exchange theory. key concepts exchange relationships develop within structures of interdependence...
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Exchange TheoryExchange Theory
Key ConceptsKey Concepts• Exchange relationships develop within structures of Exchange relationships develop within structures of
interdependenceinterdependence between actors. between actors.• Positions (horizontal, vertical, central) affect exchange opportunitiesPositions (horizontal, vertical, central) affect exchange opportunities• Positions affect value of resourcesPositions affect value of resources• Generalized and restricted exchangesGeneralized and restricted exchanges
• Actors make Actors make rationalrational decisions. decisions.
• Actors behave in ways that increase outcomes they Actors behave in ways that increase outcomes they positively value (positively value (rewardsrewards) and decrease outcomes ) and decrease outcomes they negatively value (they negatively value (costscosts).).
• Principle of Least CostsPrinciple of Least Costs• Comparison LevelsComparison Levels
HorizontalHorizontal
VerticalVertical
CentralCentral
Key ConceptsKey Concepts• Exchange relationships develop within structures of Exchange relationships develop within structures of
interdependenceinterdependence between actors. between actors.• Positions (horizontal, vertical, central) affect exchange opportunitiesPositions (horizontal, vertical, central) affect exchange opportunities• Positions affect value of resourcesPositions affect value of resources• Generalized and restricted exchangesGeneralized and restricted exchanges
• Actors make Actors make rationalrational decisions. decisions.
• Actors behave in ways that increase outcomes they Actors behave in ways that increase outcomes they positively value (positively value (rewardsrewards) and decrease outcomes ) and decrease outcomes they negatively value (they negatively value (costscosts).).
• Principle of Least CostsPrinciple of Least Costs• Comparison LevelsComparison Levels
A “Rational” Decision?A “Rational” Decision?
Husband Is Breadwinner
Wife Is Breadwinner
This line This line shows how shows how
much much housework housework
the the HUSBAND HUSBAND
doesdoes
NoneNoneNoneNone
About About EqualEqual
About About EqualEqual
NoneNoneNoneNone
Why?Why?
Key ConceptsKey Concepts
• Exchange relationships develop within structures of Exchange relationships develop within structures of interdependenceinterdependence between actors. between actors.
• Positions (horizontal, vertical, central) affect exchange opportunitiesPositions (horizontal, vertical, central) affect exchange opportunities• Positions affect value of resourcesPositions affect value of resources• Generalized and restricted exchangesGeneralized and restricted exchanges
• Actors make Actors make rationalrational decisions. decisions.
• Actors behave in ways that increase outcomes they Actors behave in ways that increase outcomes they positively value (positively value (rewardsrewards) and decrease outcomes ) and decrease outcomes they negatively value (they negatively value (costscosts).).
• Principle of Least CostsPrinciple of Least Costs• Comparison LevelsComparison Levels
Exchange Resources (Rewards)• Blau: Personal attraction, social acceptance, social
approval, instrumental services, respect/prestige, and compliance/power.
• Foa & Foa: Love, status, services, goods, information, and money.
• Merton and Davis: Race and caste• Gonzales & Meyers: Attractiveness, financial security,
expressiveness, instrumentality, sincerity, and sex.
“Humans seek rewards and avoid costs”
“Humans seek rewards and avoid costs”
Actors behave in ways that increase outcomes they positively value and decrease outcomes they negatively Actors behave in ways that increase outcomes they positively value and decrease outcomes they negatively value.value.
Exchange Resources At Risk In Homosexual and Interracial Relationships
Social AcceptanceSocial Approval
Respect and PrestigeStatus
Security
“Humans seek rewards and avoid costs”
“Humans seek rewards and avoid costs”
Actors behave in ways that increase outcomes they positively value and decrease outcomes they negatively Actors behave in ways that increase outcomes they positively value and decrease outcomes they negatively value.value.
Methodology
San Francisco, CAPhoenix, AZDenver, CODallas, TXHouston, TXKansas City, KSSt. Louis, MOMiami, FLBaltimore, MD
Collection of nearly 7000 personal advertisements from the personal ads sections of ten cities’ free newsweeklies (i.e., City Papers):
Chosen for their regional diversity and ethnic
makeup.
New York City, NY
• Newspaper• Gender• Sexual Orientation• Race• Age• Race Desired• Age Desired• Type of Relationship
Desired• Gender Role For Self• Gender Role For Other• Mentions of HIV, Drugs,
Children, and Religion• Resources Offered/Sought
– Physical Attractiveness– Financial Security– Expressive Traits– Instrumental Traits– Sincerity– Interest in Public and/or
Private Relationship
Trained coders recorded both objective information (e.g., race, age) and specific
content categories (dichotomous, frequency,
specific words) to be included in the analysis.
Methodologycont’d
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Physical Attractiveness Success Sincerity
Hetero Male Homo Male Hetero Female Homo Female
Desired Personal Characteristics
Desired Personal Characteristics
This is the usual trend discussed in the This is the usual trend discussed in the literatureliterature
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Physical Attractiveness Success Sincerity
Hetero Male Homo Male Hetero Female Homo Female
Desired Personal Characteristics
Desired Personal Characteristics
Homosexual menHomosexual men are slightly less likely than are slightly less likely than heterosexual heterosexual menmen to demand attractiveness. There’s no difference in to demand attractiveness. There’s no difference in success demands.success demands.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Physical Attractiveness Success Sincerity
Hetero Male Homo Male Hetero Female Homo Female
Offered Personal Characteristics
Offered Personal Characteristics
This is the usual trend discussed in the This is the usual trend discussed in the literatureliterature
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Physical Attractiveness Success Sincerity
Hetero Male Homo Male Hetero Female Homo Female
Offered Personal Characteristics
Offered Personal Characteristics
There are larger differences in offered characteristics.There are larger differences in offered characteristics. Homosexual menHomosexual men are much more likely than are much more likely than heterosexual menheterosexual men to offer attractiveness and much to offer attractiveness and much less likely to offer success.less likely to offer success.
Type Of Relationship SoughtType Of Relationship Sought
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Physical Attractiveness
Success Physical Attractiveness
Success Desire LTR Desire Privacy
Hetero Male Homo Male
CharacteristicsOffered
CharacteristicsSought
Gay men more likely Gay men more likely to seek to seek longtermlongterm
and and privateprivate relationshipsrelationships
White Heterosexual MenWhite Heterosexual Men
Note the higher Note the higher requirements for requirements for Black womenBlack women