FAMILY Pentanchidae Smith, 1912 - catsharks [=Galeinae, Halaeluridae] Notes: Pentanchidae Smith, 1912:489 [ref. 4041] (family) Pentanchus [family name sometimes seen as Pentachidae; authorship sometimes seen as Smith & Radcliffe, but Radcliffe only assisted with the new genus and species] Galeinae Fowler, 1934a:234 [ref. 1416] (subfamily) Galeus Rafinesque [preoccupied by Galei Müller & Henle, 1839 in fishes, Article 55.3] Halaeluridae White, 1936a:4 [ref. 31933] (family) Halaelurus [name only, but used as valid by White 1936b:18 [ref. 32585] and by White 1937:107 [ref. 26324] Article 13.2.1]

GENUS Apristurus Garman, 1913 - catsharks [=Apristurus Garman [S.], 1913:96, Campagnoia (subgenus of Parmaturus) Springer [S.], 1979:102, Parapristurus (subgenus of Pentanchus) Fowler [H. W.], 1934:237] Notes: [ref. 1545]. Masc. Scylliorhinus indicus Brauer, 1906. Type by original designation. Compagno 1984:345 [ref. 6846] and 1988:164 [ref. 13488] believes that Pentanchus Smith & Radcliffe, 1912 may be a senior synonym of Apristurus. Correct spelling for genus of type species is Scyliorhinus. •Valid as Apristurus Garman, 1913 -- (Springer 1973:20 [ref. 7162], Nakaya 1975:22 [ref. 7083], Springer 1979:11 [ref. 4175], Quéro in Whitehead et al. 1984:96 [ref. 13675], Compagno 1984:257 [ref. 6846], Chu et al. 1986 [ref. 8017], Bass 1986:88 [ref. 5635], Nakaya 1986 [ref. 6323], Nakaya 1988 [ref. 6696], Nakaya 1988 [ref. 6855], Compagno 1988:163 [ref. 13488], Nakaya 1991:992 [ref. 19774], Gomon et al. 1994:130 [ref. 22532], Nakaya & Sato 1999:307 [ref. 23941], Compagno 1999:478 [ref. 25589], Nakaya & Sato 2000:223 [ref. 24800], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:74 [ref. 25968], Compagno 2003:446 [ref. 26984], Iglésias et al. 2004:345 [ref. 28061], Compagno et al. 2005:23 [ref. 29145], Hoese et al. 2006:82 [ref. 28999], Nakaya et al. 2008:49 [ref. 29710], Nakaya et al. 2008:61 [ref. 29711], Kawauchi et al. 2008:75 [ref. 29712], Sasahara et al 2008:93 [ref. 29678], White et al. 2008:105 [ref. 29679], Sato et al. 2008:113 [ref. 29680], White 2008:53 [ref. 30617], Castro 2011:290 [ref. 31457], Iglésias 2012:511 [ref. 32534], Sato et al. 2013:760 [ref. 32718], Nakaya & Kawauchi 2013:130 [ref. 33037], White & Last 2013:241 [ref. 33242]). Current status: Valid as Apristurus Garman, 1913. Pentanchidae. (Campagnoia) [ref. 4175]. Fem. Parmaturus (Campagnoia) manis Springer, 1979. Type by original designation. No derivation of name given, perhaps for L. J. V. Compagno; Campagnoia regarded as the correct original spelling (that spelling used also on p. 100). •Synonym of Apristurus Garman, 1913 -- (Compagno 1984:257 [ref. 6846], Compagno 1988:163 [ref. 13488] as Compagnoia).

Current status: Synonym of Apristurus Garman, 1913. Pentanchidae. (Parapristurus) [ref. 1416]. Masc. Catulus spongiceps Gilbert, 1905. Type by original designation. Misspelled Parapristiurus in Zoological Record for 1934. •Valid as Parapristurus Fowler, 1934 -- (Springer 1979:97 [ref. 4175]). •Synonym of Apristurus Garman, 1913 -- (Compagno 1984:257 [ref. 6846], Compagno 1988:163 [ref. 13488]). Current status: Synonym of Apristurus Garman, 1913. Pentanchidae.

Species Apristurus albisoma Nakaya & Séret, 1999 - whitish catshark, white-bodied catshark [=Apristurus albisoma Nakaya [K.] & Séret [B.], 1999:301, Figs. 1-5, Apristurus ampliceps Sasahara [R.], Sato [K.] & Nakaya [K.], 2008:93, Figs. 1-5, 8, 14] Notes: [Cybium v. 23 (no. 3); ref. 24247] New Caledonia, 25°47'77"S, 167°11'52"E to 25°50'65"S, 167°12'47"E, depth 1317-1383 meters. Current status: Valid as Apristurus albisoma Nakaya & Séret, 1999. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific: New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus ampliceps Sasahara et al., 2008 - roughskin catshark [=Apristurus ampliceps Sasahara [R.], Sato [K.] & Nakaya [K.], 2008:93, Figs. 1-5, 8, 14] Notes: [CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper No. 022; ref. 29678] Off Urry Bank, New Zealand, 44°56'S, 174°06'E, depth 1052-1105 meters. Current status: Valid as Apristurus ampliceps Sasahara, Sato & Nakaya, 2008. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus aphyodes Nakaya & Stehmann, 1998 - white ghost catshark [=Apristurus aphyodes Nakaya [K.] & Stehmann [M. F. W.], 1998:79, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [Archive of Fishery and Marine Research v. 46 (no. 1); ref. 23495] George Blight Bank [Rockall Rise], 58°42.8'N, 13°37.6'W, eastern North Atlantic, Walther Herwig cruise 47, station 599/81, depth 1200-1240 meters. Current status: Valid as Apristurus aphyodes Nakaya & Stehmann, 1998. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Eastern North Atlantic.

Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus australis Sato et al., 2008 - Pinocchio catshark [=Apristurus australis Sato [K.], Nakaya [K.] & Yorozu [M.], 2008:114, Figs. 1-7] Notes: [CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper No. 022; ref. 29680] East of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 33°44'-43'S, 151°53-54'E, depth 486-509 meters. Current status: Valid as Apristurus australis Sato, Nakaya & Yorozu, 2008. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Coasts of Australia: Queensland to Tasmania and to Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus breviventralis Kawauchi et al., 2014 - shortbelly catshark [=Apristurus breviventralis Kawauchi [J.], Weigmann [S.] & Nakaya [K.], 2014:2, Figs. 1-5] Notes: [Zootaxa 3881 (no. 1); ref. 33554] Off Socotra Islands, 12°22’08"N, 53°02’07"E to 12°21’02"N, 53°01’'03"E, depth 1000-1120 meters. Current status: Valid as Apristurus breviventralis Kawauchi, Weigmann & Nakaya, 2014. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Off Socotra Islands, Gulf of Aden. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus brunneus (Gilbert, 1892) - brown catshark [=Catulus brunneus Gilbert [C. H.], 1892:542] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 14 (no. 880); ref. 1626] Off La Jolla, California, U.S.A., 32°49'00"N, 117°27'30"W, Albatross station 2396, depth 359 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Apristurus brunneus (Gilbert, 1892). Pentanchidae. Distribution: Northeastern and eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus bucephalus White et al., 2008 - bighead catshark [=Apristurus bucephalus White [W. T.], Last [P. R.] & Pogonoski [J. J.], 2008:106, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper No. 022; ref. 29679] West of Mandurah, Western Australia, 32°33'S, 114°25'E,

depth 1030-1140 meters. Current status: Valid as Apristurus bucephalus White, Last & Pogonoski, 2008. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Southwestern Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus canutus Springer & Heemstra, in Springer, 1979 - hoary catshark [=Apristurus canutus Springer [S.] & Heemstra [P. C.], in Springer, 1979:16, Figs. 10-13] Notes: [NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Technical Report NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service) Circular No. 422; ref. 4175] Leeward Islands near Anguilla, Lesser Antilles, 18°18'N, 63°23'W, Caribbean Sea, Oregon II station 10834, depth 687 meters. Current status: Valid as Apristurus canutus Springer & Heemstra, 1979. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus exsanguis Sato et al., 1999 - flaccid catshark, deepwater catshark, pale catshark [=Apristurus exsanguis Sato [K.], Nakaya [K.] & Stewart [A. L.], 1999:326, Fig. 1] Notes: [Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand v. 29 (no. 4); ref. 24607] Eastern Chatham Rise, 43°52.0'-50.9'S, 178°12.1'-50. depth 560-573 meters. Current status: Valid as Apristurus exsanguis Sato, Nakaya & Stewart, 1999. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus fedorovi Dolganov, 1983 - stout catshark [=Apristurus fedorovi Dolganov [V. N.], 1983:74 (in key), Fig. 101] Notes: [Rukovodstvo po opredeleniyu khryashchevykh ryb dal'nevostochnykh morei SSSR i sopredel'nykh vod.; ref. 27960] North Pacific, off Japan, 39°50'N, 142°48'E, depth 1200 meters. Current status: Valid as Apristurus fedorovi Dolganov, 1983. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: Japan.

Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus garricki Sato et al., 2013 - Garrick's catshark [=Apristurus garricki Sato [K.], Stewart [A. L.] & Nakaya [K.], 2013:760, Figs. 1-6, 8-10] Notes: [Marine Biology Research v. 9 (no. 8); ref. 32718] Hikurangi Trench off Hawk's Bay, North Island, 39°57.51'S, 178°10.88'E, depth 834 - 1109 meters. Current status: Valid as Apristurus garricki Sato, Stewart & Nakaya, 2013. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Off New Zealand and Lord Howe Rise. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus gibbosus Meng et al., 1985 - humpback catshark [=Apristurus gibbosus Meng [Q.-W.], Chu [Y.-D.] & Li [S.], 1985:43 (English p. 49), Fig. 1] Notes: [Oceanologica et Limnologica Sinica v. 16 (no. 1); ref. 8136] Off Zhujiang, South China Sea, depth 913 meters. Current status: Valid as Apristurus gibbosus Meng, Chu & Li, 1985. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus herklotsi (Fowler, 1934) - longfin catshark [=Pentanchus herklotsi Fowler [H. W.], 1934:238, Fig. 3, Apristurus abbreviatus Deng [S.-M.], Xiong [G.-Q.] & Zhan [H.-X.], 1985:102 (English p. 105), Fig. 1, Apristurus brevicaudatus Chu [Y.-T.], Meng [Q.-W.] & Li [S.], 1986:269 [English p. 274], Fig. 1, Apristurus longianalis Chu [Y.-T.], Meng [Q.-W.] & Li [S.], 1986:271 [English p. 275], Fig. 3, Apristurus longicaudatus Li [S.], Meng [Q.-W.] & Chu [Y.-T.], in Chu, Meng & Li, 1986:272, Apristurus xenolepis Meng [Q.-W.], Chu [Y.-D.] & Li [S.], 1985:47 (English p. 50), Fig. 4] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 85 (for 1933); ref. 1416] Cagayan Island, Jolo Sea, Philippines, Albatross station D.5424, 9°37'05"N, 121°12'37"E. Current status: Valid as Apristurus herklotsi (Fowler, 1934). Pentanchidae. Distribution: Western Pacific.

Habitat: marine. (abbreviatus) [Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica v. 10 (no. 1); ref. 8166] East China Sea, 31°34'04"N, 129°06'00"E, depth 692 meters. Current status: Synonym of Apristurus herklotsi (Fowler, 1934). Pentanchidae. Habitat: marine. (brevicaudatus) [Oceanologica et Limnologica Sinica v. 17 (no. 4); ref. 8017] South China Sea, depth 864 meters. Current status: Synonym of Apristurus herklotsi (Fowler, 1934). Pentanchidae. Habitat: marine. (longianalis) [Oceanologica et Limnologica Sinica v. 17 (no. 4); ref. 8017] South China Sea, depth 533 meters. Current status: Synonym of Apristurus herklotsi (Fowler, 1934). Pentanchidae. Habitat: marine. (longicaudatus) [English p. 275], Fig. 4 [Oceanologica et Limnologica Sinica v. 17 (no. 4); ref. 8017] South China Sea, depth 840 meters. Current status: Synonym of Apristurus herklotsi (Fowler, 1934). Pentanchidae. Habitat: marine. (xenolepis) [Oceanologica et Limnologica Sinica v. 16 (no. 1); ref. 8136] Off Zhujiang, South China Sea, depth 546 meters. Current status: Synonym of Apristurus herklotsi (Fowler, 1934). Pentanchidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus indicus (Brauer, 1906) - smallbelly catshark [=Scylliorhinus indicus Brauer [A.], 1906:8, Pl. 14 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Die Tiefsee-Fische v. 15; ref. 632] Indian Ocean, off eastern African coast, 2°58'08"N, 47°06'01"E, depth 1289 meters. Current status: Valid as Apristurus indicus (Brauer, 1906). Pentanchidae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean, possibly southeastern Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus internatus Deng et al., 1988 - shortnose demon catshark [=Apristurus internatus Deng [S.-M.], Xiong [G.-Q.] & Zhan [H.-X.], 1988:32 [33], Fig. 28] Notes: [The deep water fishes of the east China Sea; ref. 23956] East China Sea, depth 200-1000 meters. Current status: Valid as Apristurus internatus Deng, Xiong & Zhan, 1988. Pentanchidae. Distribution: East China Sea. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus investigatoris (Misra, 1962) - broadnose catshark [=Pentanchus (Parapristurus) investigatoris Misra [K. S.], 1962:636, Pl. 1 (figs. 1-6)]

Notes: [Proceedings of the ... All-India Congress of Zoology 1959; ref. 2620] Andaman Sea, 11°46'30"N, 93°16'25"E, Investigator station 331, depth 569 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Apristurus investigatoris (Misra, 1962). Pentanchidae. Distribution: Andaman Sea. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus japonicus Nakaya, 1975 - Japanese catshark [=Apristurus japonicus Nakaya [K.], 1975:24, Figs. 10-11] Notes: [Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University v. 23 (no. 1); ref. 7083] Sea of Japan, off Cape Daito, Chiba Prefecture, Honshu, Japan. Current status: Valid as Apristurus japonicus Nakaya, 1975. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus kampae Taylor, 1972 - longnose catshark [=Apristurus kampae Taylor [L. R., Jr.], 1972:73, Figs. 1-5] Notes: [Copeia 1972 (no. 1); ref. 7650] Gulf of California, Mexico, 27°22.4'N, 111°20.5'W to 27°10.1'N, 111°29.6'W, depth 1830-1888 meters. Current status: Valid as Apristurus kampae Taylor, 1972. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus laurussonii (Saemundsson, 1922) - Iceland catshark, flathead catshark [=Scyllium laurussonii Saemundsson [B.], 1922:173, Pl. 4 (fig. 2), Pl. 5 (fig. 4), Scylliorhinus atlanticus Koefoed [E.], 1927:18, Pl. 3 (fig. 3), Apristurus maderensis Cadenat [J.] & Maul [G. E.], 1966:769, Figs. 1-4, Scyllium spinacipellitum Vaillant [L. L.], 1888:60, Pl. 1 (figs. 3, 3a)] Notes: [Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, Kjøbenhavn. v. 74; ref. 18652] Near Vestmannaeyjar Island, off southern Iceland [North Atlantic], depth 560 meters.

Current status: Valid as Apristurus laurussonii (Saemundsson, 1922). Pentanchidae. Distribution: North Atlantic: Canada, Greenland, Iceland to Gabon. Habitat: marine. (atlanticus) [Scientific Results of the Michael Sars North Atlantic Deep-Sea Expedition 1910 v. 4 (pt 1); ref. 2650] Off Canary Islands, 28°08'N, 13°35'W, station 41, depth 1365 meters. Current status: Synonym of Apristurus laurussonii (Saemundsson, 1922). Pentanchidae. Habitat: marine. (madrensis) [Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire (Serie A) Sciences Naturelles v. 28 (no. 2); ref. 8014] Camara de Lobos, Madeira, eastern Atlantic, depth 600-1000 meters. Current status: Synonym of Apristurus laurussonii (Saemundsson, 1922). Pentanchidae. Habitat: marine. (spinacipellitum) [Expéditions scientifiques du "Travailleur" et du "Talisman"; ref. 4496] Off Canary Islands, depth 975 meters. Current status: Synonym of Apristurus laurussonii (Saemundsson, 1922). Pentanchidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus longicephalus Nakaya, 1975 - longhead catshark, smooth-belly catshark [=Apristurus longicephalus Nakaya [K.], 1975:32, Figs. 15-16] Notes: [Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University v. 23 (no. 1); ref. 7083] Sea of Japan, Tosa Bay, 33°13'N, 133°44'E, Kochi Prefecture, Japan. Current status: Valid as Apristurus longicephalus Nakaya, 1975. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus macrorhynchus (Tanaka, 1909) - flathead catshark [=Scyliorhinus macrorhynchus Tanaka [S.], 1909:1 Notes: [Journal of the College of Science. Imperial University, Tokyo v. 27 (art. 8); ref. 4322] Near Misaki, Sagami Province, Japan. Current status: Valid as Apristurus macrorhynchus (Tanaka, 1909). Pentanchidae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus macrostomus Chu et al., in Meng et al., 1985 - broadmouth catshark

[=Apristurus macrostomus Chu [Y.-D.], Meng [Q.-W.] & Li [S.], in Meng, Chu & Meng, 1985:45 (English p. 49), Fig] Notes: [Oceanologica et Limnologica Sinica v. 16 (no. 1); ref. 8136] Off Zhujiang, South China Sea, depth 913 meters. Current status: Valid as Apristurus macrostomus Chu, Meng & Li, 1985. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus manis (Springer, 1979) - ghost catshark [=Parmaturus manis Springer [S.], 1979:102, Figs. 60-63] Notes: [NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Technical Report NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service) Circular No. 422; ref. 4175] Southwest of Nantucket, Massachusetts, U.S.A., 39°52'N, 70°50'W, western North Atlantic, depth 731-841 meters. Current status: Valid as Apristurus manis (Springer, 1979). Pentanchidae. Distribution: North Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus melanoasper Iglésias et al., 2004 - fleshynose catshark, black roughscale catshark [=Apristurus melanoasper Iglésias [S. P.], Nakaya [K. (1)] & Stehmann [M. F. W.], 2004:346, Figs. 1-5] Notes: [Cybium v. 28 (no. 4); ref. 28061] Lorien Bank, 54°21.5'-54°22.0'N, 19°28.1'-19°44.4W, North Atlantic, depth 1243-1260 meters. Current status: Valid as Apristurus melanoasper Iglésias, Nakaya & Stehmann, 2004. Pentanchidae. Distribution: North Atlantic and southern Africa to Australia, New Zealand and off New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus microps (Gilchrist, 1922) - smalleye catshark [=Scylliorhinus microps Gilchrist [J. D. F.], 1922:46, Pl. 7 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Report Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Union of South Africa Rep. 2 (art. 3); ref. 1648] Off Cape Town, South Africa, southeastern Atlantic, 33°45.8'S, 17°17.1'E, Pickle station 253, depth 790 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Apristurus microps (Gilchrist, 1922). Pentanchidae. Distribution: North Atlantic, eastern Atlantic and southeastern Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus micropterygeus Meng et al., in Chu et al., 1985 - smalldorsal catshark [=Apristurus micropterygeus Meng [Q.-W.], Chu [Y.-T.] & Li [S.], in Chu, Meng & Li, 1986:270] Notes: [English p. 275], Fig. 2 [Oceanologica et Limnologica Sinica v. 17 (no. 4); ref. 8017] South China Sea, depth 913 meters. Current status: Valid as Apristurus micropterygeus Meng, Chu & Li, 1986. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus nakayai Iglesias, 2013 - milk-eye catshark [=Apristurus nakayai Iglésias [S. P.], 2013:516, Figs. 2-5] Notes: [Cybium v. 36 (no. 4) (for 2012); ref. 32534] Coiolis Bank, west of Exclusive Economic Zone of New Caledonia, 21°25.1' - 21°28.2'S, 157°50.5' - 158°06.1'E, depth 935-1022 meters. Current status: Valid as Apristurus nakayai Iglésias, 2013. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Coriolis Bank, off western New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus nasutus de Buen, 1959 - largenose catshark [=Apristurus nasutus de Buen [F.], 1959:176] Notes: [Boletim do Museu Nacional de Chile v. 27 (no. 3); ref. 697] Near Valparíso, Chile, depth 400 meters. Current status: Valid as Apristurus nasutus de Buen, 1959. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus parvipinnis Springer & Heemstra, in Springer, 1979 - smallfin catshark [=Apristurus parvipinnis Springer [S.] & Heemstra [P. C.], in Springer, 1979:25, Fig. 15] Notes: [NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Technical Report NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service) Circular No. 422; ref. 4175] Gulf of Mexico off Pensacola, Florida, U.S.A., 28°33'N, 87°09'W, Oregon II station 10874, depth 610 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Apristurus parvipinnis Springer & Heemstra, 1979. Pentanchidae.

Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus pinguis Deng et al., 1983 - bulldog catshark [=Apristurus pinguis Deng [S.-M.], Xiong [G.-Q.] & Zhan [H.-X.], 1983:64 (English p. 69), Fig. 1] Notes: [Oceanologica et Limnologica Sinica v. 14 (no. 1); ref. 8354] East China Sea, 26°-31°N, 125°-128°E, depth 200-1000 meters Current status: Valid as Apristurus pinguis Deng, Xiong & Zhan, 1983. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Western Pacific and se. Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus platyrhynchus (Tanaka, 1909) - Borneo catshark, bigfin catshark, spatulasnout catshark, flatnose catshark [=Scyliorhinus platyrhynchus Tanaka [S.], 1909:4, Apristurus acanutus Chu, Meng & Li, in Meng, Chu & Li, 1985:46 (English p. 49), Fig. 3, Pentanchus verweyi Fowler [H. W.], 1934:237, Fig. 2] Notes: [Journal of the College of Science. Imperial University, Tokyo v. 27 (art. 8); ref. 4322] Misaki, Sagami Province, Japan. Current status: Valid as Apristurus platyrhynchus (Tanaka, 1909). Pentanchidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine. (acanutus) [Oceanologica et Limnologica Sinica v. 16 (no. 1); ref. 8136] Off Zhujiang, South China Sea, depth 594 meters. Current status: Synonym of Apristurus platyrhynchus (Tanaka, 1909). Pentanchidae. Habitat: marine. (verweyi) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 85 (for 1933); ref. 1416] Sipadan Island, vicinity of Sibuko Bay, Borneo, Albatross station D.5587, 4°10'35"N, 118°37'12"E, depth 415 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Apristurus platyrhynchus (Tanaka, 1909). Pentanchidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus profundorum (Goode & Bean, 1896) - deepwater catshark [=Scylliorhinus profundorum Goode [G. B.] & Bean [T. H.], 1896:17, Pl. 5 (fig. 16)] Notes: [Special Bulletin U. S. National Museum No. 2; ref. 1848] Off Delaware Bay in Gulf Stream, 39°09'00"N, 72°03'15"W, Albatross station 2234, depth 816 fathoms.

Current status: Valid as Apristurus profundorum (Goode & Bean, 1896). Pentanchidae. Distribution: Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus riveri Bigelow & Schroeder, 1944 - broadgill catshark [=Apristurus riveri Bigelow [H. B.] & Schroeder [W. C.], 1944:23, Pl. 7] Notes: [Proceedings of the New England Zoölogical Club v. 23; ref. 13163] North coast of Cuba, 23°24'N, 80°44'W, depth 580 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Apristurus riveri Bigelow & Schroeder, 1944. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus saldanha (Barnard, 1925) - Saldanha catshark [=Scylliorhinus saldanha Barnard [K. H.], 1925:44] Notes: [Annals of the South African Museum v. 21 (pt 1); ref. 192] Off Saldanha Bay, South Africa, southeastern Atlantic, depth 500 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Apristurus saldanha (Barnard, 1925). Pentanchidae. Distribution: Southern Africa. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus sibogae (Weber, 1913) - pale catshark [=Scyliorhinus sibogae Weber [M.], 1913:595] Notes: [Die Fische der Siboga-Expedition; ref. 4602] Makassar Strait, Indonesia, 0°32'S, 119°39.8'E, Siboga station 87, depth 655 meters. Current status: Valid as Apristurus sibogae (Weber, 1913). Pentanchidae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus sinensis Chu & Hu, in Chu et al., 1981 - South China catshark, freckled catshark [=Apristurus sinensis Chu [Y.-T.] & Hu [A.-S.], in Chu, Meng, Hu & Li, 1981:103] Notes: [English p. 115], Fig. 1 (double) [Oceanologica et Limnologica Sinica v. 12 (no. 2); ref. 4841] South China Sea, depth 537 meters.

Current status: Valid as Apristurus sinensis Chu & Hu, 1981. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus spongiceps (Gilbert, 1905) - spongehead catshark [=Catulus spongiceps Gilbert [C. H.], 1905:579] Notes: [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 23 (pt 2) [for 1903]; ref. 1631] Vicinity of Bird Island, Hawaiian Islands, Albatross station 4151, depth 313-800 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Apristurus spongiceps (Gilbert, 1905). Pentanchidae. Distribution: Western and central Pacific: eastern Indonesia, Hawaiian Islands (probably more widespread). Habitat: marine.

Species Apristurus stenseni (Springer, 1979) - Panama ghost catshark [=Parmaturus stenseni Springer [S.], 1979:104, Figs. 64-66] Notes: [NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Technical Report NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service) Circular No. 422; ref. 4175] Gulf of Panama, 7°22'N, 79°32'W, depth 915-975 meters. Current status: Valid as Apristurus stenseni (Springer, 1979). Pentanchidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Asymbolus Whitley, 1939 - catsharks [=Asymbolus (subgenus of Scyliorhinus) Whitley [G. P.], 1939:229, Juncrus (subgenus of Scyliorhinus) Whitley [G. P.], 1939:229] Notes: [ref. 4695]. Masc. Scyllium anale Ogilby, 1885. Type by original designation (also monotypic). The new generic name plus an included available species name makes the genus available as above. •Valid as Asymbolus Whitley, 1939 -- (Springer 1979:30 [ref. 4175], Compagno 1984:289 [ref. 6846], Compagno 1988:127 [ref. 13488], Paxton et al. 1989:71 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:131 [ref. 22532], Compagno 1999:479 [ref. 25589], Last et al. 1999:19 [ref. 25140], Hoese et al. 2006:82 [ref. 28999], Gledhill et al. 2008:180 [ref. 29686], Séret & Last 2008:138 [ref. 29988], White 2008:56 [ref. 30617]).

Current status: Valid as Asymbolus Whitley, 1939. Pentanchidae. (Juncrus) [ref. 4695]. Masc. Scyllium vincenti Zietz, 1908. Type by original designation. Compagno 1984:289 serves as first reviser, selecting Asymbolus Whitley, 1939 over Juncrus Whitley 1939, both genera appearing in the same work and treated by Compagno as synonyms. •Valid as Juncrus Whitley, 1939 -- (Springer 1979:95 [ref. 4175]). •Synonym of Asymbolus Whitley, 1939 – (Compagno 1984:289 [ref. 6846], Compagno 1988:127 [ref. 13488]). Current status: Synonym of Asymbolus Whitley, 1939. Pentanchidae.

Species Asymbolus analis (Ogilby, 1885) - Australian spotted catshark [=Scyllium anale Ogilby [J. D.], 1885:445] Notes: [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 10 (pt 2); ref. 3262] Middle Harbor, Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia. Current status: Valid as Asymbolus analis (Ogilby, 1885). Pentanchidae. Distribution: Australia: New South Wales and Victoria. Habitat: marine.

Species Asymbolus funebris Compagno et al., 1999 - blotched catshark [=Asymbolus funebris Compagno [L. J. V.], Stevens [J. D.] & Last [P. R.], 1999:6, Fig. 1] Notes: [CSIRO Marine Laboratories Report No. 239; ref. 25034] South of Cape Leeuwin, Western Australia, 34°35'S, 114°53'E, depth 144 meters. Current status: Valid as Asymbolus funebris Compagno, Stevens & Last, 1999. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Australia: Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Asymbolus galacticus Séret & Last, 2008 - starry catshark [=Asymbolus galacticus Séret [B.] & Last [P. R.], 2008:138, Figs. 2-4] Notes: [Cybium v. 32 (no. 2); ref. 29988] Banc Jumeau Ouest/West Jumeau Bank, Norfolk Ridge, New Caledonia, 23°42.50'S, 168°01'E, depth 280-350 meters. Current status: Valid as Asymbolus galacticus Séret & Last, 2008. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific: Seamonts off southern New Caledonia.

Habitat: marine.

Species Asymbolus occiduus Last et al., 1999 - Western spotted catshark [=Asymbolus occiduus Last [P. R.], Gomon [M. F.] & Gledhill [D. C.], 1999:21, Fig. 1] Notes: [CSIRO Marine Laboratories Report No. 239; ref. 25140] South of Cape Leeuwin, Western Australia, 34°57'S, 114°56'E, depth 200 meters. Current status: Valid as Asymbolus occiduus Last, Gomon & Gledhill, 1999. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Australia: South Australia and Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Asymbolus pallidus Last et al., 1999 - pale-spotted catshark [=Asymbolus pallidus Last [P. R.], Gomon [M. F.] & Gledhill [D. C.], 1999:24, Fig. 2] Notes: [CSIRO Marine Laboratories Report No. 239; ref. 25140] East of Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia, 32°52.9'S, 152°42.3'E, depth 225-282 meters. Current status: Valid as Asymbolus pallidus Last, Gomon & Gledhill, 1999. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Northeastern Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Asymbolus parvus Compagno et al., 1999 - dwarf catshark [=Asymbolus parvus Compagno [L. J. V.], Stevens [J. D.] & Last [P. R.], 1999:12, Fig. 3] Notes: [CSIRO Marine Laboratories Report No. 239; ref. 25034] North of Nickol Bay, Western Australia, 19°07.3'S, 117°04.4'E, depth 177-184 meters. Current status: Valid as Asymbolus parvus Compagno, Stevens & Last, 1999. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Northwestern Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Asymbolus rubiginosus Last et al., 1999 - orange spotted catshark [=Asymbolus rubiginosus Last [P. R.], Gomon [M. F.] & Gledhill [D. C.], 1999:27, Fig. 3]

Notes: [CSIRO Marine Laboratories Report No. 239; ref. 25140] South of Gabo Island, Victoria, Australia, 37°46.7'S, 149°55.2'E, depth 120-130 meters. Current status: Valid as Asymbolus rubiginosus Last, Gomon & Gledhill, 1999. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Southeastern Australia: southern Queensland to Tasmania. Habitat: marine.

Species Asymbolus submaculatus Compagno et al., 1999 - variegated catshark [=Asymbolus submaculatus Compagno [L. J. V.], Stevens [J. D.] & Last [P. R.], 1999:8, Fig. 2] Notes: [CSIRO Marine Laboratories Report No. 239; ref. 25034] Off Cape Howe, New South Wales, Australia, 37°39.0'S, 150°13.0'E, depth 180-200 meters. Current status: Valid as Asymbolus submaculatus Compagno, Stevens & Last, 1999. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Australia: New South Wales to Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Asymbolus vincenti (Zeitz, 1908) - Gulf catshark [=Scyllium vincenti Zietz [A. H. C.], 1908:287] Notes: [Transactions Royal Society of South Australia v. 32; ref. 17706] Near the northern shore of Kangaroo Island, Investigator Strait, South Australia. Current status: Valid as Asymbolus vincenti (Zietz, 1908). Pentanchidae. Distribution: Southern Ocean Habitat: marine

GENUS Cephalurus Bigelow & Schroeder, 1941 - catsharks [=Cephalurus Bigelow [H. B.] & Schroeder [W. C.], 1941:73] Notes: [ref. 300]. Masc. Catulus cephalus Gilbert, 1892. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Cephalurus Bigelow & Schroeder, 1941 -- (Springer 1979:45 [ref. 4175], Compagno 1984:305 [ref. 6846], Compagno 1988:131 [ref. 13488], Compagno 1999:479 [ref. 25589], Castro 2011:292 [ref. 31457]).

Current status: Valid as Cephalurus Bigelow & Schroeder, 1941. Pentanchidae.

Species Cephalurus cephalus (Gilbert, 1892) - lollipop catshark [=Catulus cephalus Gilbert [C. H.], 1892:541] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 14 (no. 880); ref. 1626] Near Revilla Gigedos, 18°17.5'N, 114°43.3'W, Albatross station 2992, depth 460 fathoms; Gulf of California, station 3007, depth 362 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Cephalurus cephalus (Gilbert, 1892). Pentanchidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Galeus Rafinesque, 1810 - catsharks [=Galeus Rafinesque [C. S.], 1810:13, Prionurus Otto [A. W.], 1821:5, Pristidurus Bonaparte [C. L.], 1838:213 [11], Pristiurus (subgenus of Scyllium) Bonaparte [C. L.], 1834:puntata 39] Notes: [ref. 3594]. Masc. Galeus melastomus Rafinesque, 1810. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Fowler 1908:53 [ref. 6847]; Squalus mustelus as used by Jordan & Evermann 1896:29 [ref. 2443] not precise enough for type designation. •Valid as Galeus Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Springer 1973:20 [ref. 7162], Nakaya 1975:40 [ref. 7083], Springer 1979:47 [ref. 4175], Quéro in Whitehead et al. 1984:97 [ref. 13675], Compagno 1984:306 [ref. 6846], Bass 1986:90 [ref. 5635], Séret 1987:18 [6267], Cappetta 1987:111 [ref. 6348], Tachikawa & Taniuchi 1987 [ref. 6712], Compagno 1988:134 [ref. 13488], Paxton et al. 1989:73 [ref. 12442], Compagno & Stevens 1993:172 [ref. 20843], Compagno 1999:479 [ref. 25589], Compagno 2003:447 [ref. 26984], Compagno et al. 2005:25 [ref. 29145], Hoese et al. 2006:86 [ref. 28999], Gledhill et al. 2008:179 [ref. 29686], Séret & Last 2008:19 [ref. 29702], White 2008:62 [ref. 30617], Castro 2011:292 [ref. 31457]). Current status: Valid as Galeus Rafinesque, 1810. Pentanchidae. (Prionurus) [ref. 4987]. Masc. Squalus prionurus Otto, 1821. Type by monotypy (also by absolute tautonymy). Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Prionurus Lacepède, 1804 in fishes. Above from Fowler, original not seen. •Questionably In the synonymy of Galeus Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Cappetta 1987:111 [ref. 6348]). Current status: Synonym of Galeus Rafinesque, 1810. Pentanchidae. (Pristidurus) [ref. 4979]. Masc. Galeus melastomus Rafinesque, 1810. Type by monotypy. Described as "Nob.", but technically probably is

an incorrect subsequent spelling of Pristiurus Bonaparte, 1834. Fowler says Agassiz 1838 in fossil fishes is earlier than Bonaparte 1838. •Objective synonym of Galeus Rafinesque, 1810. Current status: Synonym of Galeus Rafinesque, 1810. Pentanchidae. (Pristiurus) [ref. 517]. Masc. Galeus melastomus Rafinesque, 1810. Type by monotypy. Appeared first in puntata 39, fasc. 7 under Scyllium canicula and under Scyllium melanostomum. Spelled Pristidurus by Bonaparte 1838:11 [ref. 4979, not investigated]. •Objective synonym of Galeus Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Springer 1973:20 [ref. 7162], Nakaya 1975:40 [ref. 7083], Springer 1979:48 [ref. 4175], Compagno 1984:306 [ref. 6846], Cappetta 1987:111 [ref. 6348], Compagno 1988:134 [ref. 13488]). Current status: Synonym of Galeus Rafinesque, 1810. Pentanchidae.

Species Galeus antillensis Springer, 1979 - Antilles catshark [=Galeus arae antillensis Springer [S.], 1979:55, Figs. 28c, 31-32] Notes: [NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Technical Report NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service) Circular No. 422; ref. 4175] Off St. Christopher Island [St. Kitts Island], Leeward Islands, West Indies, 17°41'N, 62°50'30"W, Oregon station 6695, depth 300-320 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Galeus antillensis Springer, 1979. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Galeus arae (Nichols, 1927) - marbled catshark, roughtail catshark [=Pristiurus arae Nichols [J. T.], 1927:1, Fig. 1] Notes: [American Museum Novitates No. 256; ref. 15804] Off Miami Beach, Florida, U.S.A., depth 200 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Galeus arae (Nichols, 1927). Pentanchidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Galeus atlanticus (Vaillant, 1888) - Atlantic sawtail catshark [=Pristiurus atlanticus Vaillant [L. L.], 1888:59, Pl. 1 (figs. 1, 1a-1d)] Notes: [Expéditions scientifiques du "Travailleur" et du "Talisman"; ref. 4496] Off Cape Spartel, northwestern coast of Morocco, depth 540 meters.

Current status: Valid as Galeus atlanticus (Vaillant, 1888). Pentanchidae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Galeus cadenati Springer, 1966 - longfin sawtail catshark [=Galeus cadenati Springer [S.], 1966:609, Fig. 20b, 21b, 27g] Notes: [United States Fish and Wildlife Service Fishery Bulletin v. 65 (no. 3) (for 1965); ref. 4174] East coast of Panama, 9°13'N, 80°43 [not 44]'W, Oregon station 3592, Caribbean Sea, depth 240 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Galeus cadenati Springer, 1966. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Galeus eastmani (Jordan & Snyder, 1904) - gecko catshark [=Pristiurus eastmani Jordan [D. S.] & Snyder [J. O.], 1904:230, Pl. 60] Notes: [Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections v. 45; ref. 2519] Off Izu, Japan. Current status: Valid as Galeus eastmani (Jordan & Snyder, 1904). Pentanchidae. Distribution: Northwestern and western Pacific: China Sea and Japan. Habitat: marine.

Species Galeus gracilis Compagno & Stevens, 1993 - slender sawtail catshark [=Galeus gracilis Compagno [L. J. V.] & Stevens [J. D.], 1993:174, Figs. 1-9, 13E] Notes: [Records of the Australian Museum v. 45 (no. 2); ref. 20843] Upper slope north of Melville Island, Northern Territory, Australia, 9°49'S, 130°15'E, depth 290 meters. Current status: Valid as Galeus gracilis Compagno & Stevens, 1993. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Northern Australia and Indonesia. Habitat: marine.

Species Galeus longirostris Tachikawa & Taniuchi, 1987 - longnose sawtail catshark

[=Galeus longirostris Tachikawa [H.] & Taniuchi [T.], 1987:352, Fig. 1] Notes: [Japanese Journal of Ichthyology v. 33 (no. 4); ref. 6712] Near Amami-oshima, Japan, 28°40'N, 128°44'E, depth 440-520 meters. Current status: Valid as Galeus longirostris Tachikawa & Taniuchi, 1987. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: Japan. Habitat: marine.

Species Galeus melastomus Rafinesque, 1810 - blackmouth catshark [=Galeus melastomus Rafinesque [C. S.], 1810:13, Squalus annulatus Nilsson [S.], 1832:114, Scyllium artedi Risso [A.], 1820:241, Squalus (Scyliorhinus) delarochianus Blainville [H. de], 1816:121, Scyllium melanostomum Bonaparte [C. L.], 1834:fasc. 7, punt. 39, Pl. 131 (fig. 3), Pristiurus melanostomus Lowe [R. T.], 1843:93, Pl. 14, Squalus prionurus Otto [A. W.], 1821:5, Pristiurus souverbiei Lafont [A.], 1868:519] Notes: [Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della Sicilia; ref. 3594] [Sicilia] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Valid as Galeus melastomus Rafinesque, 1810. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Baltic Sea, North Sea, Mediterranean Sea, eastern North Atlantic: Faeroe Islands and Norway to Senegal. Habitat: marine. (annulatus) [Prodromus ichthyologiae Scandinavicae; ref. 3204] Northern seas and Codana Bay, Norway. Current status: Synonym of Galeus melastomus Rafinesque, 1810. Pentanchidae. Habitat: marine. (artedi) [Journal de Physique, de Chimie et d'Histoire Naturelle v. 91; ref. 18636] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Galeus melastomus Rafinesque, 1810. Pentanchidae. Habitat: marine. (delarochianus) [Bulletin de la Société Philomathique de Paris v. 8; ref. 306] Current status: Synonym of Galeus melastomus Rafinesque, 1810. Pentanchidae. (melanostomum) [Iconografia della fauna italica; ref. 517] Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Galeus melastomus Rafinesque, 1810. Pentanchidae. Habitat: marine. (melanostomus L) [A history of the fishes of Madeira; ref. 2833] Current status: Synonym of Galeus melastomus Rafinesque, 1810. Pentanchidae. Habitat: marine. (prionurus) [Conspectus animalium quorundam maritimorum; ref. 4987] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea.

Current status: Synonym of Galeus melastomus Rafinesque, 1810. Pentanchidae. Habitat: marine. (souverbiei) [Actes de la Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux v. 26 (v. 6 of Ser. 3); ref. 17483] Arcachon, France. Current status: Synonym of Galeus melastomus Rafinesque, 1810. Pentanchidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Galeus mincaronei Soto, 2001 - southern sawtail catshark [=Galeus mincaronei Soto [J. M. R.], 2001:12, Figs. 1-9] Notes: [Mare Magnum v. 1 (no. 1); ref. 26632] Off Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 30°14'51"S, 48°03'03"W, depth 430 meters. Current status: Valid as Galeus mincaronei Soto, 2001. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic: Santa Catarina to Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Habitat: marine.

Species Galeus murinus (Collett, 1904) - mouse catshark [=Pristiurus murinus Collett [R.], 1904:4, Pristiurus jensenii Saemundsson [B.], 1922:169, Pl. 4 (fig. 1), Pl. 5 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-selskabet i Christiania (for 1904) No. 9; ref. 9338] 150 kilometers northwest of the Hebrides [eastern North Atlantic], Michael Sars station 76, depth 1100-1300 meters. Current status: Valid as Galeus murinus (Collett, 1904). Pentanchidae. Distribution: Eastern North Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (jensenii) [Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, Kjøbenhavn. v. 74; ref. 18652] Iceland. Current status: Synonym of Galeus murinus (Collett, 1904). Pentanchidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Galeus nipponensis Nakaya, 1975 - broadfin sawtail catshark [=Galeus nipponensis Nakaya [K.], 1975:51, Figs. 26-28] Notes: [Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University v. 23 (no. 1); ref. 7083] Mimase, off Kochi Prefecture, Honshu, Japan. Current status: Valid as Galeus nipponensis Nakaya, 1975. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: Japan. Habitat: marine.

Species Galeus piperatus Springer & Wagner, 1966 - peppered catshark [=Galeus piperatus Springer [S.] & Wagner [M. H.], 1966:1, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Contributions in Science (Los Angeles) No. 110; ref. 9068] Gulf of California, 28°55'N, 112°50.5'W, Alaska station 64A2-16, Mexico, depth 275 meters. Current status: Valid as Galeus piperatus Springer & Wagner, 1966. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Gulf of California and islas Marías, Mexico; Peru (?). Habitat: marine.

Species Galeus polli Cadenat, 1959 - African sawtail catshark [=Galeus polli Cadenat [J.] 1959:396, Figs. 1-4, 7-18] Notes: [Bulletin de l'Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire (Sér A) Sciences Naturelles v. 21 (no. 1); ref. 20802] Coast of Senegal. Current status: Valid as Galeus polli Cadenat, 1959. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Morocco to western coast of South Africa. Habitat: marine.

Species Galeus priapus Séret & Last, 2008 - phallic catshark [=Galeus priapus Séret [B.] & Last [P. R.], 2008:21, Figs. 2-3] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1813; ref. 29702] Off New Caledonia, 23°03'S, 166°56'E, depth 620-700 meters. Current status: Valid as Galeus priapus Séret & Last, 2008. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific: New Caledonia and Vanuatu. Habitat: marine.

Species Galeus sauteri (Jordan & Richardson, 1909) - blacktip sawtail catshark [=Pristiurus sauteri Jordan [D. S.] & Richardson [R. E.], 1909:160, Pl. 63 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 4 (no. 4); ref. 2493] Takao [Kaohsiung], southwestern Taiwan. Current status: Valid as Galeus sauteri (Jordan & Richardson, 1909). Pentanchidae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: Philippines and Taiwan to Japan.

Habitat: marine.

Species Galeus schultzi Springer, 1979 - dwarf sawtail catshark [=Galeus schultzi Springer [S.], 1979:67] Notes: [NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Technical Report NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service) Circular No. 422; ref. 4175] Balayan Bay, Luzon Island, Philippines, Albatross station 4693, depth 329 meters. Current status: Valid as Galeus schultzi Springer, 1979. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Philippines. Habitat: marine.

Species Galeus springeri Konstantinov & Cozzi, 1998 - Springer's sawtail catshark [=Galeus springeri Konstantinou [H.] & Cozzi [J. R.], 1998:152, Figs. 1-5] Notes: [Copeia 1998 (no. 1); ref. 23301] Off Leeward Islands, Lesser Antilles, 17°06'N, 62°17'W, depth 589 meters. Current status: Valid as Galeus springeri Konstantinou & Cozzi, 1998. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Halaelurus Gill, 1862 - catsharks [=Halaelurus Gill [T. N.], 1862:407, Gammascyllium Leigh-Sharpe [W. H.], 1926:326] Notes: [ref. 1783]. Masc. Scyllium buergeri Müller & Henle, 1841. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Also in Gill 1862:412 [ref. 4910] where author of species is clear. •Valid as Halaelurus Gill, 1862 -- (Nakaya 1975:60 [ref. 7083], Springer 1979:68 [ref. 4175], Compagno 1984:319 [ref. 6846], Nakaya in Masuda et al. 1984:4 [ref. 6441], Bass 1986:90 [ref. 5635], Séret 1987 [ref. 6267], Compagno 1988:143 [ref. 13488], Compagno 1999:479 [ref. 25589], Compagno et al. 2005:26 [ref. 29145], Hoese et al. 2006:87 [ref. 28999], White et al. 2007:1 [ref. 29295], Akhilesh et al. 2011:40 [ref. 31200], McCosker et al. 2012:48 [ref. 31823]). Current status: Valid as Halaelurus Gill, 1862. Pentanchidae. (Gammascyllium) [ref. 5627]. Neut. Scyllium buergeri Müller & Henle, 1838. Type by original designation. As a "pseudogenus" of Scyllium. Not available [Art. 1.3.5], used as an artificial category (see Leigh-Sharpe 1928 [ref. 6152]).

•In the synonymy of Halaelurus Gill, 1862 -- (Compagno 1984:319 [ref. 6846], Compagno 1988:143 [ref. 13488]). Current status: Synonym of Halaelurus Gill, 1862. Pentanchidae.

Species Halaelurus boesemani Springer & D'Aubrey, 1972 - speckled catshark [=Halaelurus boesemani Springer [S.] & D'Aubrey [J. D.], 1972:11, Figs. 1D] Notes: [Investigational Report. Oceanographic Research Institute Durban No. 29; ref. 17325] Off coast of Somalia, 11°37'N, 51°27'E, depth 67-72 meters. Current status: Valid as Halaelurus boesemani Springer & D'Aubrey, 1972. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: Somalia and Gulf of Aden. Habitat: marine.

Species Halaelurus buergeri (Müller & Henle, 1838) - blackspotted catshark [=Scyllium buergeri Müller [J.] & Henle [F. G. J.], 1838:8, [Pl. 2] Notes: [Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen; ref. 3069] Japan. Current status: Valid as Halaelurus buergeri (Müller & Henle, 1838). Pentanchidae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: Taiwan, Japan and China. Habitat: marine.

Species Halaelurus lineatus Bass et al., 1975 - lined catshark [=Halaelurus lineatus Bass [A. J.], D'Aubrey [J. D.] & Kistnasamy [N.], 1975:12, Figs. 8, 20E] Notes: [Investigational Report. Oceanographic Research Institute Durban No. 37; ref. 7409] Shore at Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Halaelurus lineatus Bass, D'Aubrey & Kistnasamy, 1975. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: southern Africa. Habitat: marine.

Species Halaelurus maculosus White et al., 2007 - Indonesian speckled catshark [=Halaelurus maculosus White [W. T.], Last [P. R.] & Stevens [J. D.], 2007:2, Figs. 1-4]

Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1639; ref. 29295] Kedonganan fish market, Bali, Indonesia, 8°45'S, 115°10'E. Current status: Valid as Halaelurus maculosus White, Last & Stevens, 2007. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Southern coast of Java, off Bali and Lombok in eastern Indonesia and Philippines. Habitat: marine.

Species Halaelurus natalensis (Regan, 1904) - tiger catshark [=Scyllium natalense Regan [C. T.], 1904:128] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 14 (no. 80); ref. 12514] Kwa-Zulu-Natal coast, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Halaelurus natalensis (Regan, 1904). Pentanchidae. Distribution: Southeastern Atlantic and southwestern Indian Ocean: southern Africa. Habitat: marine.

Species Halaelurus quagga (Alcock, 1899) - quagga catshark [=Scyllium quagga Alcock [A. W.], 1899:17] Notes: [A descriptive catalogue of the Indian deep-sea fishes in the Indian Museum; ref. 5114] Laccadive Sea, off Malabar coast, 8°23'N, 76°28'E, Investigator station 258, depth l02 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Halaelurus quagga (Alcock, 1899). Pentanchidae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: Somalia and India. Habitat: marine.

Species Halaelurus sellus White et al., 2007 - rusty catshark [=Halaelurus sellus White [W. T.], Last [P. R.] & Stevens [J. D.], 2007:11, Figs. 5-8] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1639; ref. 29295] North of Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia, 19°25'S, 116°33'E, depth 126 meters. Current status: Valid as Halaelurus sellus White, Last & Stevens, 2007. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Northwestern Australia: Northern Territory to Shark Bay, Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Holohalaelurus Fowler, 1934 - catsharks [=Holohalaelurus (subgenus of Halaelurus) Fowler [H. W.], 1934:235] Notes: [ref. 1416]. Masc. Scylliorhinus regani Gilchrist, 1922. Type by original designation. •Valid as Holohalaelurus Fowler, 1934 – (Springer 1979:92 [ref. 4175], Compagno 1984:336 [ref. 6846], Bass 1986:92 [ref. 5635], Compagno 1988:152 [ref. 13488], Compagno 1999:480 [ref. 25589], Human 2006:3 [ref. 28824], Human 2010:25 [ref. 30764]). Current status: Valid as Holohalaelurus Fowler, 1934. Pentanchidae.

Species Holohalaelurus melanostigma (Norman, 1939) - crying izak [=Scyliorhinus (Halaelurus) melanostigma Norman [J. R.], 1939:9, Fig. 2A] Notes: [Scientific Reports, John Murray Expedition v. 7 (no. 1); ref. 6556] Zanzibar area, Tanzania, western Indian Ocean, station 115, depth 640-658 meters. Current status: Valid as Holohalaelurus melanostigma (Norman, 1939). Pentanchidae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: Tanzania and Kenya. Habitat: marine.

Species Holohalaelurus punctatus (Gilchrist, 1914) - African spotted catshark [=Scylliorhinus punctatus Gilchrist [J. D. F.], 1914:129, Fig., Scyliorhinus (Halaelurus) polystigma Regan [C. T.], 1921:413] Notes: [Marine biological report: for the year ended ... and for the half year ending ...; to be presented to the Provincial Council; Union of South Africa, Province of the Cape of Good Hope. No. 2 (VII); ref. 15094] Red cliff off Bazaruto, Mozambique, depth 130-140 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Holohalaelurus punctatus (Gilchrist, 1914). Pentanchidae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine. (polystigma) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) v. 7 (no. 41); ref. 3672] 15-20 miles off Umvoti River, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean, depth 120-130 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Holohalaelurus punctatus (Gilchrist, 1914). Pentanchidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Holohalaelurus favus Human, 2006 - honeycomb izak [=Holohalaelurus favus Human [B. A.], 2006:36, Figs. 11-12] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1315; ref. 28824] Off Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, about 29°51'S, 31°00'E, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Holohalaelurus favus Human, 2006. Pentanchidae. Distribution: South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique. Habitat: marine.

Species Holohalaelurus grennian Human, 2006 - grinning izak [=Holohalaelurus grennian Human [B. A.], 2006:44, Figs. 14-16] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1315; ref. 28824] Off Ras Ngomeni, Kenya, 2°50'S, 40°34'E, depth 246 meters. Current status: Valid as Holohalaelurus grennian Human, 2006. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: Kenya, Tanzania and southern Mozambique. Habitat: marine.

Species Holohalaelurus regani (Gilchrist, 1922) - Izak catshark [=Scylliorhinus regani Gilchrist [J. D. F.], 1922:45] Notes: [Report Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Union of South Africa Rep. 2 (art. 3); ref. 1648] Southeast of Hondeklip Bay, northern Cape Province, 30°57'S, 16°46'E, South Africa, depth 234 meters. Current status: Valid as Holohalaelurus regani (Gilchrist, 1922). Pentanchidae. Distribution: Southeastern Atlantic and western Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Parmaturus Garman, 1906 - catsharks [=Parmaturus Garman [S.], 1906:203, Dichichthys Chan [W. L.], 1966:223] Notes: [ref. 1542]. Masc. Parmaturus pilosus Garman, 1906. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Jordan 1920:518 [ref. 4905]. •Valid as Parmaturus Garman, 1906 -- (Nakaya 1975:57 [ref. 7083], Springer 1979:99 [ref. 4175], Compagno 1984:339 [ref. 6846], Nakaya in Masuda et al. 1984:4 [ref. 6441], Compagno 1988:157 [ref. 13488], Compagno 1999:480 [ref. 25589], Compagno 2003:447

[ref. 26984], Séret & Last 2007:2 [ref. 29377], Castro 2011:292 [ref. 31457]). Current status: Valid as Parmaturus Garman, 1906. Pentanchidae. (Dichichthys) [ref. 806]. Masc. Dichichthys melanobranchus Chan, 1966. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Parmaturus Garman, 1906 -- (Compagno 1984:339 [ref. 6846], Compagno 1988:157 [ref. 13488]). Current status: Synonym of Parmaturus Garman, 1906. Pentanchidae.

Species Parmaturus albimarginatus Séret & Last, 2007 - white-tip catshark [=Parmaturus albimarginatus Séret [B.] & Last [P. R.], 2007:25, Figs. 2-3] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1657; ref. 29377] Grand Passage, 18°54'S, 163°05'E, New Caledonia, depth 688-732 meters. Current status: Valid as Parmaturus albimarginatus Séret & Last, 2007. Pentanchidae. Distribution: New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

Species Parmaturus albipenis Séret & Last, 2007 - white-clasper catshark [=Parmaturus albipenis Séret [B.] & Last [P. R.], 2007:29, Figs. 4-5] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1657; ref. 29377] Grand Passage, 18°54'S, 163°05'E, New Caledonia, depth 688-732 meters. Current status: Valid as Parmaturus albipenis Séret & Last, 2007. Pentanchidae. Distribution: New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

Species Parmaturus bigus Séret & Last, 2007 - beige catshark [=Parmaturus bigus Séret [B.] & Last [P. R.], 2007:32, Figs. 6-7] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1657; ref. 29377] South of Saumarez Plateau, 22°56'S, 154°21'E, Queensland, Australia, depth 590-606 meters. Current status: Valid as Parmaturus bigus Séret & Last, 2007. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Northeastern Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Parmaturus campechiensis Springer, 1979 - Campeche shark

[=Parmaturus campechiensis Springer [S.], 1979:100, Fig. 59] Notes: [NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Technical Report NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service) Circular No. 422; ref. 4175] Northwestern Bay of Campeche, Gulf of Mexico, 21°33'N, 96°48'W, Oregon II station 10956, depth 600 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Parmaturus campechiensis Springer, 1979. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Parmaturus lanatus Séret & Last, 2007 - velvet catshark [=Parmaturus lanatus Séret [B.] & Last [P. R.], 2007:35, Figs. 8-9] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1657; ref. 29377] Tanimbar Island, 8°29'S, 131°33'E, Arafura Sea, Indonesia, depth 855-840 meters. Current status: Valid as Parmaturus lanatus Séret & Last, 2007. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: marine.

Species Parmaturus macmillani Hardy, 1985 - McMillan's catshark [=Parmaturus (Parmaturus) macmillani Hardy [G. S.], 1985:120, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [New Zealand Journal of Zoology v. 12 (no. 1); ref. 8156] Northwest of Three Kings Island, New Zealand, 33°55.0-55.2'S, 171°55.6-54.5'E, depth 985-1003 meters. Current status: Valid as Parmaturus macmillani Hardy, 1985. Pentanchidae. Distribution: New Zealand (and south of Madagascar). Habitat: marine.

Species Parmaturus melanobranchus (Chan, 1966) - blackgill catshark [=Dichichthys melanobranchus Chan [W. L.], 1966:226, Figs. 2-3; Pl. 1b, Figaro piceus Chu [Y.-T.], Meng [Q.-W.] & Liu [J.-X.], 1983:104 (English p. 107), Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Journal of Zoology (London) v. 148; ref. 806] South China Sea, about 135 miles south-southeast of Hong Kong, 20°05'N, 115°03'E, depth 300 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Parmaturus melanobranchus (Chan, 1966). Pentanchidae.

Distribution: South China Sea: China and Japan. Habitat: marine. (piceus) [Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica v. 8 (no. 1); ref. 8358] South China Sea, 19°40'N, 115°E, depth 810 meters. Current status: Synonym of Parmaturus melanobranchus (Chan, 1966). Pentanchidae. Distribution: South China Sea. Habitat: marine.

Species Parmaturus pilosus Garman, 1906 - salamander shark [=Parmaturus pilosus Garman [S.], 1906:204, Pristiurus hertwigi Engelhardt [R.], 1912:644] Notes: [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 46 (no. 11); ref. 1542] Off Japan, 34°59'N, l39°31'E, depth 430 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Parmaturus pilosus Garman, 1906. Pentanchidae. Distribution: China and Japan. Habitat: marine. (hertwigi) [Zoologischer Anzeiger v. 39 (nos 21/22); ref. 17459] Yokahama and Aburatsubo, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Parmaturus pilosus Garman, 1906. Pentanchidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Parmaturus xaniurus (Gilbert, 1892) - filetail catshark [=Catulus xaniurus Gilbert [C. H.], 1892:540] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 14 (no. 880); ref. 1626] Off southern California, U.S.A., 33°55'30"N, 128°28'00"W, depth 687 meters. Current status: Valid as Parmaturus xaniurus (Gilbert, 1892). Pentanchidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Washigton, U.S.A to Gulf of California. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Pentanchus Smith & Radcliffe, in Smith, 1912 - catsharks [=Pentanchus Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Smith, 1912:490] Notes: [ref. 4041]. Masc. Pentanchus profundicolus Smith & Radcliffe, 1912. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Pentanchus Smith & Radcliffe, 1912 -- (Nakaya 1975:7 [ref. 7083], Springer 1979:110 [ref. 4175], Compagno 1984:345 [ref. 6846] but as possible senior synonym of Apristurus Garman, 1913, Compagno 1988:175 [ref. 13488], Compagno 1999:480

[ref. 25589], Nakaya & Séret 2000:373 [ref. 25115], Compagno et al. 2005:27 [ref. 29145]). Current status: Valid as Pentanchus Smith & Radcliffe, 1912. Pentanchidae.

Species Pentanchus profundicolus Smith & Radcliffe, in Smith, 1912 - onefin catshark [=Pentanchus profundicolus Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Smith, 1912:490, Pl. 42] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 41 (no. 1872); ref. 4041] Mindanao Sea, 10°02'N, 125°19'20"E, Philippines, Albatross station 5486, depth 585 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Pentanchus profundicolus Smith & Radcliffe, 1912. Pentanchidae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: marine