4/3/2013

FAASALELEAGA WIRELESS MESH

NETWORK – ARCHITECTURE DESIGN AND

DEPLOYMENT INFRASTRUCTURES

by

Leutele L.M. Grey Academic Journal

Leutele Lucia Maria Greu WHITIREIA NZ, PORIRUA, WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND

1

ABSTRACT

While access to the internet is already

available mainly in the commercial area of

the District of Faasaleleaga, a wireless mesh

network (WMN) infrastructure is up for

consideration. This paper produces a solution

for a WMN (or Wireless Local Area

Network/Wireless Fidelity (WLAN/WiFi)

architecture design and deployment

infrastructure for the district of Faasaleleaga

which is located in the Island of Savaii

Western Samoa in the South Pacific. Since

this will be a novel initiative for the country,

this paper supports the Institute of Electrical

Electronic Engineers (IEEE 802.11)

standards’ mixed mode technologies and

applications for the Faasaleleaga community

WMN system. The success of this project

relies heavily on previous work of researchers

and writers in the field as well as similar real

case scenarios. A survey of the coverage area

was conducted using the Google 3D map in

coordination with information from the

Wikipedia website .The paper examines

multiple medium and the potentials of the

IEEE.11 a/b/g/n and how they can be used

appropriately to address current needs of a

developing community. While off the shelf

products may be easily accessible by most

people, these standards are also incorporated

and integrated into commercial mesh

technologies of trustworthy proprietors. A

minor concern involves finding someone to

administrate the network. The audience of

this paper include government policy makers

and WMN administrators and management.

Keywords: IEEE802.11 standards, Faasaleleaga

Savaii Western Samoa, WLAN/WIFI, Wireless

Mesh Network.

SECTION I: INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this paper is to provide a

solution for a WMN architecture design

and deployment infrastructure suitable in

addressing current and future needs of the

district of Faasaleleaga Savaii Western

Samoa. WMNs are, non-expensive

decentralised, self-configured, self-healing

and tend to need lower power since the

network is distributed across many

tropically light weight nodes (Fedoua &

Feham, 2012). This initiative adopts the

four WMN possible deployments as

defined by (Fedoua et al. 2012) including:

residential (or digital home), WLAN/WiFi

general infrastructure, the Internet for

public general use, and finally as a

wireless network disaster infrastructure.

Fedoua et al (2012) explain that a WMN is

capable for creating low cost and ease of

deployment with excellent wireless

coverage. In addition, the key motivation

behind the popularity of a WMN is

underpin by its connectivity potentials,

wireless performance, reliability,

scalability, decentralisation and automatic

self-healing capabilities. Currently, it is an

alternative technology for last-mile

broadband. Jun and Sichitiu (2003) state

that internet access can provide good

reliable, market coverage, and scalability

as well as low upfront investment to

networks. (Akyildiz, Wang and Wang

2005) insist that a WMN can deliver

wireless services using a variety of

applications ranging from personal to a

local campus to metropolitan areas. Figure

1 is an illustration of a hypothetical

solution for a WMN architecture design

and deployment infrastructure for the

Faasaleleaga community which recognize

the potentials of a mesh network for a

district where there is not much, if any,

infrastructure in terms of wires, lines or

multiple wireless access points. Study

looks at situations from a reality case

scenario. In planning and designing the

deployment of the WLAN Infrastructure, a

survey of the coverage area was conducted

using the Google 3D map and Google

SAMOA FAASALELEAGA WIRELESS MESH NETWORK – ARCHITECTURE DESIGN AND

DEPLOYMENT INFRASTRUCTURES

Leutele L.M. Grey

Whitireia NZ Educational Institute

Faculty of Business and Information Technology

3 April 2013

2

images in coordination with information

available from Wikipedia website for

Fasaleleaga Savaii. The rest of this paper is

organized as follow: Section II examines

and analysed other related work, while

sections III, IV and V deal with problem

formulation, assumptions and limitations.

Section VI discuss and analyse

architecture design and deployment

requirements followed by section VII

which provides detail review and

discussions of the IEEE802.11 protocols

and standards followed by the conclusion,

acknowledgement, references and

bibliography.

SECTION II: RELATED WORK

Bicket, Aguayo, Biswas and Morris (2005)

outline and evaluate the design and

performance of an urban rooftop 802.11b

mesh network which favoured ease of

deployment using the omni-directional

antennas, self-configuring software, and

link-quality-aware multi-hop routing. The

study highlighted the effects of volunteer

participation resulting to the annual

increase of the network by 37 nodes and

by little administrative installation efforts

of the researchers. In addition, the average

throughput between nodes is 627 Mbps

while the entire network is well served by

a few internet gateways. Crepaldi, Lee,

Etkin, Lee and Kravets (2012) propose a

Channel State Information Sampling and

Fusion (CSI-SF) method for estimating

CSI for every multiple-input-multiple-

output (MIMO) configuration by sampling

a small number of frames transmitted with

different settings and extrapolating data for

the remaining settings. The results show

that CSI-SF can provide accurate and

complete knowledge of the MIMO channel

with reduced overhead. Moreover, CSI-SF

can be applied to network algorithms such

as rate adaptation, antenna selection and

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association control aimed to improve

performance and efficiency. Fedoua and

Feham (2012) explore classification of

quality of service (QoS) and concluded

that one way to ensure QOS is to combine

effective solutions in the three layers

together. They also recommended that

changing the carrier senses multiple

access/collision avoidance (CSMA/CA)

protocol in IEEE 802.11 where the link

layer is concern is not a wise option

although they support the use of MIMO to

increase speed. Zubow, Sombrutzki and

Scheidgen (2012) quantify the gain from

media access control (MAC) diversity as

utilized by opportunistic routing (OR) in

the presence of physical diversity as

provided by a MIMO (802.11) system.

They concluded that there are negligible

MAC diversity gains for both interference

prone 2.4GHz and interference free 5GHz

channels when using 802.11n. Hajlaoui,

Jabri and Jemaa (2013) investigate the

effects of most of the 802.11n MAC and

physical layer features on the ad hoc

network performance as well as the

interoperability and fairness of 802.11n

using real conditions scenarios. The results

showed the effectiveness of 802.11n

enhancement. In addition, it suggested that

reducing protocol overheads may improve

interoperability and fairness of 802.11n.

Murty, Veeraiah and Rao (2012) explore

the WiFi and WiMAX (Worldwide

Interoperability for Microwave Access)

technologies and how they work to

maintain maintenance and deployment.

The outcome realized key WMN

challenges including: security, seamless

handover, location and emergency

services, cooperation and QoS. On the

other hand, Ho, Lam, Chong and Liew

(2013) when examining drawback of

WMNs multi-hop bandwidth degradation

suggested that the primary cause of

degradation is through contention and

radio interference. Moreover, they argued,

that the straightforward approach by

communities when using mesh nodes with

multiple radios and channels cannot solve

the multiple-hop Transmission Control

Protocol (TCP) throughput degradation

problem in IEEE 802.11n mesh networks.

Finally, Zhu, Fang and Wang (2010) offer

solutions on how to secure multi-domain

WMNs.

A: ANALYSIS

The related research to this topic insofar

appear to be focusing on the same

fundamental building blocks and arbitrary

settings of the IEEE 802.11 technology

standards e.g. topologies, allocations and

combinations of coverage areas, data,

frequency bandwidths and weaknesses of

the MAC and Physical (PHY) layers of

WLAN/WiFi mesh infrastructure . While a

lot of these issues have now been

addressed by proprietary considerations in-

terms of product combinations for IEEE

802.11 standards, researchers are still

concern over the structure of the Ad Hoc

technology and its general effects over the

WMN mesh. This paper assumes that the

building blocks of the WMNs are

concentrated within the modified 802.11

a/b/g/n standards and that it is within this

area that the success of the mesh

technology totally depends upon. In

consideration of the readers of this study,

this paper intends to examine and analyse

in details the IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n

standards. In addition, the fundamental

framework of the Fassaleleaga WMN

architecture design and deployment

infrastructure favours utilizing the

IEEE802.11 WLAN standards to develop

the conceptual framework of the mesh

from which will later on be transformed

into a logical framework for implementing

deployment infrastructure and to identify

product requirement for the Mesh.

SECTION III: PROBLEM

FORMULATION

Before discussing IEEE802.11 standards

and building blocks and applications

relative to the WMN, this section

determines and formulates the research

problem. Firstly, the complexity of this

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project derives from the fact that the

Faasaleleaga district may not fit under the

description of a municipal or that of a

modern city. Instead, it is a district that is

formulated by scattered villages and sub

villages and most of its challenges are

underpin by unpredictable natural

disasters, such as coastal erosions and

volcanic mountainous inland

environmental changes. The WLAN

IEEE 802.11’s fundamental control

schemes lies within its systematic

architectural building blocks including

the Basic Service Setting (BSS) and its

various forms of topologies such as the

Independent Basic Service Set (I/BSS)

(also known as an Ad Hoc Mode), the

Access Point (AP) with an

Infrastructure Mode which allows for

only one client to add to the network

and finally the Extended Service Set

(ESS) with an Infrastructure Mode

which tends to expand the basic

coverage area to more than one clients.

This paper assumes that the traditional

wireless network settings and arbitrary

standards are also the building blocks

of the WMN technology. The next

section aimed in constituting research

assumptions whereby the

Faasaleleaga’s theoretical WMN

architectural design and deployment

infrastructure will adopt throughout the

paper.

SECTION IV: ASSUMPTIONS

This study assumes that the

IEEE802.11 arbitrary standards contain

components and guidelines for product

requirements for the WiFi/WLAN

technology. Further, the standards

produce control and management

mechanisms of wireless network traffic

capacity. In addition, an infinity

amount of data are captured and

transmitted by network nodes

throughout the entire network. Also,

there is an existing controlling

mechanism for enforcing absolute

fairness in the distribution of data for

all nodes to each gateway which allows

for every node in the network to

receive equal share of bandwidth

available in the network. In addition, a

mixed mode network in consideration

of the backward compatibility

characteristics of IEEE802.11g and 11b

as well as IEEE802.11n with a/b/g if

use appropriately will significantly

improve data rates without requiring

additional power or RF bandwidth

allocation. Finally this paper assumes that

WLAN, WiFi and IEEE802.11 mean the

same thing, therefore to prevent further

confusion, the terms WLAN, WiFi and

IEEE802.11 are being used

interchangeably in this paper.

SECTION V: LIMITATIONS

This paper tackles the initial phase of the

proposed Faasaleleaga WMN design and

infrastructure .The key limitation stemmed

from the unavailability of an appropriate

testbed that will enable testing of research

assumptions. However, since it is still a

novel technological initiative for the

Island, the expected outcome aimed to

produce a guideline for further research

and in consideration of respective audience

in order to help them make informed

decisions.

SECTION VI: ARCHITECTURE

DESIGN AND DEPLOYMENT

REQUIREMENTS

A: DEFINITON AND DESCRIPTION

Tang, Xue and Zhang, (2005) defines the

WMN as a multihop wireless network

that may contain a minimum to a large

number of nodes some of which are

called gateway nodes connecting to a

wired network. Akyildiz et al (2005);

5

Ho et al (2013) explain that WMNs

consist of mesh routers (MR) and mesh

clients (MC) in which MR have

minimal mobility and form the

backbone of the WMNs. Further, MR

provides network access for both the

mesh and conventional clients. In

addition, the integration of WMNs with

other networks such as the internet,

cellular, IEEE 802.11 technologies etc.

can be accomplished through the

gateway and bridging functions in the

MR. Contrast, MC can be either

stationary or mobile, and can form a

MC network among themselves and

with mesh routers (MRs). Further,

WMNs are expected to resolve

potential limitations and to improve the

performance of Ad Hoc networks,

WLANs, wireless personal area

networks (WPANs), and wireless

metropolitan area networks (WMANs).

Akyildiz et al, (2005) confirm that

WMNs can offer wireless services for a

large variety of applications in

personal, local campus, and

metropolitan areas e.g. a case in point

is the Meraki WMN deployment

(Johnson, Matthee, Sokoya, Mwboweni,

Makan, & Kotze, 2007). That said,

therefore, WMN can offer many solutions

for a small island district for multiple

reasons such as disaster response, public

access to internet and broadband, WiMAX

for business, and community access to

education content and health etc. Further,

the internet broadband and wireless

technologies can provide multiple indoor

and outdoor benefits in areas such as

agricultural services, remote village

farming, and entrepreneurial marketing

activities. Arguably, standard technologies

such as IEEE 802.11, WiMax, WPAN,

cellular, and hotspots have been limited to

international modern municipalities and

cities as well as large small and medium

size countries but omitted small islands

that don’t exactly match the description

enjoyed by others. Fortunately, the

delicensing of WiFi radio frequencies has

enabled community development and

deployment of WiFi radio frequencies e.g.

two cases in point is the Tegola Broadband

Project for Rural Scotland (Bernadi,

Bunnerman & Marina, 2009) and the

Dublin WMN (Weber, Cahill, Clarke, &

Haahr, 2003). In planning and designing

the architecture and deployment of the

WLAN, a survey of the coverage area was

conducted using the Google 3D maps and

the Google images of Faasaleleaga Savaii

in coordination with the district’s relevant

information available on the Wikipedia

website. The next session focus on the

geographic and demographic features of

the Faasaleleaga coverage area.

B: SURVEY OF THE DISTRICT

OF FAASALELEAGA SAVAI’I

The island of Savaiʻi is the largest in

Western Samoa as illustrated in Figure 2,

and home to about 43,142 people (2006

Census) making up 24% of the country's

population (Faasaleleaga Savaii Maps,

maps.google.nz., 2013; Faasaleleaga

Savaii, www.wikepiedia.co.nz, 2013).The

district of Faasaleleaga as pictured in

Figures 3 & 4 is located on the eastern

side of Savaii with a population of about

12,949 people and 266 km in size. In

addition, it contains 17 dispersed clusters

of small villages including Salelologa,

Salelavalu, Iva, Vai’afai, Vaisaulu,

Lalomalava and Safua, all of which are

located in the coastal area which is highly

prone to erosion. While the entire island is

characterised by a broad plain sloping

down to the coast from steep inland

mountains, the main mountains in

Faasaleleaga area are volcanic cones

including Mt Valusia, Mt Ologae and Mt

Uliva’a. The village of Salelologa is the

main commercial centre for Savaii as

depicted in Figure 5. The island’s main

airport is located at Maota about 4 km west

of the wharf road intersection with the

main power station at 1 km in the west.

6

Most commercial development is located

on the wharf road which runs from the

main road around the island to the ferry

wharf. Here, are development initiatives

including public amenities such as, the

market, several large trading stores, the

ANZ and Westpac bank, a travel agency,

shops, restaurant internet access, and

Western Union money transfer outlets.

Inland plantations and agriculture

dominate economic activities in the

villages. The main hospital is located in

Tuasivi in Faasaleleaga while several

public schools are dispersed in specific

villages.

Figure 2 - Map of the Samoa located in the Pacific Oceans

Source: Google Images via www.google.com.

Figure 3 -Map of Savaii Island showing Geographical

Structures. Source: Google Images

Figure 4 - A bird eye view of Faasaleleaga

Source: Google 3D Maps

Figuren5- Faasaleleaga Development Plan and Progress

Source: Government Planning and Development Documents

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C: TYPES OF DEPLOYMENT

Mesh networks may provide solutions for

broadband internet for the district such as

disaster response, WiMAX to upgrade

commercial and remote entrepreneurial

activities, village farming and community

access to education content and health

services. For example, a WMN for

community learning can give citizens

access to the wider world of information

and educational content as well as for peer

to peer file sharing and collaborative

learning through the internet. Further, this

type of access could provide educational

solutions not only to a marginalize

community, but also to groups within the

community that may be further

marginalized or restricted in accessing

education.

D: APPLICATIONS

To achieve reliability and accessibility of

internet and broadband for the entire

coverage area the solution here is dynamic

routing rather than static routing

Therefore a ubiquitous wireless coverage

primarily using Wi-Fi technology, allows

a broad range of end-users (e.g. citizens,

students, tourists, businesses) to access the

internet at high speeds (up to 1-8 Mbps)

from desktop PCs, laptops, and Wi-Fi

equipped handhelds.

E: FAASALELEAGA COVERAGE

DATA FLOW ESTIMATION

The AP estimation by coverage area

depends heavily on the Fassaleleaga

environment and in consideration of

resources already available in the area.

The comparative analysis of Upolu and

Savaii with the concentrated coverage area

of Faasaleleaga is summarized in Table 1.

Given the difficult nature of the

Faasaleleaga environment, for this reason,

the proposed WMN considers the system

Table 1: Upolu and Savaii Statistical Demographic and Geographical

8

administrator to station from inland at

about 1.2km away from the coastland for

safety reasons and thus enabling smooth

simulation of the network (also with

consideration of the rough inland

structure). Moreover, like the district,

villages such as Saleleloga for example,

again, are broken down into smaller

dispersed sub villages. For example,

Figure 6 provides a demonstration of a

typical village structure, each being

formulated into an individual coverage

area embedded by the mesh topology.

Based on the whole area size which is 226

km and the additional 1.2km inland for

project simulation purposes, each of the 20

sub villages has been allocated an

estimation size of basically 13.3m to

enable fair placements of the nodes.

Therefore the study recommends that 20

APs would be a good number for building

the mesh topology as depicted in Figure 7.

Figure 6 - An Ideal structure of

applications and deployment for

coverage areas

Figure 7 - Wireless Mesh Forming the Backbone Infrastructure of the

Fassalelaga WMNs

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The data flow estimation is summarised in

Table 2. Each coverage area’s data flow

estimation, is on the basis of the

preliminary survey results of the

Faaslelelaga coverage area and the .

The estimated total data flow for the entire

coverage area was calculated from the

estimated populations of the users, devices

including Mesh Access Points (MAPs) and

Router Access Points (RAPs), Internet

flow, gateways and control devices per sub

coverage area in coordination with

potential arbitrary settings of each

802.11a/b/g/n combination. While there

are still areas of confusion arising from the

802.11 standards applications, this paper

intend to embrace the mixed mode concept

Table 2.Estimates The Expected Overall Data Flow For Each Coverage Area By User Population,

Number of Devices MAP, RAP, Gateways and Control Devices And Arbitrary Settings of 802.11

standards

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particularly the backward compatibility

features of 11b with 11a, and 11n/ with

a/b/g as shown in Figure 8. For example,

when a Linksys AP is configured to allow

both 802.11b and 802.11g clients, it is

configured to operate in a mixed mode

which is the focus of the next session.

F: BACKWARD COMPATABILITY –

MIXED MODE

This paper assumed that given the

backward compatibility features of the 11g

with b as well as 11/n with a/b/g, and in

terms of data flow, despite the speed rates,

this means that 11n allows incremental

increase in data flows amongst all

coverage areas based on user and client

population for all layers of the mesh.

Several processes take place in creating a

connection between a client and an AP

which requires configuring parameters

both on the AP and on the Client devices.

The term ‘wireless mode’ refers to the

WLAN protocols 802.11a.b.g.n. Because

802.11g is backward compatibility with

802.11b, APs supports both standards.

This means if all clients connect to an AP

with 802.11g, they all will enjoy the better

data rates provided as illustrated in Figure

8. However, when 802.11b clients

associates with the APs of 11/g this means

all faster clients contending for the

channels have to wait on 802.11b clients to

clear the channel before transmitting, thus

effectively reducing 802.11g clients to

802.11b speed (which is 11 Mbps

maximum). This not only indicates that the

backward compatibility of 802.11n

operates the similar way, but it also

indicates that there is a control mechanism

in action during this process to ensure fair

distribution of data and broadband

availability.

Figure 8: Coverage Area Mixed Mode based on IEEE 8023.11a/b/g/n Standards

Source: (Lewis 2008)

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G. Channel Distribution

According to Lewis (2008) radio

transmitters and receivers on WLAN

devices operate over a range of frequencies

also known as frequency bands. The IEEE

802.11 standards consist of an established

channelization scheme for the use of the

unlicensed Industrial Scientific and

Medical (ISM) RF bands in WLANs as

depicted in Figure 9 which consists of

frequencies ranging from between 2.4 and

2.483 GHz.

Moreover while distribution of channels

varies in different countries, the 2.4 GHz

band is broken down into 11 channels for

North America and 13 channels for Europe

with a centre frequency separation of only

5 MHz as well as an overall channel

bandwidth of 22 MHz (Lewis, 2008). The

22 MHz channel bandwidth combined

with the 5 MHz separation between centre

frequencies allows for an overlap which

will exist between successive channels.

For example, WLANs which require

Figure 9: 2.4 GHz Channel Distribution

Source: (Lewis 2008)

12

multiple access points may have to use

non-overlapping channels as best practice

(Lewis 2008). This means that where three

are three adjacent APs, channels 1, 6 and

11 are the best options.

H. Management Consideration

Client Devices – In most cases, a wireless

network support older 802.11a/b/g devices

as well as newer (and faster) 802.11n

devices (Lewis, 2008). In the case of

Fasaleleaga Network, deploying dual-radio

APs such as the Meraki MR14 may be a

potential solution for consideration. For

example, these APs have the capability to

perform “band steering” by supporting the

older legacy devices (e.g., 802.11b/g

devices) on the 2.4 GHz band, while

steering the newer, faster devices (e.g.,

802.11n devices) to the 5 GHz band for

better performance (Meraki, 2009;

Johnson et al, 2007)).

Existing RF - Wireless devices that

operate in RF bands adjacent to the 2.4 and

5 GHz bands can interfere with the

coverage and performance of a wireless

network. Therefore, wireless phone

headsets, for example, can generate

channel interference in the 2.4 GHz even

though the headsets themselves operate

outside of the 2.4 GHz band. This means

that an administrator can address the

existing RF environment by enabling

automatic channel assignment periodically

using channel interference and channel

utilization statistics that it receives from

APs (Meraki, 2009, Johnson et al, 2007).

In addition, they may be able to enable

“channel spreading” to configure APs in a

network to broadcast on different channels,

thereby reducing channel utilization and

increasing client capacity across the

overall network (Johnson et al, 2007).

Gateways and Repeaters – APs that are

connected directly to an Internet uplink

connection, such as a DSL line from an

ISP, are called gateway APs. On the other

hand, APs that are not connected to a

wired internet connection are called

repeaters. Therefore as long as a repeater

provided power and has unobstructed

direct line of site with a strong wireless

signal from a nearby gateway, the repeater

will share the gateway’s internet

connection (Johnson et al, 2007). On the

one hand, both gateways and repeaters can

serve clients. On the other hand, if a

gateway were to lose its Internet

connection, it will automatically look for a

nearby gateway and failover to act as a

repeater while continuing to serve clients.

Therefore, it is possible to have multiple

gateways in a mesh network, and repeaters

will automatically choose the gateway to

which it has the strongest connection

(Meraki, 2009, Johnson et al, 2007).

Products and Services -There is a high

variety of manufacturers (e.g. Rukus,

Cisco, Motorola and FireTide) that are

producing products for WMNs which

indicate the increasing interests of the

industry in this topic. Further, the main

groups of standardizations define WMN

standards which will allow for better

interoperability between networks.

Finally, choosing right products for

building the mesh is paramount to the

success of the project.

Maximize line of sight: A wireless signal

travels most effectively through open

space. As such, an AP with an omni-

directional antenna should be positioned to

maximize its line of sight both to wireless

users and to the areas that it needs to cover

(Meraki. 2009; Johnson, et al, 2007). For

instance, an AP deployed in an office

building is often well positioned in a

hallway, where it has line of sight up and

down the hallway serving wireless users

sitting in cubes along the hallway, as well

as wireless users sitting in offices that

hang off the hallway.

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I. MANAGEMENT CONTROL AND

SECURITY PROTOCOLS

While it is not the purpose of this paper to

study security, security requirements

anyhow are being considered in this

section. Gerkis and Purcell (2006)

suggested that using conventional WLAN

security mechanisms (e.g. WPA2/802.11i)

is the first option. Further, conventional

security mechanisms provide standardized

methods for authentication, access control

and encryption between a wireless client

and APs. Moreover, since most wide-area

mesh solutions strive to retain

compatibility with commercial off-the-

shelf WLAN client adapters, therefore,

existing standardized WPA2 mechanisms

are commonly retained (e.g. the mesh

network “looks like” an access point to the

client). However, there are many different

types of wireless mesh architectures,

where each type may use a different

approach for wireless security. Gerkis et al

(2006) argues that many approaches for

mesh security may be derived from ad-hoc

security research, but any future

commercial mesh product will standardize

security through 802.11s (e.g., will be

based primarily on 802.11i security

mechanisms). Further, most 802.11-based

wireless networks clients are standard

wireless LAN stations with no mesh

networking capabilities which means that

some vendors, such as Motorola and

PacketHop offer client mesh solutions

compared to Metro-WiFi technologies

which are intended to provide access to

non-mesh capable 802.11 stations (Gerkis

et al, 2006). Furthermore, client access

security may vary depending on the type

of network e.g., a Metro-WiFi network

may use open wireless authentication with

a Layer 3 billing service access gateway,

while an enterprise/private mesh network

will typically use WPA2-compliant

wireless access controls. Over all, some of

the concepts from ad-hoc network security

provide insights into key technologies for

mesh network security (Gerkis et al 2006).

SECTION VII - A REVIEW OF THE

IEEE 802.11 PROTOCOLS

STANDARDS AND APPLICATIONS

This paper assumes that the difference

between the traditional wireless and

WMNs technologies is probably by

name and additional improvements of

the traditional wireless systems that

make the WMN what it is now, but the

basic settings remain the same. It

follows then that the way to

successfully build and deploy a WMN

is to first understand the IEEE802.11

standards and their arbitrary settings as

summarized in Table 3.

Table 3:802.11 WLAN WIFI Standards

14

According to Lewis (2008) the IEEE

802.11 standard defines how RFs in the

unlicensed ISM frequency bands, are used

for the PHY Layer and the MAC Sub

Layer of wireless links. Historically, the

initial IEEE 802.11 had a 1.2 Mbps data

rate in the 2.4 GHz bandwidth and from

thereon, the WLAN standards have been

modified with the release of IEEE

802.11a/b/g/ and n protocols. Lewis (2008)

explains that the choice of which WLAN

standard to use is largely based on data

rates. For example, 802.11a and 802.11g

can support up to 54 Mbps, whereas

802.11b supports up to a maximum of

11Mbps, thus making 802.11b the slowest

standard and the 802.11a and 802.11g the

fastest and the preferred ones. However,

WLAN 802.11n that was approved in year

2009 exceeds the current available data

rates of IEEE 802.11a.

According to Lewis (2008) the

IEEE 802.11n is the newest standard in

IEEE 802.11 family and is intended to

improve WLAN data rates and ranges

without requiring additional power or

radio frequency (RF) band allocation.

Moreover, 802.11n requires using multiple

radios and antennas at end points

broadcasting on the same frequency in

order to establish multiple streams (Lewis,

2008). In addition, it’s multiple-input-

multiple-output (MIMO) characteristic

divides and subdivides higher data rates

stream into multiple lower rates and

broadcast them over the available radios

and antennas thereby allowing a

theoretical maximum data rate of 248

Mbps using two streams (Lewis, 2008).

Lewis (2008) explains that the

WiFi alliance ensures interoperability of

products that are based on 802.11

standards and this can be achieved by

certifying vendors to ensure compliance to

industry norms and adherence to standards

certification involving all IEEE 802.11 RF

technologies as well as WPA and WPA2

security standards based on IEEE 802.11i

(Lewis, 2008). Moreover, IEEE 802.11n

standard also ensures extending today’s

WLAN standards by significantly

increasing reachability, reliability, and

throughput by producing new PHY and

MAC layer enhancements aimed to

provide data transmission rate of up to 600

Mbps.

The two main modulation

techniques are direct sequence spread

spectrum (DSSS) and the orthogonal

frequency division multiplexing (OFDM).

On the one hand, IEEE802.11a adopts the

OFDM modulation technique and uses the

5 GHz band which means that 11a devices

operating in the 5 GHz band are not prone

to interference than devices that operate in

the 2.4 GHz. In addition, higher

frequencies allow for the use of small

antennas (Lewis, 2008). On the other hand,

IEEE802.11g adopts both the DSSS and

OFDM modulations with data rates of up

to 11 and 54 Mbps compared to 802.11b

which adopts the DSSS with data rate of

up to 11 Mbps. Finally, 802.11n have the

MIMO and OFDM modulations with data

rates up to 248 Mbps for two MIMO

streams and up to 600 Mbps. In summary,

5GHz devices adopting the OFDM

modulation tend to have faster data rates

and are less likely to experience

interference compared to 2.4GHz devices

which are likely to experience

interferences, and they are small, simple

and cheap. The other outstanding feature

of the 802.11n similar to 802.11g is its

backward compatibility characteristic

which allows better range for 2.4GHz and

5GHz clients. Also transmissions in this

band are not as easily obstructed as

802.11a. However, the main disadvantage

is the competition with other consumer

devices in this frequency range (Lewis,

2008). The next session discusses the

basics of the Wireless Operations.

15

A: BASICS OF WIRELESS

OPERATION

This paper assumes that the ad hoc

topology and the AP /BSS (Access

Point/Basic Service Set) and ESS

(Extension Service Set) infrastructures

formulate the mesh topology. In an Ad

Hoc topology, wireless mesh can operate

without APs as depicted in Figure 10.

Further, clients in this topology may

configure wireless parameters between

themselves. For example, the IEEE

standards refer to an ad hoc network as an

independent BSS which requires a MAC

IP address. In contrast, and AP connection

as illustrated in Figure 11 allows only one

person to join and provides an

infrastructure that add services and

improve ranges for clients (Lewis, 2008).

Finally, and ESS topology is available

particularly when a single BSS provides

insufficient RF coverage. This allows for

one or more clients to join the network

through a common distribution system in

an infrastructure using the extended

service Set (ESS) as illustrated in Figure

12.

Figure 10: Example of Wireless Ad Hoc Network that form the

Mesh technology

Figure 11: An AP Topology Connection

Figure 12: An EXX Topology using the Infrastructure mode

for the Extended Service Set

SECTION VIII - CONCLUSION

This paper provides a theoretical WMN

architectural design and deployment

infrastructure for the district of

Faasaleleaga Savai’i. It realizes the

strengths of the WMN IEEE802.11

mixed mode technologies that can with

stand the difficult environmental factors

impacting on the district. A mesh network

can offer many solutions for the island

district including : general public access to

faster internet broadband, disaster

response, WLAN/WiFi systems for

business village farming and agricultural

activities, public health and education

contents and opportunities. A preliminary

survey of the coverage area was conducted

in order to capture information relevant for

investigation and analysis. In addition, and

16

intensive review of the IEEE 802.11

standards was carried out. These

investigations have enabled quantifying

coverage area data flow presented in this

paper. The study supports the IEEE.802.11

a/b/g/n mixed mode as a starting point to

build the Faasaleleaga mesh on. The

recommended solution application

approach supports WLAN/WiFi/WiMAX

relative to each sub coverage area of the

proposed Network. Finally, while

acknowledging our limitations, this paper

considers the potential audience and so

aimed to produce reliable information in

order to help make informed decisions and

identify future research areas.

SECTION IX:

ACKNOLWEDGEMENT

The work for this paper was supported by the

Whitireia New Zealand Educational Institute,

Faculty of Business and Information

Technology, for year 2013 Semester One. The

author would like to thank lecturer Steve

Cosgrove for contributing on-going advice and

support in researching and writing this paper.

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