extraction, physicochemical and phytochemical

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*Corresponding author: Email: [email protected];

Asian Food Science Journal

1(4): 1-12, 2018; Article no.AFSJ.40444

Extraction, Physicochemical and PhytochemicalCharacterization of Oil from Sesame Seed

O. O. Olaleye1,2*, R. E. kukwa1,3, M. O. Eke1,4 and T. O. Aondo1

1Centre for Food Technology and Research, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria.2Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute, Km 3 Asa-Dam Road, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.

3Department of Chemistry, Benue State University, Benue State, Nigeria.4Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author OOO designed the study,performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol, carried out the bench work and wrote the first

draft of the manuscript. Authors REK and MOE are the supervisors of the work. Author TOA assist inthe literature searches and the bench work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Article Information

DOI: 10.9734/AFSJ/2018/40444Editor(s):

(1) Aneta Popova, Chief Assistant Professor, Department of Catering and Tourism, University of Food Technologies, Bulgaria.Reviewers:

(1) Kiri H. Jaryum, University of Jos, Nigeria.(2) Dorsaf Moalla Rekik, University of Sfax, Tunisia.

Complete Peer review History: http://prh.sdiarticle3.com/review-history/23988

Received 25th January 2018Accepted 30th March 2018

Published 5th April 2018

ABSTRACT

The objective of this research was to extract (using cold press and soxhlex extraction method),determine the physicochemical characteristics and characterization of the oil from Sesame indicumseed by GC-MS analysis. Output yield gave an average of 28.23 and 46.60 % oil yield for cold andhexane solvent extraction method respectively. The extracted oil had a pH value of 5.34 and 5.87;viscosity of 32.45 and 29.50 mpa.s; refractive index of 1.4689 and 1.4684 and specific gravity of0.9183 and 0.9182 for cold press and hexane solvent extracted oil respectively. The data indicatedthat there was a marked variation in iodine value, saponification value, free fatty acids, andperoxide value between the sesame oil from cold press and hexane solvent extraction method.There values were: Peroxide value which is an indication of the ability of oil to get rancid was 5.84and 5.61 meqO2/kg oil; Iodine value was 83.73 and 92.38 I2g/100goil; acid value was 6.09 and5.87 mgKOH/goil, while the free fatty acid value was 3.04 and 2.92% respectively. Saponificationvalues obtained were 212.45 and 214.53 mgKOH/goil respectively. The data revealed that coldpress oil recorded higher L, a and b values than that of hexane solvent extracted oil. According to

Original Research Article

Olaleye et al.; AFSJ, 1(4): 1-12, 2018; Article no.AFSJ.40444

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the Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) results of the phytochemical analysis coldpress sesame seed oil extract contains six (6) bioactive compounds namely; 9-Methyl-Z,Z-10,12-hexadecadien-1-ol acetate (1.00%), 6-Methyltetrahydro-1,3-oxazine-2-hione Z,Z- (0.57%), Z,Z-4,16-Octadecadien-1-ol acetate (0.36%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z) (97.83%), 2-Pentadecanol (0.10%) and 2-Pentadecanol (0.13%) and hexane solvent extracted sesame seed oilalso contain six (6) bioactive compounds from which includes limonene (0.93%) Carbonic acid,prop-1-en-2yltridecyl ester (0.14%), 9, 12-Octadecadienoyl chloride (Z: Z) (Linoleoyl chloride)(0.39%), 2-piperidinone, N-(4-bromo-n-butyl) - (0.20%) 17-pentatriacontene (1.12%) andHexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid) (97.21%); of which 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z) (97.83%),and Hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid) (97.21%) were the major constituent with the biologicalactivities like antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxidant activity present in the oils.

Keywords: Physicochemical characteristics; phytochemical; characterisation; extraction; sesame oil;and GC-MS analysis.

1. INTRODUCTION

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of themost primeval and main crops cultivated byhumans worldwide, and have beencultivated since ancient times for use as atraditional health food [1]. Sesame is widelynaturalized in tropical regions around the worldand it is cultivated for its edible seeds, whichgrow in pods.

Sesame plays a very important role in humannutrition. The diminutive sesame seed is usedwholly in cooking because of its rich nutty flavourand oil [2]. Sesame is grown primarily for its oilrich seed, which come in a variety of coloursfrom cream-white to charcoal black but the mostcommon varieties are white and black. Othercolours of sesame seed varieties include, yellow,black, red or brown [3]. The seeds of sesameare usually used for oil extraction and the restare fit for human consumption [4]. The oilderived from Sesame seeds oil has a mild odourand pleasing taste and, as such, is a naturalsalad oil. It can be used as a cooking oil, inshortening and margarine, as a soap fat, inpharmaceuticals and as a synergist forinsecticides. Sesame oil according to [5] is verypopular as cooking oil in many countries; it has apleasant flavour, more expensive and superiorthan other vegetable oils. It ranks second afterolive oil with regard to nutritional value. Theextraction process for sesame seed oil can eitherbe liquid-liquid or solid-liquid extraction.Extracted oils from whole seeds were morestable than oils extracted from dehulled seeds[6]. The utilization of oil produced from sesameseed is as a result of it flexibility. Also, the oilcomposition of sesame seeds according toRahman et al. [7] depends on different factorssuch as climatic situation, soil condition andripeness of plant.

Borchani et al. [8], reported that sesame seedscontain significant amount of protein (18-25%),carbohydrate (13.5%) and ash (5%). It was also,reported by Ghandi, [9] and Hansen, [10] thataround 35% of oil presents in sesame consists ofmonounsaturated fatty acids and 44%polyunsaturated fatty acids, whereas 20% of themeal consists of proteins. According, to Naerls,[11], protein in sesame seeds has immobilizedamino acid profile with good nutritional valuesimilar to soybean.

Sesame seeds are not only used for culinarypurposes due to their nutritive, preventive andcurative properties but also used in traditionalmedicines. Sesame oil seeds are sources ofsome phyto-nutrients such as flavonoid, phenolicanti-oxidants, omega-6 fatty acids, vitamins anddietary fiber which have anti-cancer as well ashealth promoting properties. Sesame oil is asource of vitamin E which is an anti-oxidant. Theuses of sesame and olive oils as naturalantioxidants and its claim of having potential tolower cholesterol levels have been reported [12-15].

Sesame oil is known to possess antibacterialactivity. This activity is claimed to be due to thelinoleic and oleic acids content (35-50% of each)present in the oil. A study carried out by Dilika etal. [16] to assess the antibacterial activity oflinoleic and oleic acids revealed that linoleic acidinhibited the growth of the following Gram-positive bacteria: Bacillus cereus, B.pumilus,B.subtilis, Micrococcus kristinae, andStaphylococcus aureus.

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L) has played amajor role in human food since ancient times. Ithas been used as an essential constituent indifferent recipes. The aim of the present study isto extract and characterise as well as evaluate


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the physico-chemical properties of the oil,obtained from sesame seed.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Experimental Materials andPreparation

The sample for the investigation sesame(Sesamum indicum) seeds was purchased fromWadata market, Makurdi, Nigeria. Sesame seedswere cleaned manually to remove foreignmatters, immature and damaged seeds. Thecleaned seeds were sorted out and crushed intosmaller particles with a blender and were storedin a safe place until ready for cold-press andhexane solvent extraction..2.2 Moisture Content (%)

Moisture content of seed was carried out bydrying in oven (Model: 101-1A, Tianjin Taisite.

Instrument Co. Ltd.). Sample (about 3.0 g) wasdried at 103°C for 6 h [17].

2.3 Oil Extraction

Oil extracted via cold-press and hexane solvent.

2.3.1 Cold-press extraction

The cold press extraction of sesame seed oil wasdone using the local extraction method asdescribed by Kate et al. [18] with slightmodifications. The process involved using 500gof dried sesame seed, milling, mixing, kneading,sprinkling of warm water intermittently andpressing to remove the oil without using anychemicals. The oil was then allowed to settle(water and dirt’s settle below and the oil float atthe top) for about two days before it wasdecanted into a container. The oil was filteredthrough filter paper (whatman No. 1), thencentrifuged at 3000 rpm (2,431 x g) for 3 min toseparate the water and residues from the oil. Theoil was then stored in an amber bottles/plastic at4°C until analyzed.

2.3.2 Hexane extraction

The n-hexane extract was obtained by completeextraction using soxhlet extractor. 10 g of thepowdered seeds sample was put into a porousthimble and placed in a soxhlet extractor, using300ml of n-Hexane (with boiling point of about

40-60°C.) as extracting solvent for six (6) hoursrepeatedly until the required quantity wasobtained. The oil was obtained after evaporationusing a water bath at 70°C to remove the excesssolvent from the extracted oil. The oil was kept inthe refrigerator without further treatment untilneeded for further analysis [17].

2.4 Quatitative and QualitativeCharacteristics

The GC-MS analysis of the seed oil of Sesamumindicum was performed using a multi-dimensional gas chromatography coupled withgas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer.(Shimadzu Japan) equipped with non-polar andpolar double capillary columns (25.0 m × 0.25μm i.d., 0.25 μm df). High purity helium was usedas the carrier gas at a constant flow rate of0.99ml/min. 1 μl sample was injected (split ratio100:1) into GC and GCMS using AOC-2Oi; autoinjector for analysis. The initial temperature wasset at 60°C, heated at a rate of 3°C/min to 280°Cand held isothermally for 6 minutes. Ion sourcetemperature was set to 200°C while the interfacewas set at 250°C; solvent cut time was 3minutes. Electron impact (EI) ionization modewas 70ev and the linear velocity of the columnwas 36.8 cm/sec. The identification of the variouscomponents was based on comparison of theirmass spectra with those of Nist Library massSpectra data base and mass spectra fromLiterature.

2.5 Determination of Physical Properties

2.5.1 Determination of the percentage ofsesame oil

The crude and the refined oil were weighedseparately and their percentage yield wascalculated on dry matter basis as shown inequation below [19].% = ℎℎ2.5.2 Determination density and specific

gravity

The density and specific gravity was determinedby the method described by [19]. An emptywashed and dried beaker was weighed on thetop load weighing balance. The weight of thebeaker was recorded. Exactly 50 cm3 of each of


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the oil sample were measured and pour into thebeaker and weighed. The weights of the50 cm3 of the samples were recorded. Theprocedure was repeated with water and theweight of 50 cm3 of water was obtained. Thedensity and the specific gravity were calculatedthus; = ℎ ℎ =ℎℎ2.5.3 Determination of refractive index

Refractometer (Reichert-Jung Abbe Mark 11Refractometer, Model number 10481) was usedin this determination. Few drops of the sampleswere transferred into the glass slide of therefractometer. Water at 40°C was circulatedround the glass slide to keep itstemperature uniform. Through the eyepiece ofthe refractometer, the dark portion viewedwas adjusted to be in line with the intersection ofthe cross. At no parallax error, the pointeron the scale pointed to the refractive index.This was repeated and the meanvalue noted and recorded as the refractive index[19].

2.5.4 Determination of viscosity

A clean, dried viscometer with a flow time above200 seconds for the fluid to be tested wasselected. The samples were filtered through asintered glass (fine mesh screen) to eliminatedust and other solid material in the liquidsamples. The viscosity meter was charged witheach of the samples by inverting thetube’s thinner arm into the liquid samples andsuction force was drawn up to the uppertiming mark of the viscometer, after which theinstrument was turned to its normalvertical position. The viscometer was placed intoa holder and inserted to a constanttemperature bath set at 40°C and allowedapproximately 10 minutes for the sample to cometo the bath temperature at 40°C. The suctionforce was then applied to the thinner arm todraw the samples slightly above the upper timingmark. The afflux time by timing the flow of thesamples as it flow freely from the uppertiming mark to the lower timing mark wasrecorded [19].

2.5.5 Colour

Colour of the oils extracted using the twomethods (cold press and hexane solvent), will bemeasured with a Minolta CR-300 colorimeter(Minolta. Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) in the CIEL*a*b* mode CIELAB colour space. Theparameters determined were:

L (L=0 [black] and L = 100 [white]),a (a = greenness and +a = redness),b (b = blueness and + b = yellowness).

2.5.6 pH determination

pH was determined using [17] procedure. Eachoil samples (25 ml) was poured into a beaker andpH probe of the pH meter was inserted into itafter the pH meter has been standardised inbuffer 4 and 7 solution at 25°C.

2.6 Determination of Acid Value

About 1 g of the crude and refined oil wasweighed separately in 250ml conical flasks. 5cm3

of isopropyl alcohol was added into the conicalflasks containing the oil samples with thoroughstirring. Three drop of phenolphthalein indicatorwas added and titrated against 0.1N of KOHsolution while shaking constantly until a faint pinkpersist for 30s. The end point was recorded andthe acid value was calculated [19] as;. = + + 56.1ℎ% =- + + 28.2ℎ2.7 Determination of Saponification Value

About 2 g of the samples were weighedseparately in 250 ml conical flasks. 50 cm3 ofethanoic potassium hydroxide was added intothe conical flasks containing the oil samples withthorough stirring. The resulting mixtures wereboiled until the oil dissolves. Three drops ofphenolphthalein indicator was added and titratedagainst 0.1 N of KOH solution while shakingconstantly until a faint pink persist for 30s [19].. . =( − ) + + 56.1ℎ


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2.8 Determination of Iodine Value

The method specified by [20] and reportedby Garba et al. [19] was used. 0.4 g of thesamples was weighed into a conical flasks and20 ml of carbon tetra chloride was added todissolve the oil samples. Then 25 ml of Dam’sreagent was added to the flasks using a safetypipette in fume chamber. Stoppers were theninserted and the content of the flasks werevigorously swirled. The flasks were then placedin the dark for 2 hours 30 minutes. At the end ofthis period, 20 ml of 10% aqueous potassiumiodide and 125 ml of water were added to eachsample using a measuring cylinder. The contentswere titrated with 0.1 M sodium-thiosulphatesolutions until the yellow colour almostdisappeared. Few drops of 1% starch indicatorwas added and the titration continued by addingthiosulphate drop wise until blue colorationdisappeared after vigorous shaking. The sameprocedure was used for blank test and othersamples. The iodine value (I.V) is given by theexpression:

. . = 12.69 ( 1 − 2)Where C = Concentration of sodiumthiosulphate used; V1 = Volume of sodiumthiosulphate used for blank; V2 = Volume ofsodium thiosulphate used for determination, M =Mass of the sample.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The oil from Sesame indicum seed oil (SSO) wasextracted using normal hexane as a solvent bysoxhlet apparatus and traditional cold pressmethod. A comparison was carried out betweenthe traditional cold press and hexane solventextracted oil. The data of organoleptic andphysicochemical properties of sesame oil (coldand hexane solvent extracted) are outlined inTable 1. For the organoleptic properties, thecolour, odour, and taste of the two studied oilswere: Clear, light yellow (almost colourless),aromatic, and agreeable; clear light yellow,odourless, and agreeable for cold press andhexane solvent extracted sesame oilrespectively.

The physicochemical properties analyse andcompared between the two oils extracted viacold-press and hexane solvent method were:Iodine value, pH, percentage yield, acid value,saponification value, peroxide value, refractiveindex, colour, moisture content, viscosity andspecific gravity of oil extracted. Acid value, freefatty acid, peroxide value, specific gravity,refractive index, viscosity and colour (L and a)was higher in cold-press method compare withhexane solvent method (Table 1). Higher amountof iodine value, saponification value, pH, colour(b) and percentage yield of oil was observed foroil extracted via hexane solvent (Table 1). Therewas no significant difference (p<0.05)

Table 1. Physicochemical Properties of sesame oil extracted via cold-press and hexanesolvent

Physicochemical properties Cold-press Hexane solventChemical propertiesIodine value (I2 g /100 gm oil) 83.73±0.04 a 92.38±0.03 b

Acid value (mg KOH/gm oil) 6.09±0.07 b 5.87±0.02 a

Peroxide value (meqO2/ kg oil) 5.84±0.03 b 5.61±0.01 a

Saponification value (mg KOH/ g oil) 212.45±0.44 a 214.53±0.42 b

Free fatty acid (FFA) 3.04±0.05 b 2.92±0.02 a

Physical propertiesSpecific gravity 0.9183±0.01a 0.9182±0.01 a

Refractive index 1.4689±0.01a 1.4684±0.01 a

Percentage yield 28.23±0.18a 46.60±0.78b

Moisture content 8.65±0.10a 8.69±0.05a

pH 5.34±0.01a 5.87±0.01b

L 26.64±1.17a 24.19±0.73a

a 4.10±0.54a 3.43±1.34a

b 36.61±4.55a 31.83±2.51a

viscosity (mpa.s) 32.45±2.51a 29.50±2.51a

Organoleptic propertiesColour Clear, light yellow (almost colourless) Clear, light yellowOdour Agreeable AgreeableTaste Pleasant pleasant


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between moisture content, specific gravity, colour(a and b) and refractive index (Table 1). Therewas significant difference (p<0.05) betweenhexane solvent and cold-press methods inrespect of acid values, peroxide values,saponification values, pH, colour (L), percentageyield and iodine values.

The cold press seed oil was transparent, clear,considerably brighter (has higher L* value of26.64) and much more yellowish in colour (hashigher b* value of 36.61) compared to thehexane solvent extracted oil having L value of24.17 and b value of 31.83 respectively. Anwarand Rashid, [21], suggested that the yellowcolour of Sesame indicum seed oil can beattributed mainly to the natural pigmentsremaining in the oil during extraction. The coldpress seed oil has an insipid aroma.

There was no significant difference (P> 0.05)observed between the refractive index of coldpress (1.469) and hexane solvent extractedsesame oils (1.468). The refractive index of coldpress sesame and hexane solvent extractedsesame oils was slightly lower (1.471) to thatreported by Elleuch et al. [22], similar to thatreported by Barminas et al. [23], but relativelyhigher than that of other oils (date seed oil, virginolive oil, Moringa oleifera seed oil) [24,25] and[26]. According to Paul, [26], refractive index isused mainly to measure the change inunsaturation as the fat or oil is hydrogenated.The refractive index of oils depends on theirmolecular weight, fatty acids chain length,degree of unsaturation and degree ofconjugation. The cold press and hexane solventextracted sesame oil showed a refractive indexof 1.469 and 1.468 respectively, which fell in therange (1.469-1.479) reported by codex standard,[27].

The oils on Table 1 were showed to havespecific gravities, of 0.9183 (cold press) and0.9182 (hexane solvent) g/cm3, which is lowerthan the value (0.920) reported by Paul, [26], buthigher than the value (0.915) reported by Warra,[28], kalmal in seeds of Balanite aegyptiacae0.895, Lophira lanceolata, 0.8867 andSclereocarya birrae 0.8975. The oil specificgravity of this study was however closer to that ofgroundnut oil (0.918) and less dense than neemseed oil (0.939) as reported by Akpan, [29]. Thespecific gravity of the oil as obtained in this studyfell within the reference range (0.913-0.929) ofcodex standard [27].

The cold press and hexane solvent extractedoils showed iodine values of 83.73 and 92.38

g/100 g oil, respectively. Significant differences(P< 0.05) were observed in iodine valuesbetween cold press and hexane solventextracted oils. These values were lower than thevalue (117.2 g/100 g oil) reported by Nzikou, etal., [1], and the iodine value of some localSudanese and imported sesame seed cultivarswhich varied from 101.52 to 114.85 g/100 g forthe local cultivars and 97.70 to 111.30 g/100 gfor the introduced cultivars as reported by ElKheir et al., [4]. However, the values were higherthan that in olive oil (81.23 g/100 g). The iodinevalues from this study fell below the codexstandard [27] range of 104-120 g/100 g.However, notwithstanding the iodine valueobtained is relatively high which suggests thepresence of unsaturated fatty acid. According toPaul, [26], it indicates the degree of unsaturationin the fatty acids of triacyglycerol. This valuecould be used to quantify the amount of doublebonds present in the oil, which signifies thesusceptibility of oil to oxidation. It is also, anindication that the oils are nondrying and it implythat they contain high levels of oleic and linoleicacids [24]. Also, Tunde-Akintunde et al., [30]reported that the high iodine values of sesame oilis an indication of the presence of unsaturatedfatty acid and this places the oil in the dryinggroups.

The peroxide values of cold press and hexanesolvent extracted oils were 5.84 and 5.61meqO2/kg oil respectively. The value 5.84meqO2/kg oil was significantly higher (p<0.05)than that of the hexane solvent extracted oils5.61 meqO2/kg oil. The values were higher than2.00 meqO2/kg oil reported by Paul, [26] and theranged (1.5-2.4 meqO2/kg oil) given by codexstandard [27]. However, the value falls within therange (4.46 for oil extracted from white sesameseeds, 5.513 for black sesame seed oil and9.120 for brown sesame seed oil) reported byFarhan, [31]. According to Akinoso et al., [32], oilobtained from another Nigerian variety (Goza-25)had peroxide value that varied from 3.9 and 15.4meq/kg. These values are significantly differentfrom values obtained from varieties in otherlocations [32].

The saponification values of cold press (212.45mg of KOH g-1 oil) and hexane solvent extractedoils (214.53) were significantly different (p<0.05)and higher than those reported in the literaturesfor sesame oil [28,8,1,33,30,32]. According toTunde-Akintunde et al., [30] the highsaponification value suggests the use of the oil inproduction of liquid soap, shampoos and lathershaving creams.


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Table 2. GCMS chemical constituents of Sesame indicum seed oil

Sesame seed oil Hexane extractedPeak Retention time Area

(%)Molecular weight(MW)(g/mol)

Molecular formular(MF)

Molecule (compound) Application

1 5.408 0.93 136.238 C10H16 Limonene [1-Methyl-4-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-1-ene]

Cyclic monoterpene Fragrance,botanical insecticide

2 5.870 0.14 284.43 C17H32O3 Carbonic acid, prop-1-en-2yltridecyl ester

Fatty acid and ester

3 6.119 0.39 298.895 C18H31ClO 9,12-Octadecadienoyl chloride(Z:Z) (Linoleoyl chloride)

Anti-inflammatory, cancerpreventive, insectifuge,nematicide, anti-acne, anti-eczemic, anticoronary etc.

4 6.617 0.20 234.133 C9H16BrNo 2-piperidinone, N-(4-bromo-n-butyl)-

Alkaloid

5 7.542 1.12 490.945 C35H70 17-pentatriacontene Hydrocarbon6 14.300 97.21 256.42 C16H32O2 Hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid) (Fatty acid and ester)

Antioxidant, Antifungal,Hypocholesterolemic,Antimicrobial, Pesticide

Sesame seed oil Cold press1 5.408 1.00 230.259 C14H14O3 9-Methyl-Z,Z-10,12-hexadecadien-

1-ol acetate2 6.013 0.57 612.895 C35H65F5O2 6-Methyltetrahydro-1,3-oxazine-2-

hioneAntimicrobial (ester)

3. 6.866 0.36 308.506 C20H36O2 Z,Z-4,16-Octadecadien-1-olacetate

Ester

4. 7.791 0.10 228.42 C15H32O 2-Pentadecanol Alkyl alcohol, flavouring agentand lower plasma cholesterol.Laundry +products.

5. 8.574 0.13 228.42 C15H32O 2-Pentadecanol Same as above6. 17.857 97.83 280.446 C18H32O2 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)

Linoleic acidFatty acid ester. Anti-Inflammatory, Antibacterial,Antiarthritic, Hepatoprotective,Anti-histaminic, Anticoronary


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The acid value is an indication of the amount offatty acid present in the oil sample. The acidvalue of the cold press and hexane solventextracted oils were 6.09 and 5.87 mg KOH/g oilrespectively and they are significantly different(p<0.05) from each other. The acid value in thisstudy was slightly higher than the value (5.46 mgKOH/g oil) reported by Paul, [26]. Tunde-Akintunde et al., [30] reported that the acid valueof some local Sudanese and imported sesameseed cultivars varied form 3.1 – 6.6 mg/g for localand 3.1 – 9.3 mg/g for the imported. Paul, [26]reported that the acid value is a reflection of pHvalue of oil; that is as the acid value increasesthe pH of oil decreases.

The free fatty acid of sesame seed oil (cold pressand hexane solvent extracted) was 3.04 and2.92 mgKOHg-1 respectively. These values wereslightly higher than the value (2.82%) reported byPaul, (26) but fall within the range (3.00%)reported by codex standard, [27]. From this studythe free fatty acid and acid values of cold presssesame seed oil (3.04% and 6.09 mgKOH/gr oil)were apparently higher than that of hexanesolvent extracted sesame seed oil (2.92% and5.87 mgKOH/gr oil). The higher free fatty acidand acid value might be due to the action oflypolytic enzyme which was enhanced by watercontamination in oil during cold press extraction(Lalas and Tsaknis, 2002). The pH of the coldpress sesame seed oil (5.34) was significantlylower (p<0.05) than that of the hexane solventextracted sesame seed oil (5.87). The pHresult corroborates the high acidic value of thecold press oil over the hexane solvent extractedoil.

3.1 Quantitative and Qualitative Charac-teristics

The chemical components (qualitative andquantitative) of the Sesame indicum seed oil wasanalyzed using multi-dimensional gaschromatography coupled with gas-chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS). Six (6) components amounting to 100%each were identified in the cold press sesameseed oil and hexane solvent extracted sesameseed oil respectively. Given on Table 2 aboveare the identified components, their retentionindexes, molecular formula (MF), molecularweight (MW), percentage composition andgroup/application of each component.

The six compounds each from fixed or non-drying oil of Sesame indicum cold press and

hexane solvent extracted method werecharacterised in Table 2. The cold press sesameseed oil contains 9-Methyl-Z,Z-10,12-hexadecadien-1-ol acetate (1.00%), 6-Methyltetrahydro-1,3-oxazine-2-hione Z,Z-(0.57%), Z,Z-4,16-Octadecadien-1-ol acetate(0.36%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)(97.83%), 2-Pentadecanol (0.10%) and 2-Pentadecanol (0.13%) as against hexane solventextracted sesame seed oil containing limonene(0.93%) Carbonic acid, prop-1-en-2yltridecylester (0.14%), 9, 12-Octadecadienoyl chloride (Z:Z) (Linoleoyl chloride) (0.39%), 2-piperidinone,N-(4-bromo-n-butyl) - (0.20%) 17-pentatriacontene (1.12%) and Hexadecanoicacid (palmitic acid) (97.21%). The oil derivedfrom the two method of extraction does notcontain any compound in common. The majorcompound in cold press extracted oil was 9, 12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z) (97.83%), that ofhexane solvent extracted was Hexadecanoicacid (palmitic acid) (97.21%). It was observedthat the main compounds characterizing the oil ofsesame seeds from the two extractionmethod were qualitatively and quantitativelydifferent.

Sesame seed oil is rich in Fatty acid and ester,alkyl alcohol, hydrocarbon, alkaloids andfragrance. These possess antimicrobial,antifungal, antioxidant, antiflammatory,hypocholesterolemic, antiarthritic, anticoronaryand antiandrogenic activities (Table 2).In aprevious study, 9, 12, Octadecadienoic acid (ZZ)-was confirmed by Jones, [33]; Lalitharani, et al,[34] to have anti-inflammatory and anti-arthriticproperty. n- Hexadecanoic acid hasantioxidant, antimicrobial activities and larvicidaleffect [35] and [36]. Hence, sesame seedoil is found to possess significant phyto-compounds.

4. CONCLUSION

The physical and chemical properties analyse isto determine the physical and chemical state ofthe oil extracted from sesame seed using the twomethods (cold press and hexane solventextraction method) of extractions. The seed hashigh oil content but the percentage yield of oilextracted using hexane solvent extraction washigher than that of the cold press. The analysisshows that the oil is non-drying oil for its iodinevalue is below 115. The result of this studyreveals that sesame oil is vital oil in soap making,since its properties lie within the standard valuesof other oils used for this purpose. The GC-MS


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analysis helps in understanding the nature ofactive principles in the oils. The oil apart frombeing used for cooking purposes, aromatics,flavour enhancer, cosmetics and perfumeproducts; it could be a potential source foruseful drugs like antimicrobial, antifungal,insecticides, antioxidant, antiflammatory,hypocholes-terolemic, antiarthritic, anticoronaryand antiandrogenic activities.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are very grateful to the Centre for FoodTechnology and Research (CEFTER), BenueState University, Benue State, Nigeria, for thefinancial support and for providing an enablingenvironment to carry out the research work.

COMPETING INTERESTS

Authors have declared that no competinginterests exist.

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APPENDIX

Fig. 1. GC-SM Chromatogram of the cold press sesame seed oil extract

Fig. 2. GC-SM Chromatogram of the cold press sesame seed oil hexane solvent extract


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Fig. 3. GC-SM CHROMATOGRAM OF THE SESAME SEED OIL HEXANE SOLVENT EXTRACT

© 2018 Olaleye et al.; This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,provided the original work is properly cited.

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extraction, physicochemical and phytochemical

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