excretion to external environment (through kidneys, lungs, gills, digestive tract, or body surface,...
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Excretion to external environment (through kidneys, lungs, gills,
digestive tract, or body surface, e.g., sweat, tears,
sloughed skin)
Metabolicallyconsumed in body
(irretrievably altered)
Internal pool(extracellular fluid
concentration) of a substance
Reversible incorporationinto more complex
molecular structures(fulfills a specific function)
Metabolicallyproduced by body
Input from external environment
(through ingestion, inhalation, absorption through body surface,or artificial injection)
Storage depots withinbody (no function
other than storage)
Outputs frominternal pool
(Inside body)
Inputs to internal pool
Fig. 13-1, p.573
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Fig. 13-2, p.574
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Table 13-1, p.575
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Difference between ECF and ICF
• Cellular proteins
• Cellular organic osmolytes
• Unequal distribution of Na+ and K+
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Fig. 13-3, p.576
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Osmotic and volume balanceOsmotic problems threaten cells and animals1. Evaporation of body water into air (eg. sweating or
breathing)2. Osmosis into or out of environment (eg. fresh water
or saline water)3. Freezing (locks up water in ice crystals and
concentrates ions in unfrozen water)4. Excretion (require water for waste removal)5. Diseases (eg. Diabetes)
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Fig. 13-4a, p.577
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Fig. 13-4c, p.577
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Fig. 13-5, p.578
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Fig. 13-6, p.579
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Fig. 13-7, p.579
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Table 13-2a, p.580
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Table 13-2b, p.580
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Table 13-2c, p.581
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Fig. 13-8, p.582
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Fig. 13-10, p.585
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Fig. 13-11, p.586
Medium <5 mOsm
Removes much water andsome salt via dilute urineSalts lost
via feces
Obtains salts through“chloride” cells in gillsand with food
Absorbs waterthrough gillsand skin
Body fluids ca.300 mOsm
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Adaptation of Freshwater Animals
• Active transport of ions
• Hypotonic urine
• Lower internal osmolarities
• Low permeability of integument
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Fig. 13-12, p.587
H2O lost viarespirationNaCI retention
NaCI lost via excretion
NaCI
H2O retention
Terrestrial animals
DietaryH2O
H2O
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ECF Hypertonicity
1. Insufficient water intake (eg. Drought, desert)
2. Excessive water loss (heavy sweating, panting, vomiting, diarrhea, diabetes, breath in dry air, exposed to salt water)
3. Drinking hypertonic saline water
4. Alcohol inhibits vasopressin secretion
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ECF Hypotonicity
1. Intake of relatively more water than solutes
2. Retention of excess water without solute
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Table 13-3, p.590
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Relieves
Relieves
Relieves
ECF volume
OsmolarityArterial
blood pressure
Thirst Vasopressin
Hypothalamic osmoreceptors(dominant factor controlling thirst
and vasopressin secretion)
Left atrialvolume receptors (important only in large changes in
plasma volume/arterial pressure)
Hypothalamic neurons
Arteriolarvasoconstriction
H2O intakeH2O permeability
of distal and collecting tubules
H2O reabsorption
Urine output
Plasma osmolarity Plasma volume
++
+ +
Fig. 13-13, p.591
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Table 13-4, p.592
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Relieves
Relieves
Na+ load in body
Arterial blood pressure
AldosteroneGFR
Na+ reabsorbedNa+ filtered
Excretion of Na+ andaccompanying Cl2 and fluid
Conservation of NaCl andaccompanying fluid
a
b
See Figur e 12-14 for details of mechanism.
See Figur e 12-18 for details of mechanism.
ba
Fig. 13-14, p.593
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Fig. 13-15, p.594
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Fig. 13-16, p.596
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Fig. 13-17, p.596
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Three pH defenders and Four pH buffer systems
• Three defense against pH changes
1. Chemical buffer systems
2. Respiratory control
3. Excretory control
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Fig. 13-19, p.599
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Three pH defenders and Four pH buffer systems
• Four buffer systems
1. Carbon dioxide-bicarbonate buffer
2. Peptide and protein buffer
3. Hemoglobin buffer
4. Phosphate buffer
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p.600
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Alleviates Buffers Plasma [H+](or plasma [CO2])
H+ secretion HCO3– conservation
H+ excretion HCO3– excretion
Plasma [H+] Plasma [HCO3–]
Fig. 13-20, p.603
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Fig. 13-23, p.606