Extra Unit 5 NotesHi All,

The first few slides are blood flow you probably already know. The remaining slides are female reproductive anatomy

that we may not finish in lecture on Wednesday.

Abdominal Blood Flow:Arteries of digestive organs

• Four unpaired arteries branch from the abdominal aorta:

Celiac trunk Superior mesenteric arteryInferior mesenteric artery Median sacral artery (a small artery of the posterior

pelvic cavity)

Celiac Trunk

Superior Mesenteric Artery Branches

1. Jejunal and Ileal (Intestinal) arteries (18 – 20) – supply the jejunum and ileum

2. Ileocolic artery – supplies the ileum, cecum and appendix3. Right colic artery – supplies the ascending colon4. Middle colic artery – supplies most of the transverse colon

Inferior Mesenteric Artery Branches

1. Left colic artery – supplies descending colon2. Sigmoid arteries – supply the sigmoid colon3. Superior rectal artery – supplies rectum and part

of the anal canal

Paired Arteries of the Abdominal Aorta

Inferior Phrenic arteries – supply the diaphragmSuprarenal arteries – supply the adrenal glandsRenal arteries – supply the kidneysGonadal arteries – (testicular or ovarian AA) supply the

gonadsLumbar arteries – supply the posterior abdominal wallCommon Iliac arteries – branch into external iliac (soon

to be femoral) and Internal iliac arteries.

The Perineum

The diamond-shaped region of skin between the thighs with these boundaries:

• Pubic symphysis• Ischial tuberosities• Coccyx

A line between the ischial tuberosities divides the perineum into two triangles:

1. Urogenital triangle – anterior2. Anal triangle – posterior

Perineum

Female Reproductive Organs

• The primary sex organs of the female are the ovaries

• The accessory sex organs are:• Uterine tubes• Uterus• Vagina• Clitoris• Mammary glands

Ovaries

• Paired almond-sized female gonads.• Held in the pelvic cavity by folds of

peritoneum (pelvic ligaments):1. Broad ligament2. (Proper) Ovarian ligament3. Suspensory ligament (contains A and V)

Support of Ovaries

Internal Organs of theFemale Reproductive System

Structure of the Ovary• Covered by a thin epithelium and a deeper capsule

called tunica albuginea.• Internally, the ovary is divided into a cortex and

medulla.• The cortex contains ovarian follicles and the medulla

contains connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and NN.

• Ovarian follicles consist of an oocyte (egg cell) surrounded by follicle cells.

• There are several types of follicles, each at different stages of development. (primordial, primary, secondary, vesicular)

Structure of Ovary

Vesicular (Graafian) Follicle

Corpus Luteum

• Following release of the oocyte (ovulation) halfway through the monthly cycle, the remnants of the follicle (minus the oocyte) become a corpus luteum.

• The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen which stimulates the growth of the uterine endometrium

Uterine Tubes

• The uterine tubes (fallopian tubes) extend laterally from both sides of the uterus.

• 10-12 cm in length and covered by the mesosalpinx• The secondary oocyte is usually fertilized here and

travels for 2-3 days to the lumen of the uterus.• The mucosa of the uterine tubes is a ciliated

columnar epithelium.• Infundibulum – lateral opening of the tube encircled

by fingerlike projections called fimbriae

Uterine Tubes and Uterus

Mucosa of Uterine Tubes

Uterus• Pear-shaped, thick-walled muscular organ within the pelvic

cavity• Possesses a lumen that is continuous with the uterine tubes

laterally and with the vagina inferiorly.• May be anteverted (forward) or retroverted (tilted

backward)• Functions:1. Site of oocyte implantation2. Supports the developing pre-embryo/embryo/fetus3. Ejects the fetus during labor

Regions of the UterusThere are four regions of the uterus:1. Fundus2. Body3. Isthmus4. CervixThe uterine wall is comprised of three layers:1. Perimetrium – outermost serosal layer2. Myometrium –smooth muscle wall3. Endometrium – mucosa composed of a simple columnar

epithelium and an underlying lamina propria. The lamina propria is filled with uterine glands which enlarge during the uterine cycle

Support of the Uterus

Several structures support the uterus:1. Muscles of the pelvic floor2. The round ligaments3. The transverse cervical ligaments (cardinal

ligaments)Weakness of these ligaments can result in prolapse of

the uterus, in which it protrudes through the vagina.

Uterine Tubes and Uterus

Vagina

• The vagina is a fibromuscular tube about 10 cm in length that connects the uterus to the outside of the body.

• The vaginal wall is thin and distensible with a mucosa of stratified squamous epithelium.

• Near the opening, folds of the mucosa form a membranous barrier called the hymen

• The fornix is the deepest part of the vagina around the cervix.

External Genitalia

• The external genitalia of the female are collectively called the vulva.

External Genitalia

• The mons pubis is an area of skin and subcutaneous fat anterior to the pubic symphysis.

• The labia majora are paired folds of skin, covered with hair, possessing sebaceous and sweat glands and are homologous with the male scrotum.

External Genitalia

• The labia minora are medial to the labia majora and hairless.

• The space between the labia minora is the vestibule.

• Within the vestibule are the urethral orifice and the vaginal orifice.

External Genitalia

External Genitalia• Also within the vestibule are two greater vestibular

glands, which produce a mucus similar to that produced by the (homologous) male bulbourethral glands.

• The glans clitoris is a small erectile body, located superior to the urethral opening and homologous to the penis of the male

• The prepuce is an external fold of the labia minora that forms a hoodlike covering over the clitoris.