fa124 3 - gothic art
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GOTHIC ART AND ARCHITECTUREGOTHIC ART AND ARCHITECTURE
What is Gothic Art?What is Gothic Art?
mid-12th century until 15th century and to some mid-12th century until 15th century and to some places, 16th centuryplaces, 16th century
Gothic Art was strongly criticized in the 15th centuryGothic Art was strongly criticized in the 15th century
Giorgio Vasari called Gothic Art a ‘monstrous and Giorgio Vasari called Gothic Art a ‘monstrous and barbarous disorder’barbarous disorder’
Gothic art was strongly criticized by French authors Gothic art was strongly criticized by French authors Boileau, La Bruyere, Rousseau, before becoming a Boileau, La Bruyere, Rousseau, before becoming a recognized form of art, and the wording became recognized form of art, and the wording became fixed.fixed.
Gothic Art & Gothic Art & ArchitectureArchitecture
At their time, Gothic was known as ‘Opus At their time, Gothic was known as ‘Opus Modernum’ or ‘Opus Francigenum’Modernum’ or ‘Opus Francigenum’
The term ‘Gothic’ was first coined for The term ‘Gothic’ was first coined for architecturearchitecture
First of international diffusion as against First of international diffusion as against regional independenceregional independence
HistoryHistory
1140 - the area started in Ile de France1140 - the area started in Ile de France
100 years later, most of Europe had ‘gone 100 years later, most of Europe had ‘gone Gothic’, from Sicily to IcelandGothic’, from Sicily to Iceland
Through the crusades, the style has even been Through the crusades, the style has even been introduced in the Near Eastintroduced in the Near East
By 1450, it begun to shrink (no longer in Italy) By 1450, it begun to shrink (no longer in Italy) and by 1550 has disappeared entirelyand by 1550 has disappeared entirely
The CrusadesThe Crusades
series of Holy Wars launched by the states of series of Holy Wars launched by the states of Europe against the Saracens who were MuslimsEurope against the Saracens who were Muslims
What is Gothic Art?What is Gothic Art?style of Medieval Art that style of Medieval Art that started in France out of the started in France out of the Romanesque styleRomanesque style
The word ‘Gothic’ for art is The word ‘Gothic’ for art is synonymous to ‘Barbaric’ synonymous to ‘Barbaric’ and was thus used and was thus used pejoratively.pejoratively.
Art critics then thought it Art critics then thought it was unrefined and too was unrefined and too remoteremote
Because the barbarians Because the barbarians brought about the fall of brought about the fall of Rome the term Gothic was Rome the term Gothic was given to the buildings that given to the buildings that replaced the classical form.replaced the classical form.
Innovations in Gothic Innovations in Gothic ArchitectureArchitecture
Gradually, Gothic Architecture moved away Gradually, Gothic Architecture moved away from the Romanesque heaviness and solidity from the Romanesque heaviness and solidity towards lightness and gracetowards lightness and grace
Innovations to erect slender and soaring Gothic Innovations to erect slender and soaring Gothic cathedralscathedrals
First Gothic building: Basilica of St. First Gothic building: Basilica of St. DenisDenis
patron Abbot Sugerpatron Abbot Suger
minimizing mass and minimizing mass and weightweight
gets away with a gets away with a sense of a wallsense of a wall
spatial unity, space spatial unity, space flows from one to flows from one to anotheranother
Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, FranceChartres Cathedral, Chartres, FranceLaon Cathedral, Laon, FranceLaon Cathedral, Laon, France
Notre DameNotre Dame
French for ‘Our French for ‘Our Lady’, begun in Lady’, begun in 11631163
‘‘verticality’ of verticality’ of interior space, interior space, weightless effect, weightless effect, and the and the buttresses are not buttresses are not visible on the visible on the insideinside
ChartreChartres s CathedrCathedralalthe bishop of the bishop of Chartres befriended Chartres befriended Abbot Suger, Abbot Suger, shared his ideas shared his ideas and rebuilt his and rebuilt his cathedral in the cathedral in the new stylenew style
Built in 1145, but Built in 1145, but north spire is built north spire is built during the 16th during the 16th century, 300 years century, 300 years after the otherafter the other
Reims CathedralReims Cathedral
Amiens Amiens CathedraCathedrall
CharacteristicsCharacteristicsGothic Art and ArchitectureGothic Art and Architecture
Defining featuresDefining features
stone cut with precisionstone cut with precision
solid walls and pillarssolid walls and pillars
Gothic art - construction of light and airy Gothic art - construction of light and airy structuresstructures
wider window openingswider window openings
flying buttressesflying buttresses
more towersmore towers
decorative designs and sculpturesdecorative designs and sculptures
Ribbed Vaults Ribbed Vaults and Pointed and Pointed ArchesArchesGothic builders found they Gothic builders found they can reduce the sideways can reduce the sideways pressure (thrust) of a stone pressure (thrust) of a stone roof by replacing the round roof by replacing the round arch with a pointed one.arch with a pointed one.
Allowed the walls of the Allowed the walls of the cathedral to cathedral to dematerialize.dematerialize.
A modular system used A modular system used to create unified but to create unified but expansive spaces.expansive spaces.
Allows installment of Allows installment of large stained glass large stained glass windows to let in lightwindows to let in light
Compounded Compounded PiersPiersDownward thrust of the pointed Downward thrust of the pointed arch and vault is transferred to arch and vault is transferred to the slender columns or piers.the slender columns or piers.
Pier - vertical structural support, Pier - vertical structural support, a pillar, supporting the end of a pillar, supporting the end of an arch, lintel or vaultan arch, lintel or vault
Compounded pier / cluster pier - Compounded pier / cluster pier - a group or cluster of piers a group or cluster of piers extending the lower stone of extending the lower stone of the vaultthe vault
Flying ButtressesFlying ButtressesA support or brace that A support or brace that counteracts the outward thrust counteracts the outward thrust of an arch or vault. of an arch or vault.
Arched projections attached to Arched projections attached to the exterior of the building. the exterior of the building.
They transfer the weight away They transfer the weight away from the walls and allowing from the walls and allowing higher structure and more higher structure and more windows since the walls don’t windows since the walls don’t need to support the weight of need to support the weight of the building by themselves.the building by themselves.
ClerestoryClerestoryA support or brace that A support or brace that counteracts the outward thrust counteracts the outward thrust of an arch or vault. of an arch or vault.
Arched projections attached to Arched projections attached to the exterior of the building. the exterior of the building.
TriforiumTriforiumA support or brace that A support or brace that counteracts the outward thrust counteracts the outward thrust of an arch or vault. of an arch or vault.
Arched projections attached to Arched projections attached to the exterior of the building. the exterior of the building.
Reims Cathedral, Reims Cathedral, Reims, FranceReims, France
Stained Glass Stained Glass WindowsWindows
A support or brace that A support or brace that counteracts the outward thrust counteracts the outward thrust of an arch or vault. of an arch or vault.
Arched projections attached to Arched projections attached to the exterior of the building. the exterior of the building.
They transfer the weight away They transfer the weight away from the walls and allowing from the walls and allowing higher structure and more higher structure and more windows since the walls don’t windows since the walls don’t need to support the weight of need to support the weight of the building by themselves.the building by themselves.
Chartres Cathedral, Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, FranceChartres, France
Sainte-Chapelle, Sainte-Chapelle, ParisParis
Gothic vs. RomanesqueGothic vs. Romanesque
taller and more open structurestaller and more open structures
high use of stained glass windowshigh use of stained glass windows
rose windowsrose windows
smaller transeptssmaller transepts
flying buttressesflying buttresses
more decoration in terms of facademore decoration in terms of facade
pointed archpointed arch
Italy 1200-1400Italy 1200-1400
Florence CathedralFlorence Cathedral‘‘daughter and creature of Rome’ - Giovanni Villanidaughter and creature of Rome’ - Giovanni Villani
FlorinFlorin
Florence CathedralFlorence Cathedral
designed by sculptor Arnolfo di Cambiodesigned by sculptor Arnolfo di Cambio
most striking feature: octagonal domemost striking feature: octagonal dome
Venice, ItalyVenice, Italy
Doge’s Palace, VeniceDoge’s Palace, Venice
Milan CathedralMilan Cathedral
Rise of SecularismRise of Secularism
Crusades helped widen opportunities for trade Crusades helped widen opportunities for trade and commerceand commerce
13th-14th century, with growing economic 13th-14th century, with growing economic prosperity, towns and cities became centers of prosperity, towns and cities became centers of cultural and commercial exchangecultural and commercial exchange
Trade, growth of cities, the increasing power of Trade, growth of cities, the increasing power of kings brought to the end of feudal systemkings brought to the end of feudal system
Secular Secular ArchitecturArchitecturee
palazzo - large urban palazzo - large urban house, wealthy man’s house, wealthy man’s homehome
Venice alone was Venice alone was ruled by merchant ruled by merchant aristocracy so firmly aristocracy so firmly
Secular ArtSecular ArtCame on its own with the rise of cities, Came on its own with the rise of cities, foundation of universities, increase in trade, foundation of universities, increase in trade, money-based economy and the bourgeois class money-based economy and the bourgeois class who could afford to patronize the arts and who could afford to patronize the arts and commission works resulting in a proliferation of commission works resulting in a proliferation of paintings and illuminated manuscriptspaintings and illuminated manuscripts
Increased literacyIncreased literacy
Encouraged increase in secular themes in artEncouraged increase in secular themes in art
Artists are now known by name and some even Artists are now known by name and some even sign their names in artworkssign their names in artworks
Gothic SculptureGothic Sculpture
Gothic SculptureGothic Sculpture
Facade features sculpted figures of saints and Facade features sculpted figures of saints and Biblical personagesBiblical personages
Interiors - holy figures, people in their daily Interiors - holy figures, people in their daily activities, planting and harvestingactivities, planting and harvesting
Exeter Cathedral, Lisbon, PortugalExeter Cathedral, Lisbon, Portugal
Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, FranceNotre Dame Cathedral, Paris, France
Gothic SculptureGothic Sculpture
Gothic sculptures made their sculptures project Gothic sculptures made their sculptures project outward into spaceoutward into space
Gothic SculptureGothic Sculpture
Change toward individualism. Figure was Change toward individualism. Figure was clearly identified and easily recognized clearly identified and easily recognized
Gothic SculptureGothic Sculpture
More realism. Want human figures to look like real More realism. Want human figures to look like real people.people.
Gothic SculptureGothic Sculpture
Veneration for the Virgin Mary grew steadilyVeneration for the Virgin Mary grew steadily
Roettgen PietaRoettgen Pieta
Gothic Sculpture: Gothic Sculpture: GargoylesGargoyles
Fanciful Gargoyles - Grotesque flying monsters Fanciful Gargoyles - Grotesque flying monsters projecting out from the upper portions of the projecting out from the upper portions of the cathedralscathedrals
GargoylesGargoyles
These frightening and intimidating sculptures These frightening and intimidating sculptures were used by great Lords and Kings who built were used by great Lords and Kings who built elaborate fortresses and castles to crush and elaborate fortresses and castles to crush and intimidate the indigenous populationintimidate the indigenous population
‘‘Gargoyles’ are from the old French ‘gargouille’, Gargoyles’ are from the old French ‘gargouille’, which means ‘throat’which means ‘throat’
Gargoyles came in the early 13th century and Gargoyles came in the early 13th century and defined as a waterspout, projecting from an defined as a waterspout, projecting from an upper part of a building to throw water clear of upper part of a building to throw water clear of walls or foundationswalls or foundations
GargoylesGargoyles
early Gothic early Gothic gargoyles are made gargoyles are made of stone but later of stone but later gargoyles became gargoyles became predominantly predominantly limestone and limestone and marble, and metal marble, and metal like lead used to like lead used to fashion some fashion some gargoylesgargoyles
Reims CathedralReims Cathedral
Reims CathedralReims Cathedral
Cathedral of Notre Dame, AmiensCathedral of Notre Dame, Amiens
Notre Dame Cathedral, ParisNotre Dame Cathedral, Paris