MORNING STAR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

CHUNKANKADAI

EXHUST POWER GENERATION AND AIR FILLING USING IC ENGINES

A Project Report

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of diploma

In

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Project guided byMr.T.KAMILLAS FRANKLIN,M.E

Submitted By

DIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, TAMILNADU

NAME SL.NOJ.AJEESH 12208566P.AJIN RAJ 12208568P.ALAN BINO SUGIHAR 12208570R.ALEX 12208571A.ALEX MON 12208572A.M.ANAND 12208573

2013-2014

MORNING STAR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

CHUNKANKADAI

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certificate that the project entitled “EXHAUST POWER

GENERATION AND AIR FILLING USING IC ENGINES” is a bonafide work done by……………………………….. reg.no………………………........ of final year diploma in mechanical engineering, during the year 2013-2014.

Guide Head Of The Department Mr.T.KAMILLAS FRANKLIN,M.E Mr.T.KAMILLAS FRANKLIN,M.E

Submitted For The Board Examination Held At Morning Star Polytechnic College On …………………..

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Place : Chunkankadai

Date :

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I thank my God almighty who is the “SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE” and the one who guided me in all aspects to bring out this project a successful one.

My special thanks to my loving parents and my beloved friends for their help in bringing out this project successfully.

I wish to express my sincere thanks to the correspondent Rev.Fr.P.PAUL RICHARD JOSEPH,M.A.,M.Phil who provide me an opportunity to do this project work in this esteemed institution.

I would like to express my sincere thanks to our principal Mr.V.VINCENT JAYASEELAN,B.E.,M.Tech .,M.A.,M.Ed.,M.Phil for his encouragement while doing this project.

I also express my heart full thanks to my head of the department and my project guide Mr.T.KAMILLAS FRANKLIN,M.E., for his keen involvement in successful completion of my project work.

I also thank for our all staff members for their guidance while preparing my project work.

Also I thank the entire member who helped directly and indirectly to complete my project work.

CONTENTS

CONTENTS

1 SYNOPSIS

2 INTRODUCTION

3 LITERATURE SURVEY

4 CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS AND DRAWING

5 FABRICATION OF PARTS

6 WORKING PRINCIPLE

7 ADVANTAGES

8 APPLICATIONS

9 COST DETAILS

10 CONCLUSION

11 BIBLIOGRAPHY

SYNOPSIS

SYNOPSIS

This system is used to fill air in the tyer during the occurrence of

unexpected punctures in the wheels. The project consists of an

engine in which its exhaust is made to generate electricity. The

exhaust gases from the engine has high velocity or pressure which

is enough to run the turbine. The power is stored in the battery and

it is used to run a compressor to fill air to the tyre.

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

The output of the engine exhaust gas is given to the input of

the generator blades, so that the electrical energy produced. This

electrical energy is used to store the battery. This power, the

alternate power must be much more convenient in availability and

usage. The next important reason for the search of effective,

unadulterated power are to save the surrounding environments

including men, machine and material of both the existing and the

next forth generation from pollution, the cause for many harmful

happenings and to reach the saturation point. The most talented

power against the natural resource is supposed to be the electric and

solar energies that best suit the automobiles. The unadulterated

zero emission electrical and solar power, is the only easily attainable

alternate source. Hence we decided to incorporate the solar power

in the field of automobile, the concept of many Multi National

Companies (MNC) and to get relieved from the incorrigible air

pollution.

CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS

CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS

COMPONENTS

COMPONENTS

• IC engine

• nozzle

• Turbine generator

• Battery

• Air compressor

• Wheel setup

IC ENGINE

An internal combustion engine (ICE) is an engine where the combustion of

a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an

integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine

the expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by

combustion apply direct force to some component of the engine. The force is

applied typically to pistons,turbine blades, or a nozzle. This force moves the

component over a distance, transforming chemical energy into

useful mechanical energy. The first commercially successful internal

combustion engine was created by Étienne Lenoir around 1859. and the first

modern internal combustion engine was created in 1864 by Siegfried Marcus.

The term internal combustion engine usually refers to an engine in which

combustion is intermittent, such as the more familiar four-strokeand two-

stroke piston engines, along with variants, such as the six-stroke piston engine

and the Wankel rotary engine. A second class of internal combustion engines

use continuous combustion: gas turbines, jet engines and most rocket engines,

each of which are internal combustion engines on the same principle as

previously described. Firearms are also a form of internal combustion engine.

Internal combustion engines are quite different from external combustion

engines, such as steam or Stirling engines, in which the energy is delivered to a

working fluid not consisting of, mixed with, or contaminated by combustion

products. Working fluids can be air, hot water,pressurized water or even liquid

sodium, heated in a boiler. ICEs are usually powered by energy-dense fuels

such as gasoline or diesel, liquids derived from fossil fuels. While there are

many stationary applications, most ICEs are used in mobile applications and

are the dominant power supply for cars, aircraft, and boats.

Typically an ICE is fed with fossil fuels like natural gas or petroleum products

such as gasoline, diesel fuel or fuel oil. There's a growing usage of renewable

fuels like biodiesel for compression ignition engines and bioethanol for spark

ignition engines. Hydrogen is sometimes used, and can be made from either

fossil fuels or renewable energy.

NOZZLE

A nozzle is a device designed to control the direction or characteristics of

a fluid flow (especially to increase velocity) as it exits (or enters) an enclosed

chamber or pipe.

A nozzle is often a pipe or tube of varying cross sectional area, and it can be

used to direct or modify the flow of a fluid (liquid or gas). Nozzles are

frequently used to control the rate of flow, speed, direction, mass, shape,

and/or the pressure of the stream that emerges from them. In nozzle velocity

of fluid increases on the expense of its pressure energy.

A gas jet, fluid jet, or hydro jet is a nozzle intended to eject gas or fluid in a

coherent stream into a surrounding medium. Gas jets are commonly found

in gas stoves, ovens, orbarbecues. Gas jets were commonly used

for light before the development of electric light. Other types of fluid jets are

found in carburetors, where smooth calibrated orifices are used to regulate the

flow of fuel into an engine, and in jacuzzis or spas.

Another specialized jet is the laminar jet. This is a water jet that contains

devices to smooth out the pressure and flow, and gives laminar flow, as its

name suggests. This gives betterresults for fountains.

Nozzles used for feeding hot blast into a blast furnace or forge are

called tuyeres.

Jet nozzles are also use in large rooms where the distribution of air via

ceiling diffusers is not possible or not practical. Diffusers that uses jet nozzles

are called jet diffuser where it will be arranged in the side wall areas in order to

distribute air. When the temperature difference between the supply air and

the room air changes, the supply air stream is deflected upwards, to supply

warm air, or downwards, to supply cold air.

TURBINE

A turbine, from the Greek τύρβη, tyrbē, ("turbulence") is a rotary mechanical

device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work. A

turbine is a turbomachine with at least one moving part called a rotor

assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades attached. Moving fluid acts on

the blades so that they move and impart rotational energy to the rotor. Early

turbine examples are windmills and waterwheels.

Gas, steam, and water turbines have a casing around the blades that contains

and controls the working fluid. Credit for invention of the steam turbine is

given both to the British engineer Sir Charles Parsons (1854–1931), for

invention of thereaction turbine and to Swedish engineer Gustaf de

Laval (1845–1913), for invention of the impulse turbine. Modern steam

turbines frequently employ both reaction and impulse in the same unit,

typically varying the degree of reaction and impulse from the blade root to its

periphery.

A working fluid contains potential energy (pressure head) and kinetic

energy (velocity head). The fluid may becompressible or incompressible.

Several physical principles are employed by turbines to collect this energy:

Impulse turbines change the direction of flow of a high velocity fluid or gas jet.

The resulting impulse spins the turbine and leaves the fluid flow with

diminished kinetic energy. There is no pressure change of the fluid or gas in

the turbine blades (the moving blades), as in the case of a steam or gas

turbine, all the pressure drop takes place in the stationary blades (the nozzles).

Before reaching the turbine, the fluid's pressure head is changed to velocity

head by accelerating the fluid with a nozzle. Pelton wheels and de Laval

turbines use this process exclusively. Impulse turbines do not require a

pressure casement around the rotor since the fluid jet is created by the nozzle

prior to reaching the blades on the rotor. Newton's second law describes the

transfer of energy for impulse turbines.

Reaction turbines develop torque by reacting to the gas or fluid's pressure or

mass. The pressure of the gas or fluid changes as it passes through the turbine

rotor blades. A pressure casement is needed to contain the working fluid as it

acts on the turbine stage(s) or the turbine must be fully immersed in the fluid

flow (such as with wind turbines). The casing contains and directs the working

fluid and, for water turbines, maintains the suction imparted by the draft

tube.Francis turbines and most steam turbines use this concept. For

compressible working fluids, multiple turbine stages are usually used to

harness the expanding gas efficiently. Newton's third law describes the

transfer of energy for reaction turbines.

In the case of steam turbines, such as would be used for marine applications or

for land-based electricity generation, a Parsons type reaction turbine would

require approximately double the number of blade rows as a de Laval type

impulse turbine, for the same degree of thermal energy conversion. Whilst this

makes the Parsons turbine much longer and heavier, the overall efficiency of a

reaction turbine is slightly higher than the equivalent impulse turbine for the

same thermal energy conversion.

In practice, modern turbine designs use both reaction and impulse concepts to

varying degrees whenever possible.Wind turbines use an airfoil to generate a

reaction lift from the moving fluid and impart it to the rotor. Wind turbines

also gain some energy from the impulse of the wind, by deflecting it at an

angle. Turbines with multiple stages may utilize either reaction or impulse

blading at high pressure. Steam turbines were traditionally more impulse but

continue to move towards reaction designs similar to those used in gas

turbines. At low pressure the operating fluid medium expands in volume for

small reductions in pressure. Under these conditions, blading becomes strictly

a reaction type design with the base of the blade solely impulse. The reason is

due to the effect of the rotation speed for each blade. As the volume increases,

the blade height increases, and the base of the blade spins at a slower speed

relative to the tip. This change in speed forces a designer to change from

impulse at the base, to a high reaction style tip.

Classical turbine design methods were developed in the mid 19th century.

Vector analysis related the fluid flow with turbine shape and rotation.

Graphical calculation methods were used at first. Formulae for the basic

dimensions of turbine parts are well documented and a highly efficient

machine can be reliably designed for any fluid flow condition. Some of the

calculations are empirical or 'rule of thumb' formulae, and others are based

on classical mechanics. As with most engineering calculations, simplifying

assumptions were made.

Velocity triangles can be used to calculate the basic performance of a turbine

stage. Gas exits the stationary turbine nozzle guide vanes at absolute

velocity Va1. The rotor rotates at velocity U. Relative to the rotor, the velocity of

the gas as it impinges on the rotor entrance is Vr1. The gas is turned by the

rotor and exits, relative to the rotor, at velocity Vr2. However, in absolute terms

the rotor exit velocity is Va2. The velocity triangles are constructed using these

various velocity vectors. Velocity triangles can be constructed at any section

through the blading (for example: hub, tip, midsection and so on) but are

usually shown at the mean stage radius. Mean performance for the stage can

be calculated from the velocity triangles, at this radius, using the Euler

equation:

Hence:

where:

specific enthalpy drop across stage

turbine entry total (or stagnation) temperature

turbine rotor peripheral velocity

change in whirl velocity

The turbine pressure ratio is a function of and the

turbine efficiency.

Modern turbine design carries the calculations further. Computational fluid

dynamics dispenses with many of the simplifying assumptions used to derive

classical formulas and computer software facilitates optimization. These tools

have led to steady improvements in turbine design over the last forty years.

The primary numerical classification of a turbine is its specific speed. This

number describes the speed of the turbine at its maximum efficiency with

respect to the power and flow rate. The specific speed is derived to be

independent of turbine size. Given the fluid flow conditions and the desired

shaft output speed, the specific speed can be calculated and an appropriate

turbine design selected.

The specific speed, along with some fundamental formulas can be used to

reliably scale an existing design of known performance to a new size with

corresponding performance.

Off-design performance is normally displayed as a turbine map or

characteristic.

GENERATOR

In electricity generation, a generator is a device that converts mechanical

energy to electrical energy for use in an external circuit. The source of

mechanical energy may vary widely from a hand crank to an internal

combustion engine. Generators provide nearly all of the power for electric

power grids.

The reverse conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy is done

by an electric motor, and motors and generators have many similarities. Many

motors can be mechanically driven to generate electricity and frequently make

acceptable generators.

BATTERY

An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical

cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Each cell

contains a positive terminal, or cathode, and a negative terminal,

or anode. Electrolytes allow ions to move between the electrodes and

terminals, which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work.

Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded; the

electrode materials are irreversibly changed during discharge. Common

examples are the alkaline battery used for flashlights and a multitude of

portable devices. Secondary(rechargeable batteries) can be discharged and

recharged multiple times; the original composition of the electrodes can be

restored by reverse current. Examples include the lead-acid batteries used in

vehicles and lithium ion batteries used for portable electronics.

Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to

power hearing aids and wristwatches to battery banks the sizeof rooms that

provide standby power for telephone exchanges and computer data centers.

According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery industry generates

US$48 billion in sales each year, with 6% annual growth.

Batteries have much lower specific energy (energy per unit mass) than

common fuels such as gasoline. This is somewhat offset by the higher

efficiency of electric motors in producing mechanical work, compared to

combustion engines.

AIR COMPRESSOR

An air compressor is a device that converts power (usually from an

electric motor, a diesel engine or a gasoline engine) into potential

energy by forcing air into a smaller volume and thus increasing its

pressure. The energy in the compressed air can be stored while the

air remains pressurized. The energy can be used for a variety of

applications, usually by utilizing the kinetic energy of the air as it is

depressurized.

A small air compressor driven by the battery is used to fill air in

the wheels

BLOCK DIAGRAM

WORKING

WORKING

• When the engine is running hot flue gases with high pressure

comes out from the engine.

• The nozzle is kept to increase the velocity of the exhaust gas

and it runs the turbine. the turbine runs a generator and

electricity is produced and stored in the battery.

• The pump consumes the power from the battery and it

compresses the air to the wheels.

ADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES

The operation is very easy

It is more economic

Efficiency of the engine increases

It is easy simple in construction

It would be more helpful in emergency conditions

Reduces load to the alternator

APPLICATIONS

APPLICATIONS

• It could be used in the mobile puncture services to avoid large

setup

• It could be used in two wheelers and four wheelers

COST DETAILS

COST DETAILS

BATTERY 800

ENGINE 1500

AIR COMPRESSOR 1200

TURBINE GENERATOR 1000

TOTAL COST 4500

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

Thus from this project the waste energy is utilized

from the exhaust and stored in the battery to run a compressor to

fill air to the tyre. This increases the efficiency of the engine and

reduce the cost of filling air. This could be used in two wheelers

and four wheelers to increase the efficiency of the engine and to

reduce fuel consumption

.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Singh B.R. and Singh Onkar, 2008, ENERGY STORAGESYSTEM TO

MEET CHALLENGES OF 21ST CENTURY- ANOVERVIEW-ALL

INDIA SEMINAR ON ENERGY MANAGEMENTIN PERCEPTIVE

OF INDIAN SCENARIO-held on October17-19, 2008 at Institution of

Engineer (India), StateCentre, Engineer's Bhawan, Lucknow-

ProceedingsChapter15, pp 157-167.

2. Prof. B. S. Patel, R S BAROT, KARAN SHAH, PUSHPENDRA

SHARMA, “AIR POWERED ENGINE” National Conference on Recent

Trends in Engineering & Technology-B.V.M. Engineering College,

V.V.Nagar,

3. Gujarat, India,13-14 May 2011

4. Gorla, R., and Reddy, S., 2005, Probabilistic Heat Transfer and Structural

Analysis of Turbine Blade, IJTJE, Vol. 22, pp 1- 11.

5. Rose Robert, William J. Vincent, 2004, Fuel CellVehicle World Survey

2003-Break throughTechnologies Institute, February’ 2004,

Washington,D.C.

6. B R Singh and O Singh, “DEVELOPMENT OF A VANED-TYPE

NOVEL AIR TURBINE”, JMES993 © IMechE 2008, Proc. IMechE Vol.

222 Part C: J. Mechanical Engineering Science, pp. 2419-2426

7. Singh B.R. and Singh O., 2010, CRITICAL EFFECT OFROTOR

VANES WITH DIFFERENT INJECTION ANGLES

ONPERFORMANCE OF A VANED TYPE NOVEL AIR

TURBINE,International Journal of Engineering andTechnology, Chennai,

India, IJET-ISSN: 0975-4024,Vol. 2 Number 2(28), 2010, pp. 118-123.

8. Chen, P.X. Researchers Develop Air-powered

Motorcycle,http://blog.wired.com/gadgets/2008/08/air powered-

mot.html(accessedAugust 2008).

9. Bharat Raj Singh, Onkar Singh, “STUDY OF COMPRESSED AIR

STORAGE SYSTEM AS CLEAN POTENTIAL -ENERGY FOR 21ST

CENTURY” Global Journal of researches in engineering-Mechanical

andmechanics engineering, Volume 12 Issue 1 Version 1.0 January 2012