Exploring American HistoryExploring American HistoryUnit VII – Becoming a World Unit VII – Becoming a World

PowerPower

Chapter 21 - The Progressive Spirit of Chapter 21 - The Progressive Spirit of ReformReform

Section 1- The Gilded Age and Progressive Section 1- The Gilded Age and Progressive MovementMovement

The Gilded Age and the The Gilded Age and the Progressive MovementProgressive Movement

The Big Idea

From the late 1800s through the early 1900s, the Progressive movement addressed problems in American society.

Main Ideas

• Political corruption was common during the Gilded Age.

• Progressives pushed for reforms to improve living conditions.

• Progressive reforms expanded the voting power of citizens.

Main Idea 1: Political corruption was Main Idea 1: Political corruption was common during the Gilded Agecommon during the Gilded Age

• Political machines.

• Political machines used both legal and illegal means

• Supporters of political machines were often rewarded with government jobs.

• The most notorious political machine was New York City’s Tammany Hall, headed by William Marcy Tweed.

Corruption in WashingtonCorruption in Washington

•The administration of Ulysses S. Grant

•In Grant’s second term

•The scandal.

•Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–1881)

• James B. Garfield (1881)

•Chester A. Arthur (1881–1885)

Cleaning Up Political Cleaning Up Political CorruptionCorruption

•Grover Cleveland (1885–1889, 1893–1897)

•Benjamin Harrison (1889–1893)

•William McKinley (1897–1901)

Political CorruptionPolitical Corruption• ExplainExplain: Why did member of : Why did member of

political machines stuff ballot boxes?political machines stuff ballot boxes?

• RecallRecall: What happened to federal : What happened to federal officials who took bribes from officials who took bribes from whiskey makers during President whiskey makers during President Grant’s second term?Grant’s second term?

• PredictPredict: If government officials were : If government officials were replaced after each presidential replaced after each presidential election, what effect would this have election, what effect would this have on the government’s workforce?on the government’s workforce?

Political CorruptionPolitical Corruption

• IdentifyIdentify: Which Presidents : Which Presidents tried to reform government tried to reform government corruption before 1883?corruption before 1883?

• RecallRecall: In what two ways did : In what two ways did the Pendleton Act change the the Pendleton Act change the hiring process for federal hiring process for federal jobs?jobs?

MuckrakersMuckrakersName applied to American Name applied to American

journalists, novelists, and critics who journalists, novelists, and critics who in the first decade of the 20th cent. in the first decade of the 20th cent. attempted to expose the abuses of attempted to expose the abuses of business and the corruption in business and the corruption in politics. politics.

Who were the reformers? Who were the reformers? What did they want?What did they want?

Issues to reform were such as;Issues to reform were such as;

immigrants - oldcomers and newcomersimmigrants - oldcomers and newcomers

city life- poor and needy, and prohibition city life- poor and needy, and prohibition

crime and corruptioncrime and corruption

strikes, Workman’s compensation, minimum wagestrikes, Workman’s compensation, minimum wage

Political bossesPolitical bosses

city/state governments- direct democracy, tax lawscity/state governments- direct democracy, tax laws

Giant business corporationsGiant business corporations

Women’s SuffrageWomen’s Suffrage

Child LaborChild Labor

Main Idea 2: Progressives pushed for Main Idea 2: Progressives pushed for reforms to improve living conditions.reforms to improve living conditions.

•Progressives were reformers

•Muckrakers were journalists who wrote about child labor, racial discrimination, slum housing, and corruption in business.

MuckrakersMuckrakers• Miss Ida Tarbell had been at work for years on her Miss Ida Tarbell had been at work for years on her

history of the Standard Oil Company, and it began to history of the Standard Oil Company, and it began to run in run in McClure'sMcClure's in November 1902. in November 1902.

• Lincoln Steffen's first novel on municipal corruption, Lincoln Steffen's first novel on municipal corruption, "Tweed Days in St. Louis""Tweed Days in St. Louis" appeared in appeared in McClure'sMcClure's Oct Oct 1902. 1902.

• Henry Demerest Lloyd's Henry Demerest Lloyd's Wealth Against CommonwealthWealth Against Commonwealth, , published in 1894, attacked the Standard Oil Company. published in 1894, attacked the Standard Oil Company.

• How the Other Half LivesHow the Other Half Lives, published in 1890 by Jacob , published in 1890 by Jacob Riis, exposed life in New York's slums. Riis, exposed life in New York's slums.

• John Spargo, an Englishman, published John Spargo, an Englishman, published The Bitter Cry The Bitter Cry of the Childrenof the Children, an account of young kids at work in , an account of young kids at work in sweatshops. sweatshops.

• Perhaps the most famous Muckraking novel, Perhaps the most famous Muckraking novel, The JungleThe Jungle by Upton Sinclair, exposed the horrors of the Chicago by Upton Sinclair, exposed the horrors of the Chicago meat-packing plants and the immigrants who were meat-packing plants and the immigrants who were worked to death in themworked to death in them.

Ida Tarbell Lincoln Steffen

Upton Sinclair

Jacob Riis

Reforms and Reformers

•Progressives started settlement houses

•City planners

•Civil and sanitation engineers

•Death rates.

Reform SuccessesReform Successes

Social ReformsSocial Reforms

• Education reform.

• Susan Blow.

• John Dewey.

• Joseph McCormack.

Progressives Push for Progressives Push for ReformsReforms•RecallRecall: What sort of : What sort of

reforms did Progressives reforms did Progressives want?want?

•Making InferencesMaking Inferences: What : What audience do you think audience do you think muckrakers were trying to muckrakers were trying to reach?reach?

Progressives Push for Progressives Push for ReformsReforms• RecallRecall: Name three writers who : Name three writers who

urged reform.urged reform.

• Cause and EffectCause and Effect: What resulted : What resulted from Upton Sinclair’s novel from Upton Sinclair’s novel The The JungleJungle??

• EvaluateEvaluate: What is your opinion of : What is your opinion of the importance of city planners the importance of city planners and engineers?and engineers?

Progressives Push for Progressives Push for ReformsReforms•RecallRecall: When did the first : When did the first

public kindergarten open in public kindergarten open in the United States?the United States?

•ContrastContrast: How were : How were Dewey’s ideas on education Dewey’s ideas on education different from earlier different from earlier methods of teaching?methods of teaching?

Main Idea 2:Main Idea 2:Progressive reformers Progressive reformers expanded the voting power of expanded the voting power of citizens.citizens.

• Progressives worked to reduce the power of the political machines by

• The Seventeenth Amendment allowed Americans to vote directly for U.S. senators.

Recall Initiative• .

Recall, Initiative, and Recall, Initiative, and ReferendumReferendum

Referendum

Reforming GovernmentReforming Government

• City Government reformsCity Government reforms

• State government reformsState government reforms

• Election reformsElection reforms

The Cities

Government ReformsGovernment Reforms

The States

City GovernmentCity Government

Commission PlanCommission Plan

City GovernmentCity GovernmentCity Manager schemeCity Manager scheme

Election ReformsElection Reforms Secret BallotSecret Ballot

Direct Primary- Direct Primary- People select the candidatesPeople select the candidates

INITIATIVE: INITIATIVE: The people may initiate(propose) by 5-The people may initiate(propose) by 5-8% petition of voters a bill to a legislature. 8% petition of voters a bill to a legislature.

REFERENDUM: REFERENDUM: The people may use referendum The people may use referendum (popular ballot) to enact, approve or reject acts of the (popular ballot) to enact, approve or reject acts of the legislature.legislature.

RECALL: RECALL: All elected public officials in the State, except All elected public officials in the State, except judicial officers, are subject to recall (by petition) by the judicial officers, are subject to recall (by petition) by the voters of the State and forced to stand for re-election at voters of the State and forced to stand for re-election at any time.any time.

17th Amendment: 17th Amendment: Direct Election of Senators. The Direct Election of Senators. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one votefor six years; and each Senator shall have one vote

Progressive MovementProgressive Movement• The efforts and successesThe efforts and successes::

– Interstate Commerce ActInterstate Commerce Act (1887) and the (1887) and the Sherman Antitrust ActSherman Antitrust Act (1890). (1890).

– A minority supported A minority supported socialismsocialism with government ownership of the means of with government ownership of the means of production. production.

– conservation movementconservation movement

– railroad legislationrailroad legislation

– food and drug lawsfood and drug laws. .

– elect senatorselect senators

– prohibitionprohibition

– suffrage to womensuffrage to women. .

– Workers compensation, civil service, and minimum wageWorkers compensation, civil service, and minimum wage

– efforts to place limitations on efforts to place limitations on child laborchild labor were routinely thwarted by the courts. were routinely thwarted by the courts.

– The needs of blacks and Native Americans were poorly served by the The needs of blacks and Native Americans were poorly served by the Progressives.Progressives.

– Secret Ballot, Direct Election, direct primary and initiative, referendum and Secret Ballot, Direct Election, direct primary and initiative, referendum and recallrecall

• Robert La Follette- Leader in reform measures and the candidate of Robert La Follette- Leader in reform measures and the candidate of the reform element of his party for the nomination for governor in the reform element of his party for the nomination for governor in 1896 and 1898: in 1900 unanimously nominated for Governor of 1896 and 1898: in 1900 unanimously nominated for Governor of Wisconsin and elected by the largest plurality ever given a candidate Wisconsin and elected by the largest plurality ever given a candidate for that office.for that office.

Expansion of Voting PowerExpansion of Voting Power

• IdentifyIdentify: What ballot change : What ballot change did many states make, after did many states make, after being pressured by being pressured by Progressive reformers?Progressive reformers?

• AnalyzeAnalyze: How did the right to : How did the right to recall officials give voters recall officials give voters more political leverage?more political leverage?

Expansion of Voting PowerExpansion of Voting Power

• CompareCompare: What is the : What is the difference between an difference between an initiative and a referendum?initiative and a referendum?

• Identify Cause and EffectIdentify Cause and Effect: : What effects resulted from What effects resulted from Progressives’ work to reform Progressives’ work to reform city governments?city governments?