factors that influence climate · factors that influence climate • unequal heating of earth’s...
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Factors that Influence Climate
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Factors that Influence Climate• Unequal heating of Earth’s surface by the Sun.
• Angle of insolation, albedo, proximity to water. • Rain Shadow Effect • Atmospheric Convection Currents
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Shape of the Earth
The light is more intense when it hits the Earth’s surface at higher angle.
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Earth’s Tilt and Orbit Around the Sun• There are three ingredients that create the seasons
on Earth. – Earth revolves around the sun. – Earth’s axis is tilted. – Earth’s axis always points in the same direction.
• Because of this, the angle of insolation changes in a given location, which changes the: – Intensity of the insolation. – Temperature of the area.
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Other Factors To Consider...• Albedo
– Some areas reflect the sun’s light better than others. • Use albedo to quantify how well it reflects.
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Changes In Albedo• The concern with global warming is the melting of the
polar ice caps, glaciers, and sea ice.
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Urban Heat Island Effect• The increase in
temperature of a man-made area in comparison to the area’s natural landscape.
– The annual mean air temperature of a city with 1 million people or more can be 1-3°C warmer than its surroundings.
– In the evening the difference can be as high as 12°C. • More pronounced at night because of the slow release of heat from urban
infrastructure.
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Urban Heat Island Effect• The increase in temperature of a man-made area in comparison
to the area’s natural landscape. – Built surfaces replace vegetation and moisture-trapping soils.
• Reduces the amount of insolation used for evapotranspiration, which keeps the air cooler.
– Built surfaces have a lower albedo and therefore absorb the insolation.
• Narrow building arrangements create urban canyons that inhibit the escape of reflected radiation.
– Air conditioners, refrigerators, and industrial processes create heat that is released into the atmosphere.
Conventional paving materials can reach peak summertime temperatures of 48–67°C, transferring excess heat to the air
above them and heating stormwater.
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Consequences• Increased urban
temperatures leads to… – Increased energy demands – Elevated Air Pollution
Emissions – Elevated Greenhouse Gas
Emissions – Compromised human
health and comfort – Impaired Water Quality
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Solutions• Change the albedo by…
– Cool paving materials – Increasing tree and vegetative cover – Installing cool - mainly reflective - roofs – Creating green roofs
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Proximity To Water• Water has a high heat capacity, which means…
…water heats up and cools down slowly • Coastal areas heat up and cool down slower than
inland. • Less variation in temperature than inland.
• Coastal areas heat up and cool down slower than inland. • Less variation in
temperature than inland.
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What Can We Learn From Israel?
Cool and Dry
Hot and DryHot and Humid
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It’s All About the Mountains!
• Mountains – Air rises up the mountains,
the warm, moist air expands and cools to form clouds and rain.
– Air coming down the mountain is dry and contracts so clouds can’t form.
• Elevation – Because we live in the troposphere, the temperature
decrease with altitude. – Mountain tops are cooler than sea level.
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It’s All About the Mountains!
On the windward side there is rainy weather.
On the leeward side there is dry, desert conditions.