expectancies, peer-influences and social determinants regarding alcohol use in young people stephan...
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Expectancies, peer-influences and social determinants
regarding alcohol use in young people
Stephan Van den BrouckeUC Louvain
Symposium on « Binge Drinking in Belgian Minors: an innocent problem?
Palace of the AcademiesBrussels, 8 November 2011
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BackgroundCollege or university is the place where adolescents learn to drink alcohol
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Studies among university students reveal – a high level of alcohol
consumption – a high level of problematic
use, particularly binge drinking
Percentage heavy episodic drinking in the past month, ages 18-20 and 21-24, in college versus noncollege persons, 1998, 2002, and 2005 (Hingson, 2009)
Source: National Household Survey on Drug Use and Health.
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Alcohol education as a solution?
Source: Bangert-Drowns, R.L. (1988). Journal of Drug Education, 18, 243-264.
N= 26
N= 18
N= 14
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To address the problem of student binge drinking it is necessary to investigate the factors that influence it
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Factors influencing student alcohol abuse• Individual
- expectancies - attitudes- control perceptions- Sensation seeking and risk
taking tendency- personal stress
• Social- family- peers - perceived norms
• Institutional– availability and price– rules and regulations
• Societal– cultural habits– economic conditions
Dahlgren & Whitehead (1991)
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Objectives of the presentation• Document the individua and
social factors that influence problematic alcohol use (including binge drinking)
• Highlight the contribution of own researchMost published research on determinants of alcohol use has been carried out in the US
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Determinants of alcohol use considered• Cognitive determinants
– Alcohol expectancies– Attitudes– Refusal self-efficacy
• Peer influences– Peer pressure– Perceived norms
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Alcohol expectancies• The cognitive, affective, and behavioral outcomes an individual
expects to occur due to drinking– Expectancies vary between persons– Expectancies can be positive or negative
Positive : improved social contact, sexual enhancement, relaxation, assertion
Negative: loss of responsibility, decreased performance
– Positive expectancies are believed to motivate to drink alcohol Drinking motives are the most proximate factor that precedes alcohol use, and are the gateway through which expectancies impact on use
• Findings from literature reviews– Fewer positive alcohol expectancies are associated with fewer binge drinking
episodes among young adults– Negative alcohol expectancies are not related to binge drinking
Courtney E, Polich J (2009), Psychological bulletin 135 (1), 142-156.
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Alcohol expectancies in Belgian students• Study among 492 students of the UCL
– 277 psychology students and 215 engeneering– 213 male, 279 female
• Online questionnaire – French adaptation of the AEQ-A– 4 expectancies :
• Relaxation and facilitating social contact• Improved physical and mental abilities• Enhanced sensations• Loss of control
• Findings– males student have higher scores on positive expectancies than female
students– psychology and engineering students have different expectancies
Darcheville (2012)
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Attitudes• A psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a
particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor (Eagly & Chaiken, 1995)
Based on outcome beliefs, the subjective value of the outcomes, and the perceived probability that the outcome will occur
• Reviews of community prevention strategies indicate that having favorable attitudes toward substance use is associated with binge drinking among adolescents
Collins et al. (2007). Substance Use Misuse, 42(6), 985-1007
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Self-efficacy and perceived control• The measure of the belief in one's own ability of performing a
given behavior– Applied to alcohol use and binge drinking: the ability to refuse drinks
easily or to stop drinking – Is believed to influence an individuals’ drinking intentions and
ultimately the behaviour
• Numerous studies have demonstrated an inverse association between drinking refusal self-efficacy and drinking behavior
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Attitudes and perceived control combined• Theory of Planned Behaviour
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TPB tested among Belgian studentsStudy among 192 students of the KU Leuven-recruited via the student medical service-53% human sciences, 24% exact sciences and 22% biomedical sciences -43% male, 57% female-Pen-and-paper questionnaire (validated)
Van Campenhout (2013)
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Attitudes and perceived control combined• Behaviour Reasoning Theory
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BRT tested among Belgian studentsStudy among 547 students of the UCL-418 online, 129 in auditorium-218 for 2nd completion-Different faculties (economics and political sciences, psychology, other)
-242 male, 304 female-Online/pen-and-paper questionnaire
De Waele & Godfrin (2013)
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Reasons for and against drinking
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Peer influences• The influence of other students on alcohol use and binge
drinking can be– Direct: offering alcohol and/or insist on drinking– Indirect: setting social norms
• Descriptive norms: What other people do• Injunctive norms: What other people approve of
• Reviews indicate that binge or risky drinking among adolescents is associated with
– having close friends who consumed alcohol in the past month – excessive drinking among peers
Gilligan et al. Alcohol, 47(3), 349-354.
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Peer influences tested in Belgian students
Study among 282 students of the UCL-Different faculties (psychology, bio-enginieering)
-246 women (87.23%); 36 men (12.77%) -Online questionnaire measuring direct offer, perceived injunctive norms, perceived descriptive norms and alcohol consumption-Distinction between non-binge drinkers (19.1%), binge drinkers (72.3%) and frequent binge drinkers (8.5%)
Kumst (2013)
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Conclusion• Alcohol expectancies, attitudes, self-efficacy, direct
peer pressure and perceived norms all contribute to alcohol consumption and to binge drinking
• The relative importance of the determinants varies– For alcohol use and binge drinking– Between subgroups (gender)
• Prevention campaigns and strategies need to take the multiple determinants of alcohol use and binge drinking into account
• Research on the determinants of binge drinking can help to inform prevention efforts
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“The chief reason for drinking is the desire to behave in a certain way, and to be able to blame it on alcohol”
~ Mignon McLaughlin, The Neurotic's Notebook, 1960
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