exploration, discovery, & settlement (1491 - 1700)

EXPLORATION, DISCOVERY, & SETTLEMENT

(1491 - 1700)


• Native Americans– Small Settlements - Plains– Larger Societies - Northeast (Iroquois) &

Southwest (Pueblos)


• Cultures of Central and South America (Aztecs and Incas)


• Europe Moves Towards Exploration– Technology - compass, astrolabe, gun powder– Religion - Protestant Reformation/Counter

Reformation– Catholic Spain (1492) - Ferdinand and Isabella– Expanding Trade - Arabs– Developing Nations (Nation/States) - Spain,

France, England, Portugal, Dutch


• Early Explorations (Spain)– Christopher Columbus

Nina, Pinta, & Santa Maria


• Early Explorations (Spain)– Amerigo Vespucci (Spain…later Portugal)


• Dividing the New World – Papal Line of Demarcation– Treaty of Tordesillas


• Spain (Gold, Trade, Spread Christianity, introduced slavery)– Balboa, – Ponce de Leon–Magellan– Cortes– Pizarro– de Soto– Coronado


• England– John Cabot (1497)– Queen Elizabeth I• Sir Francis Drake• Sir Walter Raleigh - Roanoke, NC


• France– Cartier, Champlain, Marquette and Jolliet– Canada– LaSalle - Louisiana


• Dutch (NY and Canada)• Henry Hudson – The Half Moon - Manhattan– “patroon system” - to populate NA– no political or religious problems in the

Netherlands


• English Settlements – 1588 – overpopulated – depression – poverty – adventure – willing


• Jamestown (1607) - for economic profit, Virginia Company – problems - Indians, famine, disease– tobacco - John Rolfe, John Smith– 1619 - indentured servants from Africa– Royal Colony (1624) - Virginia Company went

bankrupt

Jamestown

Jamestown (today)

Pocahontas


• Puritan Colonies– Religious motivation– Church of England - pre-destination, total

depravity of man


• Plymouth - Virginia Company of London– Captain Miles Standish and Governor William

Bradford– Fish, furs, lumber


• Massachusetts Bay Colony - Puritans (1630)– religious freedom - Charles I (Catholic)– John Winthrop, Puritans, Great Migration

(slowed during the English Civil War)


• Political Institutions (Traditions)– Majority rule in Plymouth - Mayflower Compact– Representative government in Jamestown - House

of Burgesses– Representative government in Mass. - male,

Puritan Church– Limited democracy - colonial governors often

answered only to kings & colonial agents represented a colony’s interest in England


• Spanish Settlements in North America– Florida– New Mexico– Texas– California

THE THIRTEEN COLONIES AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE

(1607 - 1750)


• Three Types of Charters (document granting special privileges)– Corporate colonies - (joint-stock companies) -

Virginia until 1624– Royal colonies - direct rule of king’s government -

royal governors– Proprietary colonies - under authority of

individuals by the king - PA, MD


• Chesapeake Colonies– Maryland - 1632 - Charles I to George Calvert

(Cecil Calvert) – “Lord Baltimore”• haven for Catholics • Act of Toleration - religious freedom for Christians• Protestant Revolt - Catholics lost their right to vote -

late 1600s


• Virginia– Economic Problems - low tobacco prices– Political problems• Sir William Berkeley (1641-1652) & (1660-1677)• Nathaniel Bacon - small farmer vs. Plantation

– 1676 attacked Indians on the frontier– defeated governors forces and burned Jamestown– Lasting Problems– small farmer vs. Plantation– resistance to royal control


• Labor Shortages - Tobacco– Indentured Servants– Headright System - attracted immigrants with 50

acres– Slavery - by the 1660s


• Development of New England • Puritans– Rhode Island (1644)– Roger Williams - Providence (1636) - religious toleration -

separation of church and state– Anne Hutchinson - Portsmouth (1638)

• Connecticut– Thomas Hooker - Hartford (1636)– 1639 Fundamental Orders of Connecticut - first written

constitution• New Hampshire (1679) - part of Massachusetts


• Halfway Covenant - theocracy to separation of church and state

• New England Confederation (1643-1684)• King Philip’s War (1675-1676) - Metacom


• Restoration Colonies (1660 Charles II)– Carolinas (1663) - Nobles were granted charters

for helping Charles II• North Carolina - Tobacco• South Carolina - Charleston, slaves


• New York (1664) - New Amsterdam– Duke of York (James II)– Peter Stuyvesant


• New Jersey (1702) – Lord John Berkeley – Sir George Carteret (1664)


• Pennsylvania (1681)– Quakers– equality, nonviolence, personal religious authority– persecuted in England– William Penn – “The Holy Experiment”- diverse colony

• freedom of religion• unrestricted immigration• advertised throughout Europe


• Delaware (1702) - lower three counties of PA


• Georgia (1732) - James Oglethorpe– buffer from Florida– debtor colony– no alcohol– no slavery– silk production


• Mercantilism and the Empire - 1.) ready market 2.) regulate trade 3.) resources – Acts of Trade and Navigation - “Navigation Acts”

(1650-1673)– English or colonial-built ships– imported goods must pass through English ports– goods could only be exported to England– Enforcement of the Acts – varied - Smuggling


• Impact on the Colonies– Positive• New England shipbuilding• Chesapeake tobacco had a monopoly• Protection from French and Spanish

– Negative• colonial manufacturing was limited• low prices for Chesapeake farmers• high prices for English manufactured goods


• Brief Experiment: The Dominion of New England (1686)– James II – Sir Edmund Andros– 1688 William and Mary


• Slavery - 2/5 of southern population 1770s – Increased demand for slaves– scarcity of labor– dependable workforce– cheap labor– Slave laws - for life, no rights– Triangular Trade (Middle Passage) - rum, slaves,

sugar/molasses

COLONIAL SOCIETY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY


• Population Growth (1700 - 250,000…1775 - 2,500,000) (Phila. 40,000, NYC, Boston)– European Immigrants– Great Britain - Wales, Scotland, Ireland, England -

Scots Irish (Western parts of colonies)– Western Europe - Huguenots (France)– Central Europe - Moravians, Mennonites,

Dunkards, Germans (PA Dutch)– Africans - 1775 - 20 % of colonial population


• Colonial Society– General Characteristics• English Culture• Self-government• Religious toleration• No hereditary aristocracy• Social mobility


• The Family– men - landowners, politics– women - household work, were needed in the

work force…this earned them more respect than their European counterparts


• The Economy - “putting-out system”, England restricted textile manufacturing and hats, wool, and iron– New England - subsistence farming, ship building, fishing,

trading, logging, rum– Middle colonies - trade, iron, farming– Southern colonies - large plantations, cash crops, rice,

indigo, tar– Monetary system - limited gold and silver (hard currency)– Transportation - via water (Phila, NY, Boston, and Charleston)

…Piracy, Profiteering


• Religion - Presbyterians, Lutheran, Mennonites, Quakers…Catholics did not receive equal rights as Protestants…Jews worked in trade and business– Protestant Dominance• Anglicans - became the Episcopal Church after the

Revolution• Congregationalists - successors to the Puritans


• The Great Awakening - early 1700… sermons in Protestant churches were long intellectual discourses…,1730s fervent expressions of religious feelings– Jonathan Edwards - started the Great Awakening -

Northampton, Mass– George Whitefield - traveled throughout the colonies

spreading the GA– Religious impact - increased religious diversity - new sects,

Baptists and Methodists– Political influence - common experience, question authority


• Cultural Life– Arts and Science– Architecture - Georgian Style (Brick, symmetrical,

two fireplaces)– Painting • Benjamin West, John Copley, Gilbert Stewart• historical scenes and portraits after revolution


• Literature– William Bradford, John Winthrop, Anne Bradstreet– religion and politics– Cotton Mather - minister– Jonathan Edwards - minister– Wonders of the Invisible World - witches– Noah Webster - spelling book– Thomas Jefferson - Library of Congress– Benjamin Franklin - Poor Richard’s Almanac,

autobiography


• Music – Psalms, ballads, tavern songs– “Bay Psalm Book” - hymn book– Moravians were known for their music

• Dance - minuets, jigs, and country dances


• Science – John Bartram - botanical garden– Benjamin Franklin - electricity, bifocals,…– Astronomy - David Rittenhouse, John Winthrop IV, Ezra

Stiles– European scientists were interested in NA plants and

animals– Cotton Mather

• plant hybridization• Newtonian physics• collected bones and plants


• Education– New England - Puritans - eventually tax supported

schools• literacy to read the Bible • primary and grammar schools

– Middle Colonies - church sponsored or private schools

– Southern colonies - parents and tutors


• Higher Education - Latin and Greek– Harvard 1636 - Puritans– William and Mary 1694 - Anglicans

• George Wythe taught law• Phi Beta Kappa was founded

– Yale 1701 - Congregationalists– College of New Jersey (Princeton) 1746 - Presbyterian ***– King’s College (Columbia) 1754 - Anglican ***– Rhode Island College (Brown) 1764 - Baptist ***– College of Philadelphia (Penn) - 1765 (Medical School)– Queens College (Rutgers) 1766 - Dutch Reformed ***– Dartmouth College 1769 - Congregationalist ***


• Professions– Physicians - cures were worse than the ailment– Lawyers - John Adams, James Otis, Patrick Henry


• The Press– Newspapers (1725 - 5, 1776 - 40, 1790 - >100)– John Peter Zenger - freedom of the press?• criticized NY’s royal governor• libel• Alexander Hamilton was his attorney• jury acquitted Zenger


• Rural Folkways - card playing, horse-racing, theater going (patriotic dramas)

• National Character


• Politics– Structure of Government• eight royal colonies (NH, MA, NY, NJ, VA, NC, SC, & GA)

king appt. governor• three proprietary colonies (MD, PA, DE) proprietor

appt. governor• CT, RI - popular vote for governor

– Local government - NE “town meeting”– Voting - not much of a democracy - colonial

assemblies dealt with finances

IMPERIAL WARS AND COLONIAL PROTEST


• Empires at War– Three Wars - Against France and Spain in the New

World• King William’s War (1689 - 1697) • Queen Anne’s War (1702 - 1713)• King George’s War (1744 - 1748)


• The French and Indian War (1754 - 1763)– Beginning of the War - French forts in the Ohio

River Valley• Fort Duquesne• George Washington – Fort Necessity

– Albany Plan of Union - Benjamin Franklin• collect taxes• raise a militia


• British Victory - French Canada and Spanish Florida– Peace of Paris– French power in North America ended

• Effects - Colonists did not have to fear concerted attacks by…– French– Spanish – Indians


• British View - no respect for colonists (military & $)

• Colonial View - proud of themselves - little respect for British leadership


• Reorganization of the British Empire - no more salutary neglect, wars were costly– Pontiac’s Rebellion - Chief Pontiac attacked western

colonial settlements, British troops were sent in– Proclamation of 1763 - no colonists west of the

Appalachians• angered colonists• British hoped to solve the Indian problems before opening

the frontier• colonists wanted the benefits of winning the French and

Indian War


• British Actions and Colonial Reactions– New Revenues and Regulations– Sugar Act (1764) - never repealed– Quartering Act (1765)


• Stamp Act (1765) - direct tax - legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, advertisements– Patrick Henry - House of Burgesses, no taxation w/o

representation– James Otis - Stamp Act Congress - colonists speaking

with one voice - nine colonies– Sons and Daughters of Liberty - intimidate tax agents -

tar and feather - mob violence concerned the colonial aristocrats

– boycotts proved to be the most effective form of protest


• Declaratory Act (1766) - repealed Stamp Act - “Parliament has the right to tax and make laws for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever.”


• Second Phase of the Crisis (1767 - 1773)– Townshend Acts (1767 - 1770) - indirect tax - tea,

glass, and paper and the right to search colonial homes• John Dickinson - Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer• Samuel Adams and James Otis - the Massachusetts

Circular Letter

– Repeal of the Townshend Acts (1770) - Lord Frederick North


• Boston Massacre (March 1770) - Samuel Adams called it a “Massacre”– British soldiers killed five - Crispus Attucks– John Adams defended the British and they were

acquitted - this showed the right for everyone to have a fair trial

– some commentaries say…• spontaneous event• staged event• colonists feared the British even more


• Renewal of the Conflict– Gaspee Affair • Burned by the colonists in Rhode Island• Britain wanted accused brought to England for trial

– Boston Tea Party - Tea Act (1773) - British East India Company


• Intolerable Acts - reaction to the Boston Tea Party– Coercive Acts (1774)

• Port Bill - closed Boston Harbor• Massachusetts Government Act• Administration of Justice Act• Quartering Act (expanded) - private homes

– Quebec Act (1774)• Roman Catholicism official religion• extended Quebec’s boundary• no representative assembly

exploration, discovery, & settlement (1491 - 1700)

Documents

settlement slide

england slide

jamestown slide

dutch slide

lumber slide

nc slide

bankrupt slide

netherlands slide