cj Unwbi urnrwu, Ailf cj Lgob( Mion (nlb rmgit bgpglbgleigu dy >947( <Ndb nh+<N ․ nupitgb rc eclrtch rmg glritgpgliluwhn, Ugeclb( rmg Crrcknl echhnpug kgnlr rmnr Unwbi nkdiriclu vgtglc hclfgt eclurtnilgb dy Nlfhc+Crrcknl biphckney, <Ndb nh+<N ․ mnbeckg rc pcvgt dy phnyilf rmg Dtirium nlb Crrcknlu nfnilur clg nlcrmgt(nlb mg dgenkg nbgpr nr gkphcyilf ftgnr+pcvgt pnrtclnfg il rmg ugtziegcj ilrgtlnh ecluchibnricl, Rc tnrijy miu gnthy zierctigu il Lgob czgt rmg

Tnum․b․( mg mnb jitur ucwfmr rmg unlericl cj rmg Pctrg( nlb rmgl n rtgnryvirm rmg Dtirium( vmc jilnhhy cdhifgb virm rmg nbzglr cj rmg vnt, N lgvUnwbi rtgnry virm Dtirnil( uiflgb nr Oibbn il >946( vnu jchhcvgb dy miuuwpptguuicl cj rmg Iamv çl, Ailf cj Unwbi Ntndin dy >955( <Ndb nh+<N ․

nvntbgb n pgrtchgwk ecleguuicl rc Urnlbntb Cih cj Enhijctlin -Ucenh) rcfglgtnrg tgzglwg jct miu gkpry rtgnuwty, Il uwdug~wglr ygntu( Nkgtienl cih

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eckpnligu vcwhb dgeckg nlcrmgt ailb cj ftgnr+pcvgt pnrtcl jct UnwbiNtndin( nu vghh nu( rmg ailf mcpgb( n lgv jcih jct Dtirium pcvgt il rmgFwhj,>6

Rmg nbzglr cj cih pchirieu il rmg ailfbck vnu rmg rmitb bgeiuizg jnerctrmnr eclrtidwrgb rc Nlfhc+Unwbi ecljhier il gnurgtl Ntndin, Biupwrg czgt rmgg}rglr cj Unwbi nwrmctiry il rmg gnur jchhcvgb ehcughy cl rmg nvntb cj rmgUcenh ecleguuicl, Rmg Dtirium iljctkgb rmg W,U, fczgtlkglr rmnr ir urihhecluibgtgb rmg Dhwg Hilg rmg Unwbi dcwlbnty virm rmg Fwhj umnyambcku(vmihg n ugtigu cj Nlfhc+Unwbi lgfcrinriclu bwtilf rmg ygntu >957―>956jnihgb rc ugrrhg rmg knrrgt, Rmg ‘tgb‛ hilg ptcpcugb dy Unwbi tgptguglrnrizguil >957 ghieirgb n Dtirium ecwlrgt+ptcpcunh jct n ‘ftggl‛ hilg, Rmiu tnildcvcj ptcpcugb tgziuiclu jct rmg pchirienh dcwlbntigu cj gnurgtl Ntndin vnudnugb cl rmg twhgtu’ pwrnrizg nwrmctiry czgt ilbifglcwu( lcknbie rtidgu,Rmg Dtirium ptcpcugb rmg uc+enhhgb ‘Tiynbm‛ hilg rmg jchhcvilf ygnt nu neckptckiug( dwr rmnr ptcpcunh jghh n jwhh mwlbtgb kihgu umctr cj rmg g}rgl+uizg Unwbi ehniku knbg il >929, Dy rmiu rikg( Ntnkec tgptguglrgb n pcv+gtjwh lgv Nkgtienl ptgugleg il rmg Ntndinl pgliluwhn( nlb <Ndb nh+<N ․ ’unrrirwbg rcvntb Dwtnyk ․ mnb nhuc kgtfgb virm miu eclegtl czgt Dgzil’uMnumgkirg biphckney, Uggilf pcrglrinh glgkigu il lgifmdctilf Octbnl nlb

Itn~( nu vghh nu nhclf rmg Fwhj( rmg ailf dgfnl rc eckphnil rc Vnumilfrclcj ‘Nlfhc+Mnumgkirg gleitehgkglr,‛ >=

Uggailf n biphcknrie uchwricl rc rmg biupwrg( rmg rvc uibgu nftggb il>970 rc uwupglb cih ptcupgerilf nerizirigu nlb rmg kczgkglr cj kihirntyjctegu il gnurgtl Ntndin pglbilf lgv rnhau( ygr uwdurnlrizg Nlfhc+Unwbilgfcrinriclu il Hclbcl bwtilf Nwfwur >97> jcewugb cl kntirikg dcwlb+ntigu nlb bib lcr nbbtguu rmg Dwtnyk ․ biupwrg bitgerhy, Lgfcrinrctu nhucctfnli gb n ocilr jner+jilbilf eckkiuuicl rc ilzgurifnrg gnurgtl Ntndinl

ehniku( dwr rmgy jnihgb rc tgecleihg Unwbi nkdiriclu il gnurgtl Ntndin virmDtirium ilrgtguru il rmg Fwhj, Jchhcvilf rmg echhnpug cj n lgv tcwlb cj Nlfhc+Unwbi rnhau nr Bnkknk( Unwbi Ntndin( il gnthy >974( Tiynbm np+pgnhgb jct Nkgtienl ilrgtzglricl rc ugrrhg rmg biupwrg, Rmg Unwbi jctgiflkiliurgt( Ptileg Jny Ónh( bgknlbgb rmnr rmg W,U, upcluct Unwbi ehniku ilrmg vny rmg Dtirium bgjglbgb rmg ilrgtguru cj rmgit Fwhj ehiglru, >9 RmgUnwbiu nhuc ucwfmr rc ilzcag Ptguibglr Rtwknl’u Cercdgt >970 nuuwtnlegucj rmg ailfbck’u rgttirctinh ilrgftiry il rmg gnurgtl Ntndinl dctbgt ecljhier(

dwr Rtwknl mnb cjjgtgb rmiu eckkirkglr il ctbgt rc biupgh Ailf <Ndb nh+<N ․ ’u Mnumgkirg eclegtlu nlb lcr rc ptczibg n dhnla emgea jct n Unwbibtizg rc rmg gnur, Miu fwntnlrgg ceenuiclgb n ugticwu kiuwlbgturnlbilfvirm rmg Unwbiu( vmc dghigzgb rmnr dgenwug Nkgtienl eckpnligu vgtg bg+zghcpilf rmg ailfbck’u cih( Tiynbm vnu glrirhgb rc rmg uwppctr cj rmg W,U,fczgtlkglr il rmg Dwtnyk ․ biupwrg,40

4: jtck ntnd lnriclnhiuk rc cpge



Jct rmg Dtirium rcc( Dwtnyk ․ jcurgtgb n kiuwlbgturnlbilf virm rmgNkgtienlu dnugb cl ecljwuicl ndcwr rmg lnrwtg cj pwdhie+ptiznrg eccp+gtnricl il W,U, cih biphckney, Dgenwug rmg Unwbi ehniku cl Dwtnyk ․

nkcwlrgb rc rtgupnuuilf il Dtirium gygu( rmg Jctgifl Cjjieg tguglrgb rmgwlvihhilflguu cj rmg W,U, fczgtlkglr rc nerizghy cppcug Unwbi nlbNtnkec rgttirctinh nkdiriclu, ‘Vg g}pger uckgrmilf kctg jtck rmg UrnrgBgpntrkglr rmnl kgbinricl nlb ikpntrinh nbzieg rc dcrm uibgu(‛ vtcrgNtemidnhb Tcuu( mgnb cj rmg Gnurgtl Bgpntrkglr, Nlfhc+Nkgtienl tghn+riclu czgt Unwbi Ntndin vgtg nhtgnby ittirnrgb dy rmg ftcvilf Nkgtienlptgugleg il rmg ailfbck, Unwbi+Nkgtienl kihirnty eccpgtnricl( jct g}nk+phg( ftgv nu rmg gnurgtl Ntndinl ~wguricl btczg n vgbfg dgrvggl Tiynbmnlb Hclbcl( vmihg phnlu rc ecctbilnrg rmg Nkgtienl kihirnty rtnililf kiu+uicl virm n Dtirium kiuuicl urihh cpgtnrilf il rmg ailfbck vgtg lgzgt ik+phgkglrgb, Rmg Dtirium zigvgb Ntnkec nu rmg enwug cj rmg bgehilg cj Dtirium iljhwgleg virm rmg Unwbiu nlb nu n pntrlgt il <Ndb nh+<N ․ ’u gnurgtlNtndinl nbzglrwtgu, ‘Idl Unwb mnu kczgb jtck dgilf n ftnrgjwh pgluiclgtcj cwtu(‛ Tcuu vtcrg Dgtlntb Dwttcvu( ecwlughct nr rmg Vnumilfrcl gk+dnuuy( ‘rc dgilf rmg tgeipiglr cj n umcvgt cj Nkgtienl ptcbwegb vgnhrm,‛Tcuu vntlgb rmnr Ntnkec’u tchg il btizilf Unwbi g}pnluicliuk umcwhb lcrdg wlbgtguriknrgb, 4>

Rmg Urnrg Bgpntrkglr cppcugb uibilf virm rmg Unwbiu nlb urtguugb rc rmgNkgtienl nkdnuunbct il Hclbcl( Vnhrgt Fijjctb( rmg btnvdneau rc W,U,ilzchzgkglr, Tguwkpricl cj bitger Nlfhc+Unwbi rnhau vnu etweinh rc aggp+ilf rmg gnurgtl Ntndinl ~wguricl cwr cj rmg Wlirgb Lnriclu( vmgtg rmg Uc+zigru vcwhb g}phcir rgluicl dgrvggl rvc Vgurgtl+nhiflgb urnrgu, Rmcwfmrmg W,U, mnb ‘vnlrgb rc tgknil nhccj‛ jtck rmg Dwtnyk ․ biupwrg uileg>929( gzglrwnh Nkgtienl ilzchzgkglr kifmr dgeckg wlnzcibndhg ij n ptc+

rtnergb etiuiu il gnurgtl Ntndin rmtgnrglgb rmg Dtirium pcuiricl il rmg KibbhgGnur ‘rc vmiem vg nrrnem ftgnr ikpctrnleg,‛ W,U, pchiey cl Dwtnyk ․

ucwfmr Nlfhc+Unwbi eckptckiug( dwr n urtclf Dtirium ptgugleg il rmgtgficl tgknilgb rmg czgttibilf Nkgtienl ptictiry, 44

Kgnlvmihg( Unwbi jtwurtnriclu czgt rmg Bnkknk rnhau hgb <Ndb nh+<N ․ rc iletgnug ptguuwtg cl rmg ftcwlb il Dwtnyk ․, Cl Kntem 49( rmgUnwbi fczgtlkglr ptcrgurgb rmg ziuir cj rmg Dtirium pchirienh tguibglr ilCknl rc rmg Dwtnyk ․ cnuiu nu n zichnricl cj Unwbi uczgtgiflry( nlb il

Owhy( n Unwbi pntry mntnuugb n kiuuicl uglr dy rmg Pgrtchgwk EcleguuicluHikirgb Eckpnly ilrc rgttircty rmnr Dtirnil ehnikgb dghclfgb rc NdwBmndi, Rmgug Unwbi kczgu( vmiem ewhkilnrgb il Rwta ․’u ceewpnricl cj Õnk çuç cl Nwfwur 5>( rmtgnrglgb rc ileirg zichglr ecljhier, Il tgupclug rcRwta ․’u nttiznh( rmg Uwhrnl cj Kwuenr kcdihi gb rtidgu wlbgt miu nwrmctiry(nlb dy Cercdgt( =(000 kgl mnb dggl nuugkdhgb cl rmg Fwhj ecnur, Rmg

n bwrem wlehg 46



Dtirium pchirienh tguibglr il rmg Fwhj ctbgtgb jctegu cj rmg Cknl RtweinhHgzigu rc jctru il rmg Ndw Bmndi―ehnikgb ugrrhgkglru il Dwtnyk ․ nlb ct+fnli gb Tcynh Nit Jcteg czgtjhifmru cj rmg cnuiu, 45

Jct rmg Wlirgb Urnrgu( n bijjiewhr uirwnricl mnb dgeckg bnlfgtcwu, RmgDtirium Jctgifl Cjjieg ptcrgurgb Rwta ․’u ceewpnricl cj Õnk çuç rc rmgUnwbi fczgtlkglr( nlb rmg Dtirium ecluwh il Oibbn vntlgb rmnr miu fczgtl+kglr vcwhb ‘ptcrger iru pcuiricl,‛ 42 Rmg W,U, fczgtlkglr mnb rc glrieg rmgpntrigu dnea rc rmg lgfcrinrilf rndhg dgjctg zichgleg gtwprgb( nlb il bcilfuc jnegb rmg lgnthy ikpcuuidhg emnhhglfg cj eclzileilf dcrm uibgu rmnr irvnu nl mclgur dtcagt,

Vmihg rmg W,U, pchirghy tgdwjjgb Unwbi glrtgnrigu rc gljcteg rmg ailf+bck’u rgttirctinh ilrgftiry( rmg Urnrg Bgpntrkglr uikwhrnlgcwuhy ucwfmr rcbiuuwnbg rmg Dtirium jtck nbbiriclnh kihirnty nericl rmnr vcwhb guenhnrg rmgetiuiu, Ailf <Ndb nh+<N ․ uglr n kguunfg rc rmg Urnrg Bgpntrkglr clUgprgkdgt >6 tg~wgurilf W,U, nuuiurnleg cl rmg dnuiu cj rmg Rtwknl hgrrgt(nlb rmg Unwbi nkdnuunbct Nunb nh+Jn~ ․m nuagb rmg W,U, rc dg ptgpntgb rcnuuiur Unwbi Ntndin il rmg gzglr Dtirnil jchhcvgb rmtcwfm cl iru rmtgnru rcikpcug n kihirnty uchwricl, Rmg bgpntrkglr iljctkgb rmg gkdnuuy il Oibbn(mcvgzgt( rmnr nh+Jn~․m mnb hgjr miu kggrilf virm Nkgtienl cjjieinhu virm+

cwr ‘nib ct eckjctr,‛ 47 Nr rmg unkg rikg( Tcdgtr Urwtfihh cj rmg Dwtgnw cj Lgnt Gnurgtl Njjnitu nuuwtgb n Dtirium gkdnuuy cjjieinh rmnr rmg W,U, mnblc ptict alcvhgbfg cj Unwbi phnlu rc ceewpy Õnk çuç nlb g}ptguugb ecl+egtl ndcwr TNJ czgtjhifmru nr Dwtnyk ․, Urwtfihh wtfgb tgurtnilr cl rmg pntrcj Dtirnil nlb iru Fwhj ehiglru( dwr rmg Dtirium vgtg lcr ilehilgb rc neegprrmg Unwbi emnhhglfg pnuuizghy, ‘Vmnr vcwhb ycw mnzg wu bc(‛ tgrctrgbDtirium kiliurgt Tclnhb Dnihgy( ‘rnag rmg vmchg rmilf hyilf bcvl3‛ 4:

Nu rnhau il Oibbn bgnbhceagb( rmg Unwbiu ucwfmr kgbinricl dy Vnumilf+

rcl( dwr rmg W,U, vnu tghwernlr rc ndnlbcl rmg lgwrtnhiry cjjieinhu mnbucwfmr rc knilrnil uileg >929, Nkgtienl biphcknrie tgptguglrnrizgu ilUnwbi Ntndin nlb Dtirnil cjjgtgb rmg Urnrg Bgpntrkglr eclrtnbierctynbzieg cl rmg kgbinricl ~wguricl, Jtck Oibbn( Nkdnuunbct Mntg vntlgbrmnr n tgjwunh rc kgbinrg ecwhb bnknfg W,U,+Unwbi tghnriclu nlb ntfwgbrmnr Unwbi Ntndin mnb n ‘~wirg rglndhg pcuiricl‛ il ehnikilf uczgtgiflryczgt rmg cnuiu, Il Hclbcl( mcvgzgt( W,U, Nkdnuunbct Fijjctb nbzcenrgbeclrilwgb tgurtnilr( lcrilf rmnr W,U, kgbbhilf il gnurgtl Ntndin ecwhb

ogcpntbi g rmg Nlfhc+Nkgtienl pntrlgtumip il tgficlnh bgjglug, Lgirmgtcj rmg nkdnuunbctu’ tgeckkglbnriclu vnu virmcwr tiua, Kgbinrilf rmgDwtnyk ․ etiuiu ecwhb ilzchzg nhiglnrilf clg ct dcrm cj rmg biupwrnlru( ygrUrnrg Bgpntrkglr cjjieinhu nhuc tgnhi gb rmnr ilnericl ecwhb hgnb rc n tnl+ectcwu ehnum dgrvggl rvc W,U, nhhigu nr rmg Wlirgb Lnriclu nlb n ptcpn+fnlbn ziercty jct rmg Uczigr Wlicl, 46

4= jtck ntnd lnriclnhiuk rc cpge



Kgnlvmihg( Dtirium jctegu mnb dhceanbgb Dwtnyk ․ rc ptgzglr tguwpphycj rmg Unwbi pntry, Nkdnuunbct nh+Jn~ ․m ptcrgurgb rmg dhceanbg il n kggr+ilf virm cjjieinhu cj rmg Urnrg Bgpntrkglr’u Dwtgnw cj Lgnt Gnurgtl Njjnitucl Ugprgkdgt 49 nlb nhuc tglgvgb rmtgnru rc dtilf rmg Dwtnyk ․ biupwrgdgjctg rmg Wlirgb Lnriclu Ugewtiry Ecwleih( n kczg lgnt gnurgtl njjnitu nu+uiurnlr ugetgrnty Mglty Dytcnbg mcpgb vcwhb lcr dg lgeguunty, Ilurgnb(rmg Nkgtienl cjjieinhu g}ptguugb cprikiuk czgt n lgv kguunfg jtck Ailf<Ndb nh+<N ․ rc Dtirium jctgifl ugetgrnty Nlrmcly Gbgl rmnr ptcrgurgb rmgDtirium dhceanbg dwr nhuc g}ptguugb vihhilflguu rc lgfcrinrg, 4=

N eclrtczgtuy czgt vmgrmgt Rwta ․ umcwhb dg pgtkirrgb rc tgknil nrÕnk çuç bwtilf lgfcrinriclu ptgzglrgb rmg tguwkpricl cj rmg Nlfhc+Unwbirnhau rmnr mnb echhnpugb rmg ptgzicwu vilrgt, Cl Ugprgkdgt 50( Dtiriumgkdnuuy ecwlughct Dgtlntb Dwttcvu rchb lgnt gnurgtl njjnitu bitgerctPntagt R, Mntr rmnr Hclbcl vcwhb lcr pgtkir Rwta ․ rc urny dgenwug rmnrvcwhb eclurirwrg n ehgnt ilbienricl rmnr rmg Unwbiu ‘mnzg vcl rmgit pcilr,‛Dwttcvu tgogergb Mntr’u uwffguricl cj kwrwnh virmbtnvnh pglbilf n biphc+knrie ugrrhgkglr( dgenwug rmg Unwbi ehnik hneagb ‘nly hgfiriknrg dnuiu‛nlb dgenwug kwrwnh virmbtnvnh vcwhb dg nl wlneegprndhg dhcv rc Dtiriumptgurifg, 49 Cprilf rc urny cwr cj rmg biupwrg vmihg rmg ailf nvnirgb n tgphyjtck Gbgl( rmg Urnrg Bgpntrkglr ilurtwergb Nkdnuunbct Mntg cl Cerc+dgt 4 rc ‘mchb nr dny‛ Unwbi bgknlbu jct Nkgtienl ilzchzgkglr, Il rmgkgnlrikg( rmg W,U, vcwhb eclrilwg rc nbzcenrg Nlfhc+Unwbi lgfcrinricl(rmg uweeguu cj vmiem vnu etweinh rc nzcibilf ‘g}phcirnricl‛ cj Dwtnyk ․

dy glgkigu cj rmg ‘jtgg vcthb,‛ 50

Virm lc tgphy jtck Gbgl( rmg Unwbi ailf uwkkclgb Mntg rc Tiynbm jctnl nwbigleg cl Cercdgt :, Rmg ailf vnu bgupclbglr czgt rmg Dwtnyk ․ uir+wnricl nlb bgehntgb mikughj ‘ihh‛ jtck rmilailf ndcwr ir, Mg ptcrgurgb

Dtirium czgtjhifmru nlb rmg dhceanbg cj Dwtnyk ․ nlb eckphnilgb rmnr mgmnb tgegizgb lc mghp jtck rmg Wlirgb Urnrgu, Nppntglrhy( rmg ailf urihh dg+higzgb rmnr rmg W,U, mnb fizgl mik n dhnla emgea cj uwppctr il rmg jctk cj rmg Rtwknl hgrrgt( vmiem mg phnllgb rc pwr ‘rc rmg rgur,‛ Mg tg~wgurgbNkgtienl kgbinricl cj rmg biupwrg dwr tgupclbgb jnzctndhy vmgl Mntguwffgurgb n hijrilf cj rmg Dtirium dhceanbg nlb TNJ czgtjhifmru( n knilrg+lnleg cj rmg urnrwu ~wc il Dwtnyk ․( nlb lgv Nlfhc+Unwbi lgfcrinriclu, 5>

Il n kgkc rc miu uwpgtictu( Ocml Ogtlgfnl g}ptguugb rmg ptgjgtgleg cj

rmg Lgnt Gnurgtl Njjnitu Dwtgnw jct kwrwnh virmbtnvnh( dwr gkpmnui gbrmg ikpctrnleg cj fgrrilf rmg pntrigu rc lgfcrinrg hgur rmiu ‘zgty kilct il+eibglr‛ hgnb rc ‘rtcwdhg cwr cj nhh ptcpctricl rc iru ikpctrnleg,‛ Ij rmgDwtnyk ․ uirwnricl guenhnrgb( ir vcwhb ‘tguwhr il gzgl ftgnrgt bijjiewhrigurmnl rmcug il vmiem vg lcv jilb cwtughzgu il rmg Kibbhg Gnur,‛ Fizgl rmgRtwknl hgrrgt nlb W,U, ilrgtguru il rmg ailfbck( rmg W,U, ecwhb lcr iflctg

n bwrem wlehg 49




<Ndb nh+<N ․ ’u phgnu jct Nkgtienl ilzchzgkglr( nlb rmg W,U, nhuc mnb rcrnag ugticwuhy rmg ailf’u rmtgnr rc nppgnh rc rmg Ugewtiry Ecwleih, Ogtlgfnlibglrijigb Dtirnil’u ‘tnrmgt wlyighbilf‛ urnleg rmnr Rwta ․ virmbtnv dgjctgrnhau tguwkg nu n knoct cdurnehg rc n tguchwricl, Virmcwr owbfilf rmgkgtiru cj rmg enug( Ogtlgfnl ntfwgb rmnr rmg Dtirium vgtg enpndhg cj ftgnrgt‘gnug nlb jhg}idihiry‛ rmnl rmg Unwbiu, Urnrg Bgpntrkglr cjjieinhu( mg tge+ckkglbgb( umcwhb ptcpcug rc rmg Dtirium rmg unkg rmtgg uwffguriclu rmnrMntg mnb pwr rc rmg Unwbi ailf, 54 Hnrgt rmnr bny( wlbgtugetgrnty BnzibDtweg phnegb rmgug ptcpcunhu dgjctg Dtirium nkdnuunbct Uit Chizgt Jtnlau,‘Tgfntbhguu cj rmg kgtiru cj rmg enug(‛ Dtweg g}phnilgb rmnr clhy n eck+ptckiug ecwhb aggp <Ndb nh+<N ․ jtck rnailf Dwtnyk ․ rc rmg W,L, ct tg+~wgurilf jctknh W,U, kgbinricl, Il tgupclug( Jtnlau nftggb rc jctvntb rmgptcpcunhu rc rmg Jctgifl Cjjieg nlb iluiurgb rmnr Hclbcl mnb nhtgnby uglrn jnzctndhg tgphy rc <Ndb nh+<N ․ ’u tg~wgur jct lgv rnhau, 55

Nhrmcwfm Nkgtienl cjjieinhu mnb uckg tgnucl rc dg cprikiurie ndcwr ntguwkpricl cj lgfcrinriclu cl Dwtnyk ․( rmg urnlbcjj czgt rmg cnuiu tg+knilgb rglug, Rmg Urnrg Bgpntrkglr endhgb Mntg cl Cercdgt = virm tgpctrucj n Unwbi jcteg cj 600 rtccpu knuuilf il rmg tgficl cj nh+Amnto( ucwrmgnurcj Tiynbm, Rmg Dtirium nftggb rc egnug TNJ czgtjhifmru cj rmg cnuiu( dwr rmg

Uwhrnl cj Kwuenr mnb kcdihi gb n hntfg jcteg( pcuuidhy ilrglbilf rc biu+hcbfg Rwta ․ jtck Õnk çuç( nlb ir uggkgb hiaghy rmnr lgv ileibglru cl rmgftcwlb ecwhb rctpgbc gjjctru rc vcta cwr n biphcknrie tguchwricl bgupirgDtirium ptckiugu rc tgurtnil rmg uwhrnl, 52

Gbgl nftggb rc rmg tguwkpricl cj rnhau jchhcvilf n uikwhrnlgcwu virm+btnvnh cj Dtirium nlb Unwbi jctegu jtck Dwtnyk ․( dwr rmg ailf rchb Mntgrmnr mg ‘enrgfctienhhy tgjwugb‛ kwrwnh virmbtnvnh( dgenwug mg ecwhb lcrdg g}pgergb rc gznewnrg miu cvl rgttircty, <Ndb nh+<N ․ iluiurgb rmnr clhy

W,U, kgbinricl ecwhb glb Dtirium nrrgkpru rc ewr Rwta ․’u uwpphy hilgu nlbptgzglr n btnurie Unwbi tgnericl, Rmnr unkg bny( rmg bgpntrkglr iljctkgbrmg Jctgifl Cjjieg rmnr ‘jct nhh ptnerienh pwtpcugu‛ Vnumilfrcl mnb tg+egizgb n jctknh Unwbi tg~wgur rc kgbinrg rmg biupwrg, Rmg W,U, viumgb rcnzcib nuuwkilf uwem n tchg nlb nhuc vnlrgb rc nzcib rmg tgjgttnh cj Dwtnyk ․ rc rmg W,L, Ugewtiry Ecwleih, Rmgtgjctg Vnumilfrcl uwffgurgbrmnr rmg rvc ecwlrtigu uwdkir Dwtnyk ․ rc ikpntrinh ntdirtnricl, Rmg jchhcv+ilf bny( Gbgl neegprgb n urnlburihh nftggkglr ptczibgb ir bib lcr ptgowbieg

rmg ehniku cj girmgt pntry nr Dwtnyk ․, Rmg Jctgifl Cjjieg vnu ptgpntgb rctgrwtl rc bitger lgfcrinriclu nlb tguctr rc ntdirtnricl ij dihnrgtnh rnhaujnihgb,57

Vmihg rmg Urnrg Bgpntrkglr mcpgb rc nzcib n pwdhie ntdirtnricl rmnrvcwhb ptczibg ftiur jct rmg Uczigr ptcpnfnlbn kihh( rmg Dtirium vgtg gnfgtrc pwum nmgnb rc ntdirtnricl( vmgtg rmgy dghigzgb rmnr rmgit urtclfgt hgfnh



n bwrem wlehg 5>

ehniku rc Dwtnyk ․ cl dgmnhj cj rmg Fwhj twhgtu vcwhb ptgznih, Kgnlvmihg(rmg Unwbiu jhcnrgb n lgv ibgn vmgl rmgy ilzirgb rmg W,U, rc pntrieipnrg iln rtipntrirg eckkiuuicl rmnr vcwhb ziuir rmg cnuiu nlb nuegtrnil rmg nhhg+finlegu cj rmg ilbifglcwu rtidgu, Rmiu uemgkg vnu n ehgzgt nrrgkpr dy rmgUnwbiu rc phny rmgit urtclfgur entb nr Dwtnyk ․( vmgtg( uileg miu nttiznh ilNwfwur( Rwta ․ mnb dggl pnyilf uwduibigu rc hcenh rtidgu il n dib rc vilrmgit jgnhry jct <Ndb nh+<N ․ , N eckkiuuicl emntfgb virm nbkiliurgtilfuckg ailb cj phgdiueirg ecwhb fizg rmg ailf miu dgur emnleg cj nuugtrilf miuuczgtgiflry czgt Dwtnyk ․( gupgeinhhy( rmg Unwbiu dghigzgb( ij rmg W,U,ecwhb rip rmg dnhnleg cj rmg eckkiuuicl il jnzct cj Tiynbm, 5: Nkgtienl cj+jieinhu bgkwttgb cl rmg eckkiuuicl ibgn( mcvgzgt( nlb urtguugb rc nh+Jn~ ․m rmg lggb jct ptckpr tguwkpricl cj dihnrgtnh lgfcrinriclu, Cl rmgunkg bny( Cercdgt >=( rmg Urnrg Bgpntrkglr wtfgb rmg Jctgifl Cjjieg rcnpptcnem rmg ailf il ctbgt rc nttnlfg jct lgv rnhau, Rc eclzgy rmg ikpct+rnleg ir nrrnemgb rc rmg lgv lgfcrinriclu( rmg bgpntrkglr umntgb virm rmgDtirium gkdnuuy rmg eclrglru cj Rtwknl’u Cercdgt >970 hgrrgt il vmiem rmgptguibglr ptckiugb rc bgjglb Unwbi rgttirctinh ilrgftiry, 56

Njrgt n vgga il Tiynbm( Nkdnuunbct Pghmnk mnkkgtgb cwr n urnlburihhnftggkglr virm Unwbi bgpwry jctgifl kiliurgt Y §uwj Yçu․l nlb crmgt cjji+

einhu, Ilirinhgb cl Cercdgt 4:( rmg nftggkglr pgtkirrgb dcrm pntrigu nrDwtnyk ․ rc tgknil il phneg nlb tgegizg uwpphigu( dwr ptcmidirgb tgiljcteg+kglru, Kihirnty nericlu vgtg rc egnug( nlb lc nrrgkpr vcwhb dg knbg rcilrgtjgtg virm rmg ilmndirnlru cj rmg cnuiu, Rmg urnlburihh nftggkglr bib lcrtguchzg rmg dnuie biupwrg( mcvgzgt( nlb Ailf <Ndb nh+<N ․ urihh iluiurgbrmnr rmg urnrwu cj rmg Dwtnyk․ cnuiu ecwhb dg bgrgtkilgb clhy rmtcwfm miurtipntrirg eckkiuuicl uemgkg, Pghmnk( tgrwtlilf rc Oibbn jtck Tiynbm(rchb Mntg rmnr mg vnu pguuikiurie ndcwr lgv dihnrgtnh rnhau, Mg ptgbiergb

rmg rvc uibgu vcwhb uccl mnzg rc tguctr rc ntdirtnricl( nlb mg eclbgklgbrmg Unwbi ugi wtg cj Õnk çuç nu ‘ikpgtinhiuk,‛ 5=

Vmihg rmg Dwtnyk․ iuuwg vnu jnt jtck ugrrhgb( rmg W,U, mnb( nr hgnurrgkpctntihy( bgjwugb n pcrglrinhhy g}phcuizg uirwnricl, Nkgtienl cjjieinhumnb dtcwfmr rmg rvc uibgu dnea rc rmg lgfcrinrilf rndhg virmcwr eckkir+rilf rmg W,U, rc rmg tgupcluidihiry cj jctknh kgbinricl, Nhrmcwfm rmg W,U,ptcjguugb ikpntrinhiry( iru iluiurgleg cl tgurctilf bitger Nlfhc+Unwbi lgfc+rinriclu dglgjirgb rmg vgnagt pntry il rmg biupwrg, <Ndb nh+<N ․ mnb ugti+

cwuhy kiuenhewhnrgb dy rtyilf rc ilzcag rmg Rtwknl hgrrgt( dwr Nkgtienlptguuwtg cl Dtirnil rc eclegbg rc n urnlburihh nftggkglr pgtkirrgb Rwta ․ rctgknil nr Dwtnyk ․( vmgtg rmg Unwbi ehnik vnu bwdicwu nr dgur,

Rmg etiuiu czgt Dwtnyk ․ gtwprgb bwtilf n ugluirizg pgticb il W,U,+Unwbi tghnriclu, Nkgtienl pchiey knagtu mnb dggl bgdnrilf vmgrmgt rmg




ailfbck vcwhb tgegizg kihirnty nib( vmiem lgfcrinrctu mnb mghb cwr nu nlilbwegkglr jct rmg Unwbiu rc tglgv rmg Bmnmtnl nit dnug nftggkglr,Nkgtienl nlb Unwbi tgptguglrnrizgu ilirinhgb rmg tglgvnh cl Owlg >=(>97>( nlb rmg Unwbiu hccagb rc rmg Nkgtienlu rc jwhjihh rmgit ptckiugu,Rmgit bgknlbu vglr wlnluvgtgb( mcvgzgt( dgenwug rmg Nkgtienl dw+tgnwetney vnu bizibgb czgt rmg ~wguricl cj nib jct rmg ailfbck nlb rmgRtwknl nbkiliurtnricl tgknilgb ptgceewpigb dy hntfgt ~wguriclu ilKibbhg Gnur biphckney,

Il Nptih >974( rmg Lgnt Gnurgtl Njjnitu Dwtgnw eckphnilgb rmnr rmgOcilr Emigju mnb tglgfgb cl eckkirkglru fizgl bwtilf rmg Bmnmtnl lg+fcrinriclu rc uwppctr hikirgb nib jct Unwbi Ntndin, Ugetgrnty cj Urnrg Bgnl

Nemgucl uwdug~wglrhy tgkilbgb Bgjglug Ugetgrnty Tcdgtr Hczgrr cj rmgugptckiugu nlb g}phnilgb rmnr mclctilf W,U, nuuwtnlegu rc rmg Unwbiu vnuguuglrinh rc eclrilwgb fccb tghnriclu, Il nbbiricl( rmg Bgjglug Bgpntrkglrmnb tg~wgurgb g}pnlbgb dnug tifmru nr Bmnmtnl( nlb Nemgucl vntlgb rmnrir vcwhb dg ‘zgty bijjiewhr‛ rc ugewtg rmgug tifmru virmcwr n jnzctndhg bg+eiuicl cl nib, 59 Il Owlg( rmg Bgjglug Bgpntrkglr rmgtgjctg nuuglrgb rc‘rcagl ftnlr kihirnty nib‛ ij uwem nib vgtg pchirienhhy lgeguunty il lgfcri+nriclu czgt dnug tifmru( dwr rmg Ocilr Emigju’ tgeckkglbnricl jct uwem nu+

uiurnleg vnu uc hwagvntk rmnr Urnrg Bgpntrkglr ptcpcunhu jct nib rc rmgailfbck urccb hirrhg emnleg cj npptcznh dy rmg Vmirg Mcwug, 20 Kgnlvmihg(Mntg nrrgkprgb rc wug rmg ptckiug cj nib nu n enttcr il lgv lgfcrinricluvirm rmg Unwbiu czgt g}pnlbilf W,U, dnug tifmru nr Bmnmtnl nlb rmg gu+rndhiumkglr cj n Kihirnty Nuuiurnleg Nbziucty Ftcwp -KNNF), Mg ecl+bwergb rvc tcwlbu cj lgfcrinriclu virm rmg Unwbiu cl rmg KNNF nftgg+kglr( rmg jitur eclehwbilf cl Owhy 4:( n kclrm ptict rc Rwta ․’u ceewpnriclcj Õnk çuç( nlb rmg ugeclb il Cercdgt( nu rmg Unwbiu nlb Dtirium vgtg

vctailf cwr n urnlburihh nftggkglr,2>

Jct rmg Unwbiu( dnug lgfcrinriclu virm rmg Nkgtienlu ilzchzgb rmg bghi+enrg iuuwg cj uczgtgiflry nlb rmg pchirieu cj Ntnd lnriclnhiuk, Ailf <Ndbnh+<N ․ vnu u~wgg gb dgrvggl miu bgpglbgleg cl rmg W,U, jct miu bgjglugtg~witgkglru nlb rmg bnlfgt cj nppgntilf rc eccpgtnrg rcc ilriknrghy virmn Vgurgtl pcvgt( gupgeinhhy rmg pnrtcl cj Iutngh, Mg viumgb rc upntg UnwbiNtndin rmg zichglr bgkclurtnriclu rmnr mnb umnagl Itn~ jchhcvilf rmg kih+irnty dnug nftggkglr dgrvggl Dnfmbnb nlb Hclbcl( nlb( njrgt rmg Uwg

dnug dgenkg n tnhhyilf pcilr jct Ntnd lnriclnhiuru( rmg Unwbi fczgtlkglrftgv tghwernlr rc alweahg wlbgt rc rmg Wlirgb Urnrgu cl Bmnmtnl, Jctrmgug tgnuclu( rmg rvglry+jizg+ygnt hgnug cl rmg nit dnug rmg Nkgtienlu ili+rinhhy tg~wgurgb vnu vmirrhgb bcvl rc jizg ygntu( nlb rmg Unwbi ailfucwfmr W,U, nib rc nzcib rmg nppgntnleg cj uwdkirrilf rc W,U, bgknlbuvirmcwr nly eckpglunricl, Ilbggb( Nkdnuunbct Mntg tgecfli gb rmnr il



n bwrem wlehg 55

cjjgtilf rmg W,U, n hgnug tglgvnh nr Bmnmtnl( rmg ailf vnu ‘uvikkilfzgty kwem nfnilur rmg ewttglr‛ cj Ntnd nlri+ikpgtinhiuk, 24 Uiflijienlrhy(rmg Unwbiu tgknilgb tgenheirtnlr il rmgit iluiurgleg rmnr Nkgtienl Ogvu lcrdg pgtkirrgb nr rmg Bmnmtnl nit dnug, Rmg W,U,+Unwbi dnug nftggkglr fnzgrmg Unwbiu rmg tifmr rc g}ehwbg jtck rmg Nkgtienl eclrilfglr nr Bmnmtnl‘cdogericlndhg pgtuclu(‛ n gwpmgkiuk jct Ogvu( vmcug ptgugleg vcwhbmnzg ugticwuhy gkdnttnuugb rmg ailf il rmg Ntnd vcthb, 25

Rmgug ecluibgtnriclu mghp rc g}phnil vmy <Ndb nh+<N ․ ( nlb hnrgt miuuweeguuct( Un<§b( jcwlb ir lgnthy ikpcuuidhg rc tgrtgnr cl rmg Dwtnyk ․

iuuwg, Ilrgtgur il rmg pcrglrinh cih tgucwtegu cj gnurgtl Ntndin( jgnt cj Nlfhc+Mnumgkirg gleitehgkglr( nlb n bguitg rc tgbggk rmg ehniku cj rmg

ptgzicwu eglrwty nhh eclrtidwrgb rc rmg Unwbi ptgceewpnricl virm Dwtnyk ․,Dwr il nbbiricl rc rmgug jnerctu( nl ilrtnluifglr nrrirwbg rcvntb rmg Dtiriumnr Dwtnyk ․ ptczibgb rmg ailf virm uckg lnriclnhiur eczgt nfnilur emntfgurmnr miu ecwlrty vnu bckilnrgb dy Vgurgtl cih eckpnligu nlb rmg W,U,kihirnty, Owur nu Ntnkec rcca pnilu rc pwdhiei g rmg nlri+echclinh emntnergtcj iru tghnriclu virm Unwbi Ntndin( <Ndb nh+<N ․ jghr eckpghhgb dy Ntndlnriclnhiur ptguuwtgu rc umcv miu cppcuiricl rc Vgurgtl ikpgtinhiuk, Ihh+ptgpntgb jct nl nerwnh ntkgb ecljtclrnricl virm rmg Dtirium( rmg ailf lgz+

gtrmghguu agpr rmg Dwtnyk․ iuuwg nhizg jct iru pchirienh znhwg( tghyilf cl rmgW,U, fczgtlkglr rc ptgzglr nly ugticwu eclug~wglegu,

Jchhcvilf rmgit urnlburihh nftggkglr cl Cercdgt 4:( dcrm rmg Unwbiu nlbrmg Dtirium eclrilwgb rc ugga Nkgtienl uwppctr jct rmgit tgupgerizg pcui+riclu cl Dwtnyk ․, Ailf <Ndb nh+<N ․ ptguugb miu phgdiueirg uemgkg( vmihgrmg Dtirium ptgznihgb wpcl W,U, cjjieinhu rc jcteg rmg Unwbiu ilrc ntdirtnricl,Rmg Urnrg Bgpntrkglr knilrnilgb iru ptgjgtgleg jct bitger rnhau nlb endhgb

Mntg il Oibbn rmnr rmg Unwbi uemgkg ucwfmr rc knlipwhnrg rmg W,U, ‘il vnyulcr eckpnridhg‛ virm jtiglbhy Nlfhc+Nkgtienl tghnriclu, Rmg bgpntrkglrvnlrgb rc nzcib pntrieipnrilf il n jner+jilbilf eckkiuuicl nlb( ilbggb(‘nly uwdurnlrizg ilzchzgQkglr[‛ il ugrrhilf rmg biupwrg, 22 Nfnil cjjgtilfecljhierilf nbzieg( Nkdnuunbct Fijjctb eckkglbgb rmg Jctgifl Cjjieg’uptcpcunh jct ntdirtnricl nu rmg ‘kcur ptckiuilf kgrmcb‛ jct tguchzilf rmgecljhier( vmihg Mntg g}ptguugb uwupieicl cj dcrm Dtirium nlb Unwbi kc+rizgu,27 Nuuiurnlr Ugetgrnty Dytcnbg g}phnilgb rc rmg Unwbi nkdnuunbct cl

Lczgkdgt = rmnr rmg W,U, ‘enllcr dg wkpitg dgrvggl biupwrnlru‛ vmc ntgdcrm jtiglbu( dgenwug ‘gnem vihh g}pger upgeinh npptgeinricl‛ jct iru pcui+ricl, Mg g}ptguugb tgftgr rmnr rmg Unwbiu mnb nrrnemgb rmg eckkiuuicluemgkg nu n eclbiricl rc rmg tguwkpricl cj rnhau nlb wtfgb rmg Unwbi fcz+gtlkglr rc ‘fizg bitger rnhau n rtinh,‛ Cl Lczgkdgt 45( rmg Jctgifl Cjjiegjilnhhy ptcpcugb rc rmg Unwbiu rmnr Dwtnyk ․ fc rc ntdirtnricl, Rmg Dtirium




bgeibgb rc nppgnh rc Ptileg Jny Ónh( vmc vnu rmgl nr rmg Wlirgb Lnriclu ilLgv Ycta nlb vmc rmgy mcpgb vcwhb dg kctg tgegprizg rc ntdirtnricl rmnlrmg nfgb ailf, 2:

Jny Ónh( mcvgzgt( ptczgb lc kctg nkglndhg rc ntdirtnricl rmnl miu jnrmgtvnu, Wlbgrgttgb dy rmg Nkgtienl tgogericl cj n phgdiueirg eckkiuuicl( rmgptileg npptcnemgb Ugetgrnty Nemgucl nr rmg Ugzglrm Fglgtnh Nuugkdhy cj rmg W,L, cl Bgegkdgt 4 nlb biukiuugb nly ntdirtnricl cj ehniku rc uwemnl ‘ilrgftnh pntr cj Unwbi Ntndin‛ nu Dwtnyk ․, Mg tglgvgb rmg Unwbi tg+~wgur jct W,U, pntrieipnricl il n phgdiueirg eckkiuuicl( dwr rmg kggrilfeclehwbgb njrgt lgnthy nl mcwt virm lc ptckiugu cj W,U, uwppctr, Il n ecl+zgtunricl virm n kgkdgt cj rmg W,U, bghgfnricl rvc bnyu hnrgt( rmg ptileg

zglrgb miu jtwurtnriclu nlb nhhwbgb ckilcwuhy rc lgfnrizg eclug~wglegu ilrmg Kibbhg Gnur ij rmg W,U, jnihgb rc ikptczg tghnriclu virm rmg Ntnd urnrgu,‘Bcl’r phneg rcc kwem jnirm il vmnr Ntnd hgnbgtu kny rghh ycw rmnr Eck+kwliuk iu ileckpnridhg virm Iuhnk(‛ mg vntlgb, ‘N btcvlilf knl vihhftnup nr n ulnag‒gzgl n pciuclcwu clg‒ij ir iu rmg clhy emnleg mg mnu rcptgzglr miu fcilf wlbgt jct rmg hnur rikg.‛ 26

Rmg Unwbiu tgogergb ntdirtnricl il n lcrg rc rmg Dtirium Jctgifl Cjjieg clBgegkdgt :( nlb Dtirium cjjieinhu eckphnilgb rmnr W,U, ilnericl mnb nh+

hcvgb <Ndb nh+<N ․ rc aggp nhizg miu mcpgu jct n phgdiueirg eckkiuuicl,Rmg Dtirium gkdnuuy il Vnumilfrcl eckkwlienrgb Gbgl’u bguitg rmnr rmgW,U, ‘knag wlkiurnandhg‛ iru uwppctr jct ntdirtnricl( nlb rmg bgpntrkglrendhgb Mntg rmnr ir vnu ‘urtclfhy ilehilgb‛ rc uwppctr uwem n urgp, Il Oibbn(Nkdnuunbct Pghmnk g}ptguugb tgftgr rc rmg W,U, nkdnuunbct rmnr Rwta ․

mnb lcr dggl ‘gogergb‛ jtck Dwtnyk ․ gnthy cl( nlb mg dhnkgb W,U, ‘pnu+uiziry‛ jct Unwbi ilrtnluifgleg, Kgnlvmihg( jtwurtnrgb dy rmg Unwbiu’ tg+jwunh rc uwdkir Dwtnyk ․ rc ntdirtnricl( rmg Dtirium vgtg tgnbyilf phnlu rc

tgrnag rmg cnuiu dy jcteg ij lgeguunty,2=

Eclegtlgb ndcwr rmg clfcilf urnhgknrg virm rmg Gfyprinlu cl rmg Uwgdnug rtgnry nlb rmg Nlfhc+Itnlinl etiuiu( rmg Dtirium Eclugtznrizg fczgtl+kglr vnu wlvihhilf rc uwjjgt nlcrmgt dhnea gyg il rmg Kibbhg Gnur nrDwtnyk ․, Gbgl’u ugetgrnty( Gzghyl Umweadwtfm( tgectbgb cl Bgegkdgt 4jgghilf ‘zgty bgptguugb ndcwr rmg vcthb il fglgtnh, , , , QN[jrgt Pgtuin nlbGfypr( rmg umgiabcku cl rmg Pgtuinl Fwhj ntg lcv dgilf nductdgb dyUnwbi Ntndin,‛ Cl Bgegkdgt >>( Umweadwtfm bguetidgb miu dcuu nu ‘zgty

ritgb nlb zgty ikpnriglr,‛ Gbgl ‘rmilau vg ntg fizilf vny rcc kwem rcLgfwid czgt rmg Uwbnl1 Qmg[ nhuc rmilau rmg Cjjieg Qiu[ dgilf enuwnh nlbilnerizg czgt rmg Pgtuinl Fwhj umgiabcku il vmiem cwt pcuiricl iu dgilfwlbgtkilgb dy Unwbi Ntndin,‛ Il rmg vnag cj rmg ‘urwllilf dhcv‛ rcDtirium ptgurifg il Itnl( Gbgl vtcrg rmg endilgr( nlcrmgt ugrdnea il rmgKibbhg Gnur ecwhb ptckpr rmg Fwhj twhgtu rc ‘tgnuuguu‛ rmgit rtnbiriclnh tg+



n bwrem wlehg 57

hnriclu virm Dtirnil( vmcug geclcky vnu wrrgthy bgpglbglr cl rmgtgficl’u cih, Rmg jctgifl ugetgrnty nbzcenrgb rnailf n ‘jitk hilg‛ virm rmgUnwbiu( bgjglbilf rmg Fwhj ehiglru( nlb ndczg nhh ptcrgerilf urgthilf cih, Il

neectb virm rmiu urnleg( Gbgl nllcwlegb rmnr n hcenh dwihbwp cj jctegu vnuwlbgtvny cl rmg Fwhj ecnur( nlb rmg Emigju cj Urnjj vgtg ptgpntilf rcuglb rmg M,K,U, Egyhcl nlb rvc jtifnrgu ilrc rmg Fwhj, Gbgl urcppgb umctrcj neewuilf rmg Wlirgb Urnrgu cj upcluctilf rmg Unwbi enkpnifl jctDwtnyk ․( dwr mg lcrgb rmnr rmg W,U, knilrnilgb iru pcuiricl il rmg ailfbckdy ‘yighbilf eclurnlrhy rc Unwbi ptguuwtg,‛ Zcieilf miu pgtuiurglr uwupi+eicl cj Ntnkec iljhwgleg il Unwbi Ntndin( Pghmnk vtcrg Gbgl rmnr rmgW,U, vnu ‘lcv wlkiurnandhy rmg diffgt jitk nlb upntg lc pnilu rc umcv

ir(‛ nlb rmnr rmg Nkgtienlu ‘uggk rc jilb wu gkdnttnuuilf pntrlgtu,‛29

Dtirium uwupieiclu vcwhb mnzg nppgntgb itclie rc Unwbi cjjieinhu( vmcugtgpgnrgb bgknlbu jct W,U, pntrieipnricl il rmg phgdiueirg uemgkg jghh clbgnj gntu, Ptileg Jny Ónh nppntglrhy urihh mcpgb jct n jnzctndhg tgphy rc miujctknh tg~wgur jct W,U, ilzchzgkglr( dwr rmg Unwbi ptileg umijrgb miu urtnr+gfy nu rmg Rtwknl nbkiliurtnricl glrgtgb iru jilnh vggau, Cl Bgegkdgt 50il Lgv Ycta( rmg ptileg npptcnemgb Ocml Jcurgt Bwhhgu( Ugetgrnty cj Urnrg―bguiflnrg il rmg ileckilf Giuglmcvgt nbkiliurtnricl, Bwhhgu tg+

ectbgb rmnr Jny Ónh ‘pcwtgb cwr miu ftigznlegu‛ nlb rnhagb ndcwr miu‘mcpgu‛ jct rmg lgv Nkgtienl hgnbgtumip, Rmg ptileg vnu wlgnuy rmnr rmgDtirium vcwhb umnpg rmg ibgnu cj rmg lgv nbkiliurtnricl cl Dwtnyk ․ nlbcrmgt knrrgtu dgjctg rmg Unwbi enug ecwhb dg mgntb( nlb Jny Ónh’u eclegtliletgnugb vmgl ir dgenkg alcvl rmnr Vilurcl Emwtemihh vnu phnllilf nrtip il gnthy >975 rc ecluwhr virm Giuglmcvgt nlb tglgv Nlfhc+Nkgtienljtiglbumip, Jny Ónh rmgtgjctg enleghgb n kggrilf virm Nemgucl cl Onlwnty 7rc jcewu miu nrrglricl cl rmg lgv nbkiliurtnricl, Rmg lg}r bny( Giuglmcvgt

wtfgb Bwhhgu rc ‘dtilf rmg Ptileg il jct n rnha‛ uc rmnr ‘mg ecwhb lcr aiea ndcwr kg rnhailf rc VQilurcl[ EQmwtemihh[,‛ 70

Il Oibbn( Mntg bgeibgb rmnr rmg W,U, umcwhb uwppctr ntdirtnricl( dwr rmgnkdnuunbct vnlrgb rc nzcib rmg ikptguuicl cj ‘mnzilf rgnkgb wp‛ virmDtirnil, Nu il rmg Nlfhc+Gfyprinl rnhau( ir vnu ikpgtnrizg rmnr rmg W,U,knilrnil iru biurnleg jtck Hclbcl nlb upgna hiag n ‘Bwrem wlehg‛ rc dcrmuibgu ij ir mcpgb rc bgzghcp fccb tghnriclu virm rmg Ntnd urnrgu, Il upirg cj Jny Ónh’u bgeiuicl rc ulwd Nemgucl( rmg Urnrg Bgpntrkglr cl Onlwnty =

uwkkclgb nh+Jn~ ․m jct n kggrilf virm Dtweg( vmc nfnil g}phnilgb rmnrdgenwug rmg W,U, vnu nl ‘ilriknrg jtiglb‛ rc dcrm pntrigu il rmg biupwrg( irecwhb lcr pntrieipnrg il nly rtipntrirg eckkiuuicl, Dtweg urtclfhy tgeck+kglbgb rmnr Dwtnyk ․ dg uwdkirrgb rc ntdirtnricl( dwr rmg Unwbi fczgtl+kglr tgknilgb nbnknlrhy cppcugb, Rtwknl nbkiliurtnricl cjjieinhu mnbjnihgb rc uchzg rmg gnurgtl Ntndinl jtclrigtu ~wguricl( nlb Giuglmcvgt’u



5: jtck ntnd lnriclnhiuk rc cpge

ilzirnricl rc Jny Ónh vnu clhy rmg dgfillilf cj miu nbkiliurtnricl’u g~wnhhyjtwurtnrilf gjjctru, 7>

Ehgnthy( Giuglmcvgt vcwhb ilmgtir jctkibndhg emnhhglfgu il rmg KibbhgGnur, Dwtnyk ․ vnu clhy clg cj n echhgericl cj iuuwgu rmnr pcugb n bihgkkndgrvggl uibilf virm Dtirnil nlb pneijyilf nlri+echclinh lnriclnhiuk,Nbbilf rc rmgug bijjiewhrigu vnu rmg hgfney cj Rtwknl’u bgeiuicl rc tgecf+li g Iutngh, Rmiu jnerct pcugb n knoct cdurnehg rc jctkwhnrilf n tgficlnhbgjglug pchiey nlb ikptczilf W,U,+Unwbi tghnriclu, Mntg tgpctrgb rmgUnwbiu’ ‘biuunriujnericl nlb biuihhwuiclkglr‛ virm rmg hgzgh cj Nkgtienlkihirnty nib( vmiem mg nrrtidwrgb rc W,U, jnihwtg rc jchhcv rmtcwfm cl rmgnuuwtnlegu fizgl il Owlg >97>, Rmg nkdnuunbct algv rmnr W,U, nib rc rmg

Unwbiu vnu hilagb rc rmg pglbilf bgeiuicl ndcwr nuuiurnleg jct rmg JtggCjjiegtu’ tgfikg cj Kw ˙ nkknb Lgf ․d il Enitc, Vnumilfrcl vnu ecluib+gtilf cjjgtilf kihirnty nib nu n vny cj glrieilf Gfypr ilrc nl nftggkglrvirm Dtirnil nlb n ptcpcugb Kibbhg Gnur Bgjglug Ctfnli nricl -KGBC),Mntg vcttigb rmnr rmg Unwbiu vcwhb dgeckg ilbiflnlr ij nib vgtg nvntbgbjitur rc ‘uckg crmgt Kibbhg Gnurgtl ecwlrty,‛ Vnumilfrcl rchb Mntg clOnlwnty >:( mcvgzgt( rmnr nuuiurnleg jct rmg Unwbiu vcwhb lcr dg jctrm+eckilf, Rmcwfm rmg Urnrg Bgpntrkglr mnb ptguugb jct nib rc Gfypr( Rtw+

knl npptczgb clhy rcagl nuuiurnleg jct Enitc, Neectbilf rc nl cjjieinh ilrmg Lgnt Gnurgtl Njjnitu Dwtgnw( rmg ptguibglr cppcugb ehcug rigu virmNtnd ecwlrtigu dgenwug ‘Iutngh nlb Ogvium ftcwpu il rmg Wlirgb Urnrguptcrgurgb urtclfhy,‛ Rtwknl’u uwppctr jct Iutngh mnb ugticwuhy eckptc+kiugb W,U,+Ntnd tghnriclu( nlb ir vnu wlhiaghy rmnr W,U, cih ectpctnriclu(lc knrrgt mcv fglgtcwu rmgit pchieigu rcvntb Ntnd cih+ptcbweilf nlb cih+rtnluir ecwlrtigu( ecwhb czgteckg Ntnd kiurtwur cj Vnumilfrcl, Nr rmgehcug cj miu nbkiliurtnricl( rmg hnkg+bwea ptguibglr pnuugb rmg dwea cl nhh

cj rmgug Kibbhg Gnurgtl ~wguriclu rc Giuglmcvgt nlb Bwhhgu,74

Nr Dwtnyk ․( W,U, pchiey knagtu mnb rc emccug dgrvggl rmgit pntrlgt+umip virm Ftgnr Dtirnil nlb nuuwnfilf Ntnd lnriclnhiuk, Cpgl eccpgtnriclvirm Dtirnil rc unjgfwntb rmg pcurvnt pgrtchgwk ctbgt vnu uwtg rc ileirgnlri+echclinhiuk il rmg tgficl( nhiglnrg rmg ptcbweilf urnrgu( nlb mnlb rmgUczigru n fchbgl cppctrwliry rc iletgnug rmgit iljhwgleg il rmg KibbhgGnur, Nr rmg unkg rikg( Dwtnyk ․ bgkclurtnrgb rc cjjieinhu il Vnumilfrcl

mcv wl~wnhijigb uwppctr jct Ntnkec nlb Unwbi Ntndin ecwhb urtnil rmgNlfhc+Nkgtienl tghnriclumip nlb rmtgnrgl Dtirium nwrmctiry il rmg Fwhj,Rmiu nwrmctiry vnu etweinh rc dtcnbgt W,U, jctgifl pchiey fcnhu il rmgtgficl nlb il Gwtcpg rmnr bgpglbgb wpcl Dtirium urtglfrm nlb ptcupgtiry,

Vmihg Nkgtienl pchiey knagtu jitkhy dghigzgb rmnr uwppctr jct ptiznrgglrgtptiug cjjgtgb rmg dgur mcpg jct ptgugtzilf rmg pcurvnt pgrtchgwk ctbgt(



rmgy nhuc tgknilgb eckkirrgb rc nl nhhinleg virm Dtirnil( vmiem pwtuwgb n~wirg bijjgtglr urtnrgfy dnugb wpcl iru hclf miurcty nu nl ikpgtinh pcvgt ilrmg Kibbhg Gnur, Dwtnyk ․ vnu jnt jtck nl Nlfhc+Nkgtienl ptc}y vnt jct

cih tgucwtegu( nu uckg mnzg pctrtnygb ir, Il jner( rmg W,U, tgpgnrgbhy tgjwugbrc glbctug Unwbi ehniku il gnurgtl Ntndin( nlb Vnumilfrcl tgfntbgb iru tg+hinleg cl ptiznrg eckpnligu nu n vny rc nzcib cjjieinh ilzchzgkglr ilKibbhg Gnurgtl pchirienh biupwrgu, Ilurgnb( rmg ecljhier tgjhgergb rmg ecl+rtnurilf npptcnemgu gkphcygb dy rmg W,U, nlb Dtirnil rc ugewtg cih tg+ucwtegu il rmg nfg cj tnbienh Ntnd lnriclnhiuk, Rmg W,U, fczgtlkglr(mnzilf glecwtnfgb Ntnkec rc neegbg rc tgnuclndhg Unwbi bgknlbu nu rmgdnuiu cj iru cih biphckney( jcwlb ir ikpcuuidhg rc tgurtnil rmg eckpnly+

fczgtlkglr enkpnifl rc g}pnlb ilrc gnurgtl Ntndin, Rmg Dtirium( geclck+ienhhy bgpglbglr cl urgthilf cih( ecwhb mntbhy tgrtgnr il rmg jneg cj n Unwbibtizg rc nductd pcrglrinh cih+ptcbweilf rgttircty ehnikgb dy Dtirium ikpgtinhehiglru, Rmtcwfmcwr rmg Giuglmcvgt nbkiliurtnricl( rmgug bijjgtglr miurcti+enh npptcnemgu il rmg Kibbhg Gnur vcwhb eckphienrg Nlfhc+Nkgtienleccpgtnricl rcvntb rmg eckkcl cdogerizg cj bgjglbilf rmg pcurvnt pg+rtchgwk ctbgt,

n bwrem wlehg 56

excerpt: from arab nationalism to opec, 2nd ed

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