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Study on Antifungal Properties of Manilkara zapota L. (Chico)

peel and leaves extract

_____________________________________________

A Thesis presented to

Biological Sciences Department

Institute of Arts and Sciences

Far Eastern University, Manila

_____________________________________________

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements

For the Degree of

Bachelor of Science major in Biology

by

Diaz, Kristine C.

Vergara, Regenald F.



Approval Sheet

This research Antifungal Properties of Manilkara zapota L. (Chico) peel and

leaves extract: A Study´ was submitted by Diaz, Kristine C. and Vergara, Regenald F.,

in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Bachelor of Science Major in

Biology, has been examined for acceptance and approval.

Approved by Date Submitted ___________

____________________ Rating _______

Prof. Dr. Glorina Orozco



ACNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to give their sincerest thanks to all the people who

contributed their time, patience, and knowledge for the completion of this research. The

researchers would also like to grab the opportunity to give their warmest thanks those

who participated and shared a part of themselves in accomplishing this study.

First and foremost, the researchers would like to give thanks to our almighty God,

for giving them enough strength, patience, perseverance, and guidance in making this

research successful, and giving us the opportunity to make things possible.

Second are their families, for always being there and never endingly extend their

support.

Third is for their adviser, for Dr. Glorina Orozco, for his continuous support and

for guiding them all throughout.

Finally, to the friends and foe¶s who made this study somehow an easier task. By

simply contributing their time and effort for revising and editing some of the errors

conducted by the researchers.



TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGES _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ i

APPROVAL SHEET _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ii

ACKNOLEDGEMENT _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _iv

CHAPTER

1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1

y Introduction _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1

y Background of the Study_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2

y Statement of the Problem_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4

y Significance of the Study_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _5

y Scope and Delimitations_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6

y Definition of Terms_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8

y Related Literature_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _8

y Related Studies_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _13

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17

y Research Method Used_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17

y Research Locale_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17

y Description of the Respondents_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17



y Research Instruments Used_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19

4. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA _ _ _ _ _ 20

y Presentation of the Data_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20

y Analysis_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _21

y Interpretation of the Data_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21

5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATONS _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25

y Summary _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25

y Conclusions_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26

y Recommendations _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

A. Questionnaires

B. Survey Data Tally Sheet

Curriculum Vitae



CHAPTER 1

The Problem and its Background

Introduction

Background of the Study

Medicinal plants are a source of great economic value all over the world.

Nature has bestowed a very rich botanical wealth and a large number of diverse

types of plants grow in different part of the country (Onyeagba, 2004).

The potential of higher plants as source for new drugs is still largely

unexplored. Among the estimated 250,000-500,000 plant species, only a small

percentage has been investigated (Mahesh, 2008). There is a continuous and

immediate need to discover new anti microbial compounds with diverse chemical

structures and novel mechanisms of action per new and re-immerging infectious

disease.

Herbal medicine is still the mainstay of about 75-80% of the whole

population, and the major part of traditional therapy involves the use of plant

extract and their active constituents (Akerele, 1993). Antimicrobials of plant origin

have enormous therapeutic potential. They are effective in the treatment of

infectious diseases while simultaneously mitigating many of the side effects that

are often associated with synthetic antimicrobials. Many plants are known to have

medicinal value, Manilkara zapota L. or commonly known as ³Chico´ is one of the

most widely used plants.



Statement of the Problem

This research was undertaken to find out the Antifungal Properties of Manilkara

zapota L. (Chico) peel and leaves extract

Specifically, this study is conducted to seek answers to the following problems:

1. What will be the least and most sensitive fungi?

2. Is there an antifungal activity of Chico peel and leaves in ethanol extract?

3. Is Chico peel and leaves extract is significant through statistical analysis?

Hypothesis ???????????????????????

Manilkara zapota L. extract (chico) would not produce an antifungal substance

which inhibits the growth of fungi.

Signif icance of the Study

This study hopes to enlighten the mind of the readers to understand the

psychological effects of using teeth braces towards the increase and decrease of self-

esteem of an FEU-IAS student.

The society, this study would like to enhance possible alternatives known in

fighting or preventing fungal infestation.

The r eader s, it would like to address them to acknowledge the feelings and

insights of individuals with concern on what other alternatives to use in replacement to

other known product.



The biologist, this will serve as an additional knowledge and awareness so they

can promote further study on the said fruit in terms of other known possible properties

present to it.

The Futur e Researcher s, it would give way for them to further their knowledge

about this topic and to look for other properties present to the fruit that were not tackled

in this research.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study focused only on the property of the Manilkara zapota L. (Chico) that

inhibits the ability to kill fungi. Physical effects like the range of effect of the drug were

used as the determinant factors in the study.

The research was limited to study only the antifungal properties of Chico

(Manilkara zapota L.) peel and leaves against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger

and Itraconazole as control only.

The study covers 2 extracts by which each extract contain 3 trails. Each trial

contains 3 specific treatment by which, the researchers took the results. Professionally

cultivated agar- based fungi were used by the researchers to gather information about

the antifungal properties of Manilkara zapota L. (Chico) peel and leaves extract.

The result cannot be generalized to all other types of fungi due to the limitation of

the said research.



Def inition of Ter ms

1. Filtration- process of separating a suspended solid from liquid in which it

is suspended by straining it.

2. Residue- also called residuum which usually in granules or solid particles

of the process either disregarded or subjected to chemical analysis.

3. Ethanolic extract- a preparation using ethanol. It contains the

pharmaceutically active components of a natural product such as plant.

4. Zone of inhibition- zone of diameter in which the fungi reacted against

the avocado extract.

5. Assay- analysis to determine the quality or property.

6. Resistant- is applied to microorganisms requiring substantially higher

concentrations.

7. Sensitive- is also used in a qualitative sense to describe organisms

susceptible to concentrations of antimicrobial drug.

8. Antifungal- inhibiting the growth of fungi

9. Disk- Diffusion method- it is also called Kirby-Bauer antibiotic testing is

a test which uses antibiotic-impregnated wafers to test whether particular fungi

are susceptible to specific antibiotics.



CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literatur e and Studies

This chapter is about the studies related to the research topic and its division on

related literature and studies.

Related Literatur e

ANTIFUNGAL STUDIES

Antifungal screening were investigated through the utilization of Atis fruit

pericarp, which will be tested to different strains of fungi with the use of different

methods in evaluating antifungal activity.

The effects of pH and acid solvent on the antifungal activities of chitosan were

studied by Zhong Qiu-Ping et al., (2005) by testing anthracnose, stem- end rot

pathogens in Mango fruits and quiescent colletotrichum musae, crown rot pathogens in

banana fruit. The results showed that pH4.8 and pH6.0 were both optimum to the

antifungal activity of chitosan. The antifungal activity of chitosan was increased with the

increase of its concentration. The activity of inhibition of chitosan in lactic acid was very

strong for stem-rot pathogens, quiescent colletotrichum musae, and crown rot

pathogens. The EC50 value increased as the tested pathogens increased, but they had

some resistance reduced after the isolates were successively stimulated 40 times by

application of chitosan. While the Botryodiplodiat heobromae Pat. exhibited the worst

inhibition capability.



Based on the study of Caillier, two series of surfactants monomers, with a

quaternary ammonium group as polar head and an acrylic function as the polymerizable

moiety, were synthesized and tested to evaluate their surface active properties

alongside with their antibacterial and antifungal properties. The biocidal efficacy

measured by bacterial and fungal growth inhibition expressed as MIC (minimal inhibitory

concentration) and MLC (minimal lethal concentration) values was discussed as a

function of molecular parameters.

Phytochemical investigation of the stem bark of Terminalia mollis afforded

friedelin (1), catechin with epicatechin (2), gallocatechin with epigallocatechin (3) and 3-

O-methylellagic acid 4'-O-alpha-rhamnopyranoside (4). Arjunolic acid was conducted by

Liu M et al., (2009) with 2alpha, 3beta, 23-trihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (5), 2alpha-

hydroxyursolic acid (6), gallic acid (7), chebulanin (8) and 2''-O-galloylvitexin (9) were

isolated from the leaf. Chebulanin (8), betulinic acid (10), ursolic acid (11), catechin

(12), isoorientin (13), orientin (14), isovitexin (15) and punicalagin (16) were isolated

from Terminalia brachystemma leaf. The first full unambiguous NMR assignments for

(4) and (8), and revised assignments for (9), are reported. Compound (16) showed good

activity against three Candida species.

The microbial transformation of racemic diisophorone was investigated by Ismail

Kiran (2004) using the plant pathogen Aspergillus niger as a biocatalyst. Incubation of

diisophorone with Aspergillus niger gave 8-hydroxy-diisophorone, 10-

hydroxydiisophorone and 17-hydroxydiisophorone on the basis of their spectroscopic

data including two-dimensional NMR analysis, nOe and an X-ray crystallographic study.

The antifungal activity of diisophorone against Aspergillus niger was also examined.



The study conducted by D.N.A Tagoe et al., (2010) aim at comparing the

antimicrobial (antifungal) properties of garlic, ginger and lime on Aspergillus flavus,

Aspergillus niger and Cladosporium herbarum using organic and water base extraction.

Pure cultures of the test fungal were isolated from rotten vegetables, air spora, and a

swab of the skin surface whilst filtered plant extracts were obtained by means of organic

(absolute ethanol) and aqueous (distilled water) extraction techniques. The pour plate

technique was applied in the antifungal sensitivity testing using Potato Dextrose Agar

(PDA) and results obtained by measuring diameter of fungal growth over a 7day

incubation period. Growth results showed high but varied levels of antimicrobial

effectiveness. Ginger showed the highest antimicrobial effect against all the test fungi

(P<0.01) followed by garlic (P<0.05) and then lime (P<0.01) in Aspergillus species but

not in effective on C. herbarum (P>0.05) using ethanol extraction. In the water

(aqueous) base extraction medium, lime exhibited the highest antimicrobial (antifungal)

effect (P<0.01) on all test fungi, followed by garlic (P<0.01) on Aspergillus species,

(P<0.05) on C. herbarum whilst ginger was ineffective on Aspergillus species (P>0.05)

but highly fungicidal on C. herbarum (P<0.01). Thus water base extraction technique

was the most effective in inducing antifungal properties of lime whiles ethanol base

extraction technique was the best for ginger. Garlic on the other hand exhibited a good

antimicrobial (antifungal) property in both ethanol and water extraction media. The study

thus confirms the antifungal properties of these medicinal plants and suggests the type

of extraction to yield the best results.

Investigations conducted by I.O Ezeibekwe(2009) were carried out to test the

potency of Aloe vera gel extract on fungal organisms associated with yam rot. These



fungi were isolated and identified as F usarium oxysporium Schlech ex. Fr., Rhizopus

oryzae, Went , Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat and F usarium solani. Mart sacc.

Pathogenicity test was carried out to confirm these organisms as the pathological

agents of the yam rot. The Aloe vera gel at the different concentrations of 25, 50 and

100% did not inhibit the growth of these fungi when tested for its antifungal potency, p =

0.05. The result of this study showed that Aloe vera gel did not actually inhibit fungal

growth as the there was progression in the growth and development of the fungi

Toki Taira et al., (2005) researched on the Purification, Characterization, and

Antifungal Activity of Chitinases from Pineapple ( Ananas comosus) Leaf . Three

chitinases, designated pineapple leaf chitinase (PL Chi)-A, -B, and -C were purified from

the leaves of pineapple ( Ananas comosus) using chitin affinity column chromatography

followed by several column chromatographies. PL Chi-A is a class III chitinase having a

molecular mass of 25 kDa and an isoelectric point of 4.4. PL Chi-B and -C are class I

chitinases having molecular masses of 33 kDa and 39 kDa and isoelectric points of 7.9

and 4.6 respectively. PL Chi-C is a glycoprotein and the others are simple proteins. The

optimum pHs of PL Chi-A, -B, and -C toward glycolchitin are pH 3, 4, and 9 respectively.

The chitin-binding ability of PL Chi-C is higher than that of PL Chi-B, and PL Chi-A has

lower chitin-binding ability than the others. At low ionic strength, PL Chi-B exhibits

strong antifungal activity toward Trichoderma viride but the others do not. At high ionic

strength, PL Chi-B and -C exhibit strong and weak antifungal activity respectively. PL

Chi-A does not have antifungal activity.

The research study conducted by Grace Onawunmi (1989) on antifungal activity

of Lemon grass Oil (LGO) has been evaluated using fungistatic (MIC and agar diffusion



tests) and fungicidal (spore germination) studies. Appreciable activity was observed

against various isolates of Candida and clinical isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus,

Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The most resistant organism

was A. fumigatus while M. gypseum and the Candida spp. were the most susceptible of

the isolates. Comparative studies with pure samples of citral and citronellal, constituents

of LGO, showed good activity against the test fungi while dipentene and myrcene

showed no activity.Exposure of the spores of A. fumigatus to 0.1% LGO for 5 mins

resulted in 93% of spores not germinating while lower concentrations (0.08% and

0.05%) caused 80% and 60% reduction in spore germination respectively. Challenge

tests on a formulated aqueous cream containing LGO indicated that 0.25% LGO would

effectively preserve the cream against fungal contamination.

Jabeen made a study on the seed extracts of Moringa oleifera were assayed for

the evaluation of antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal strains. The zones of

growth of inhibition showed greater sensitivity against bacterial strains as compared to

the fungal strains. MIC extracts revealed that P. multocida and B. subtilis were most

sensitive strains. Maximum activity was found between temperatures 34-370 C and

pH7.

Mahesh also conducted a study on the methanol leaf extracts of Acacia nilotica,

Sida cordifolia, Tinospora cordifolia, Withania somnifer and Ziziphus mauritiana showed

significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, E, coli, P. flourescens, S.aureus

and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Malvacearum and antifungal activity against A.

flavus, Dreschlera turcica and F usarium verticillioides when compare to root/bark

extracts. A. nilotica and S.cordifolia l eaf extract showed highest antibacterial activity



against B.subtilis and Z.mauritiana leaf extract showed significant activity against X.a.pv

malvacearum. Root and leaf extract of S. cordifolia recorded significant activity against

all the test bacteria. A.nilotica bark and leaf extract showed significant antifungal activity

against A. flavus, Ziziphus mauritiana and Tinospora cordifolia recorded significant

antifungal activity against D.turcica. The methanol extract of Sida cordifolia exhibited

significant antifungal activity against F .verticillioides.

However, according to Shariff et al., (2006), the systematic screening of

antimicrobial plant extracts represents a continuous effort to find new compounds with

potential to act against multi resistant pathogenic bacteria and fungi.

Also, it have been reported that the difference in fungi toxicity towards avocado

pathogens of chemical substances extracted from avocado cultivars Edranol, Duke 6

and Duke 7 (Wehner and Apostolides, 1981).

On the other hand, plant extracts especially those performed with cold distilled

water (CDW) had a powerful antifungal property with an important inhibition on the

growth of the tested fungi and their hydrolytic enzymes (Fawzi et al., 2009).

Related Studies XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX



CHAPTER 3

Research Methods and Procedur es

This chapter discusses the research methodology and how the researchers

conducted the study. It gives information about the research method, instruments, and

data gathering techniques.

Research Method Used

The research utilized the experimental method of research. It is a study of cause

and effect. It differs from non-experimental methods in that it involves the deliberate

manipulation of one variable, while trying to keep all other variables constant.

(http://www.holah.karoo.net/experimental_method.htm )

According to Moore, D., & McCabe, D. (1993), the best method of establishing

causation is to conduct a carefully designed experiment in which the effects of possible

lurking variables are controlled.

According to Gay, L. R. (1992), the experimental method is the only method of

research that can truly test hypotheses concerning cause-and-effect relationships. It

represents the most valid approach to the solution of educational problems, both

practical and theoretical, and to the advancement of education as a science

Research Locale

The experiment was done from January 20, 2012 to February 11, 2012 and was

conducted in the Biology Research Laboratory, Science Building room 312-A, Far

Eastern University, Manila.



Data Gather ing Procedur es

All measurement information was gathered thru the use of (what machine??) to

know the antifungal properties of Manilkara zapota L. (Chico) peel and leaves extract:

I. Procur ement of Mater ials

A. Sample collection and pr eparation

Manilkara zapota L. (Chico) peel and leaves samples were collected from Province

of Pampanga. The fruits were thoroughly washed to remove dirt and foreign particles

and were identified in the National Museum of the Philippines.

B. Pr eparation of extracts

The collected Chico peel and leaves was separately pulverized using blender. 400

grams of powdered Chico peel and leaves were soaked separately in ethanol for 24

hours. The extracts were filtered in a Watman No.-1 filter paper and evaporate to

dryness using rotary evaporator. The extracts was kept in a properly sealed container

and stored in the refrigerator for future use.

II. Test Specimen

Pure cultures of fungi were obtained from UP-NSRI, Diliman, Quezon City. The fungi

were used to test the presence of antifungal property such as Aspergillus flavus and

Aspergillus niger.



III. Pr eparation of Media

A. Cultur e Media

Using the Digital balance, 39g of Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) was weighed and was

transferred in a sterile 1000 ml beaker. Distilled water was added up to 1000 ml level

and was mixed with the PDA. The PDA powder was dissolved by using the water bath

and autoclave at 121oC for 30 minutes and was cooled and stored in the refrigerator.

B. Subcultur e Media

Using the Digital balance, 7.5 g of Sabouraud Dextrose Broth was weighed and

transferred in a sterile 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask. Distilled water was added up to 250 ml

level and mixed with the broth. The solution was dissolved by using water bath and

autoclave at 121oC for 15 minutes. After cooling it, the broth was transferred in a

sterilized test tubes having 10 ml concentration per tube. The pure culture of fungi were

streaked from the test tubes using inoculating needle and immersed in the broth,

observe aseptic technique while doing the procedure. The cultivation of fungi can be

observed within 5-7 days period of incubation.

C. Agar Well Diffusionmethod

The melted Potato Dextrose agar was poured in the Petri dish and allowed the agar

to solidify. The cotton swab was immersed in the subculture of fungi and was swabbed

in the Petri plates. Wells were then bored into the agar media using a sterile 6 mm cork

borer and the wells filled with the solution of the extract taking care not to allow spillage

of the solution to the surface of the agar medium. Plates were incubated for 28-48 hours



and the zone of inhibition of the fungal growth was measured. The effect of the extract

on fungal isolates was compared with the control plates with Itraconazole at a

concentration of 1 mg /ml.

ZONE OF INHIBITION (ZI)

The zone of inhibition formula was based by Li et al., (2009):

ZI= (Left Horizontal + right horizontal + (Up Vertical + Down vertical)

2



CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter shows the research presentation, interpretation and analyzing of the

data that were accumulated. The chapter entirely presents the data gathered in the

drugs given against the cultivated fungi.

Pr esentation of Data

The summary of the antifungal property

Trial 1

A

100%

B

(-)

C

(+)

Aspergillus niger - - 16mm

Aspergillus flavus - - 11.5mm



Trial 2

A

100%

B

(-)

C

(+)

Aspergillus niger - - 10.5mm


Trial 3

A

100%

B

(-)

C

(+)

Aspergillus niger - - 13mm




Analysis of the Data

The pure extract of Chico peel and leaves, negative control and Itraconazole as

positive control were used in each of the two cultures of fungi, Aspergillus flavus and

Aspergillus niger. After the incubation of 1-3 days, Chico peel gave a positive result

against Aspergillus flavus and gave a negative result ___________________????

The table showed that there was no antifungal property in Chico peel and leaves

extract except that in positive control Itraconazole which is antibiotic. The negative

control which was distilled water showed that there was no zone of inhibition.

Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger all gave negative result or no zone of

inhibition in all treatment. The negative control which is distilled water always results to

negative or no zone of inhibition. The positive control Itraconazole use to treat fungal

infection of the lungs.

Interpr etation of the Data??????????????????????????????????????

1. What will be the least and most sensitive fungi?

2. Is there an antifungal activity of Chico peel and leaves in ethanol extract?

3. Is Chico peel and leaves extract is significant through statistical analysis?



Advantages (need ito wla pa!)

y You need to have braces installed to correct dental flaws like buckteeth or a

protruding jaw. In addition to this, you can use braces to align your crooked

teeth.

y Braces can also help strengthen the gums so that it can hold the teeth properly

into position.

y Braces can prevent gaps from separating your teeth as it aligns them properly.

You will never have to deal with unsightly gaps if you use braces at an early age.

Disadvantages (need ito wla pa!)

y One major disadvantage of wearing on braces is the discomfort and pain that

dental patients usually experience when having braces installed. This is because

of the metal frame is usually used when making the brace. It will run through the

teeth and produce a sensitivity that will render the teeth prone to dental pain.

y Another problem that braces can pose for the wearer is the embarrassment of

having to be seen wearing braces. A person wearing braces will be regarded as

a ³geek´. Therefore, it will be highly likely for him or her to be teased or bullied in

school.

y Self-esteem is a big issue for young people nowadays and with braces on your

teeth, your self-esteem will be greatly damaged if you do not have the courage

and determination to face all your detractors.



CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presented the summary, conclusion and recommendations given by

the researchers. This chapter also discusses some previous studies done to support the

statements that the researchers formulated.

Summary

This research was conducted to know the Antifungal Properties of Manilkara

zapota L. (Chico) peel and leaves extract. Likewise, this study was conceptualized to

compensate on the uprising demand for alternative . This research was undertaken at

Far Eastern University, Biology Research Laboratory, Science Building room 312-A

from January 20, 2012 to February 11, 2012. The researchers conducted his research

to give information about the Antifungal Properties of Manilkara zapota L. (Chico) peel

and leaves extract and to make sure that the society would have better understanding

of the topic.

This research made different trials to further know the consistency on the

antifungal property of the Manilkara zapota L. (Chico) peel and leaves extract.

Conclusions ?????????????????????????

y The respondents made some alteration to their body (or in this case, the teeth

alignment) that make them feel like boosting their self esteem.

y Some of the respondents were found to have a past experience about being

discriminated by their imperfection. Some had trouble communicating due to unease



feeling every time in a presence of another individual. Some of them merely wanted

to have perfect smile. These are the reasons why these respondents used teeth

brace in correcting their imperfection.

y Some respondents make use of their teeth braces to increase their self esteem,

making them ³belonged´ with his or her environment.

y Most of the respondents perceived their lives as satisfying since they are now

somewhat have felt acceptance by their peers. Contentment and patients was their

central response on some of the questions given to them by the researchers. The

respondents thought contented by their present situation and are now focusing on

establishing good foundation of self esteem.

y The respondents made several trials on how to belong to others even if it means

enduring each hardship to them.

Recommendations

After the study was conducted and the findings had been gained, the researchers

formulated some recommendations in order to serve as guide to others towards treating

self esteem:

y The blogger s, the researchers want to suggest them to validate the specific

information they throw in to the minds of individuals specifically if it wasn¶t proven

nor has no concrete evidence just yet.

y The society, the researchers want to suggest that not everything that has

properties of the given drug in a said fruit can be used as alternatives for the

specific use.



y The local government, the researchers want to advise to the local officials to

start funding on alternative herbal medicines available in our country to lessen

stock price of each drug.

y The biologist, the researchers want to suggest them to change the extracting

methods used in extracting the kara zapota L. (Chico) peel and leaves in order to

know other possible outcomes of the study.

y The futur e r esearcher s, Try to remove each limitations of this research in your

future studies. It would be better if the future researchers would tend to make

some alterations on the specific methods in gathering data in this study.



REFERENCES

BOOKS

Ash, M.M., and Nelson, S.J. (2003) ³Wheeler¶s dental anatomy, physiology and

occlusion´, Philadelphia, Saunders

Dryden, W., (1998) ³Developing self- acceptance: a brief, educational, small group

approach´, Chichester, Willey

Feist, J., and Feist, G., (2006) ³Theories of Personality´, Asia, McGraw- Hill

Lawrence, D., (2009) ³Enhancing self-esteem in the classroom´, London, Paul

Chapman PUB

Martel, G., and Stewart, T. (2009) ³Fooled by Nature: Terrific Teeth and Awesome´,

Discover Communication

Sarver, D.M., ³Contemporary Treatment of Dentofacial Deformity´¶ St. Louis, Mosby

Schmidt, J.J., (2006) ³Social and Cultural Foundation of Counseling and human service:

multiple influences on self development´, Boston, Pearson Allyn and Bacon

Walker, J., Payne, S., Smith, P., and Jarett, N., (2008) ³Psychology for nurses and

caring profssion´, Phillipines, McGraw-Hill

Yoder, J., Practor, W., (1988) ³The self- confident child´ New York, Facts on File

Zimbardo, J., ³Psychology: Core Concept´, USA, Allyn and Bacon



INTERNET

http://www.holah.karoo.net/experimental_method.htm

JOURNALS

Estupigan, B.C., (2002) ³Healthy Teeth: A National Concern´, Philippine Panorama

Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C. (1971). ³Social categorization and

intergroup behavior´, European Journal of Social Psychology, 1(2), 149-178.

APPENDIX B

Survey Data Tally Sheet

NUMBER OF

QUESTION

STRONGLY

AGREE

AGREE DISAGREE STRONGLY

DISAGREE

1. 4 22 19 5

2. 8 25 14 3

3. 7 14 25 4

4. 7 14 21 8

5. 19 25 5 1

6. 10 14 19 7

7. 14 28 6 2

8. 20 19 8 2



9. 13 28 6 3

10. 11 24 12 3

CURRICULUM VITAE

BASIC INFORMATION

Name: John Benedict B. Merza

Addr ess: 509C.Baltazar St. Tondo, Manila

Country: Philippines

Telephone: 254-4707

Cell Phone: 09274874138

Email: [email protected]

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Bir th: October 19, 1993

Place of Bir th: Manila

Citizenship: Filipino

Gender : Male

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary:



Yangco Elementary School

2000- 2006

High School:

Manila Science High School

2006- 2010

College:

University Of Santo Tomas

Bachelor of Science Major in Nursing

2010- 2011

Far Eastern University

Bachelor of Science Major in Psychology

2011- Present

PERSONAL QUALIFICATIONS

y Good English grammar user.

y Computer Literate

y Background on First Aid Training



y Graduated in a Science High School

AWARDS

y Graduated Salutatorian (Elementary, 2006)

y Consistent Honor (Elementary, 2000- 2011)

y Leadership Award recipient for the year 2006 (Yangco Elementary School)

LANGUAGES USED

F ilipino and English

INTERESTS

Playing Basketball, Yugioh Cards and Computer Games

CURRICULUM VITAE

BASIC INFORMATION

Name: Maria Daphne Anne Resurreccion

Addr ess: 34c Santiago st. Pob.2, Marilao, Bulacan

Country: Philippines

Telephone: 711-3800

Cell Phone: 09052618445

Email: [email protected]



PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Bir th: March 28, 1990

Place of Bir th: Bulacan

Citizenship: Filipino

Gender : female

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary:

St. Michael School of Marilao

High School:

St. Paul College Of Bocaue

College:

Far Eastern University

Bachelor of Science Major in Psychology

PERSONAL QUALIFICATIONS

y Good English grammar user.

y Computer Literate

y Background on First Aid Training



y Graduated in a Science High School

LANGUAGES USED

F ilipino and English

INTERESTS

Cooking and reading books and magazines.

far eastern university final to the max (1)

Documents