Farmer-Inspired Participatory Approach Farmer-Inspired Participatory Approach to Manage Leaf Curl Disease of Chilli to Manage Leaf Curl Disease of Chilli

under Arid Farming System under Arid Farming System

ARUN KUMARARUN KUMAR

Central Arid Zone Research InstituteCentral Arid Zone Research Institute

JodhpurJodhpur

•Rajasthan is the 6th largest producer in India

•Jodhpur region produces 42.7% red chilli on 20,000 ha of land

•Jodhpur district alone contributes 20% of total production of red chilli in the State

•Popular chilli cvs: Mathania Red, Mehsana, Haripur-Raipur and Mandoria

Continued..

BACKDROPBACKDROP

•Large and fleshy fruits, mild pungency and brilliant red colour with rich spicy flavour

•Susceptible to diseases like LCD and die-back or ripe fruit rot

Green Fruit Yield of chilliGreen Fruit Yield of chilli

YearYear Fruit Yield (KgFruit Yield (Kg-ha-ha))

Before 1990 600

1991 - 2004 140

SYMPTOMSSYMPTOMS•Curling of upper leaves Curling of upper leaves with shortened internodeswith shortened internodes• Severely infected plants Severely infected plants produce clusters of produce clusters of reduced sized leaves with reduced sized leaves with fewer flowers and fruitsfewer flowers and fruits•Small sized fruits are Small sized fruits are produced with deformed produced with deformed seeds seeds

LCD of chilliLCD of chilli

Small sized fruits Clusters of reduced size leaves

•Farmers extensively use a number of insecticides to protect the crop from LCD

•Use of pesticides has failed to minimize the losses. •Causes environmental pollution, resistance in insect vectors and health hazards

EXISTING MANAGEMENT PRACTICEEXISTING MANAGEMENT PRACTICE

FARMER-LED APPROACHFARMER-LED APPROACHCategory Our Role Farmers’ Role

Farmer- inspired

Impressed by an IK through Honey Bee, and decided to validate its scientific basis for value addition and eco-friendliness

Involved in on-farm trials to provide value addition to the innovation

USE OF MILK USE OF MILK IN PLANT DISEASE IN PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

Indigenous ancient tool against plant diseases

Amino acids viz. proline, isoleucein and phenyl alanine in milk induce resistance against plant diseases

Phenolic anti-microbials are also present

Potassium phosphate content strengthens host immune system against diseases

TREATMENT (T 1)Treated chilli seeds with RCM (1:1)

for 24 hrs

Dried in shade

Treated these seeds with Trichoderma viride ( @ 6g-kg seed)

Nursery soil treated with T. viride (@ 10gm2) after mixing with FYM

Seed sowing in nursery

45 DAS roots of plant saplings

were dipped in RCM (15% or 1:6) for 20 min. before transplanting

20 DAS

RCM (15%) sprayed on the transplanted plants

FARMER’S PRACTICE(T 2)

Most of these practices are chemical sprays with or without seed treatment

Treatment LCD Incidence (%)

Protection over FP (%)

T 1. Seed Treat. with RCM and T. viride)+ RCM root dip + nursery soil treat. of T. viride and RCM sprays on transplanted plants

  

19.4

  

48.4

T 2. Farmer’s Practice

  

37.6

  

---

   

On-farm management of LCD

(Pooled data of 2002-04)

AVERAGE YIELD PARAMETERS OF CHILLI IN TWO AVERAGE YIELD PARAMETERS OF CHILLI IN TWO TREATMENTSTREATMENTS

Treatment* 

Plant height (cm)

Root length(cm)

No. of fruits plant-1

(g)

Fruit size(cm)

Fruit wt. plant-1

(g)

Yieldplot-1

Kg-1

  

LengthLength WidthWidth

T 1T 1 66.3 20.2 66.4 10.4 4.5 306.2 3.32#

T 2T 2 57.5 13.9 40.1 9.2 3.9 219.4 2.72

**T1T1.. Seed treatment with RCM (50% dilution with water for 24 h) and Trichoderma viride (0.6%) with soil treatment with T. viride (10g m-2 ) mixed with FYM T2. Farmer’s Practice # more than 0.5 kg ha-1 increase

Trichoderma in nursery soil grows with developing root system of the treated plant and

protects the roots from infection

ON-FARM LCD MANAGEMENT IN CHILLI

Treatment

Farmer’s Practice

RCMRCM Induced Induced Biochemical Changes Biochemical Changes in in LeavesLeaves

Treatment

Enzyme

( OD minute‑1 mg‑1 protein)

Soluble Proteins

(mg g‑1 dry leaf wt.)

PPO PRO Catalase

T0.0037 0.6718 0.000 118.7

C0.0020 0.3458 0.0079 90.2

Milk in plant disease management

Crop Pathogen Treatment: Spray of Ref.

Zucchini squash

Sphaerotheca fuliginea

Raw cow milk Bettiol, 1999 

(Cucurbita pepo)

Yellow mosaic virus

(ZYMV)

Raw cow milk (20, 30%) + Bougainvillea spectabilis leaf extract (5, 10%)

Ribeiro et al., 2001

Cucumber Oidium sp. -Do- Ribeiro et al., 2001

Contd..…Contd..…

Milk in plant disease management

Crop Pathogen Treatment: Spray of Ref.

Rice Tungro and stunt virus

Seed germination and soaking in milk mixed with water and sown immediately

Winter, 1997

Rye (Secale cereale)

Ustilago occulta

Seed treatment of milk powder and mustard flour

Borgen et al, 2001.

RELEVANT AMINO ACIDS (%)in

COW MILK

Amino Acid Cow milk

Tryptophan 0.09

Leucine 0.60

Isoleucine 0.34

Total AA 0.51

BIO-CONTROL AGENTSBIO-CONTROL AGENTS

•Bio-control agents have emerged as a new method of managing plant diseases.

•Different botanicals (Plant spp.), animal products and other materials such as ash, cow urine and dung, fish meal and milk etc.

•Rhizobacteria (PGPR), leaf proteins, proline and Trichoderma spp. reduce diseases in many plant species manipulating host plant's physical and biochemical properties

Particulars Farmers’ Practice(T 2)

Raw Cow’s Milk + T. viride treatment (T1)

CostSeed 375.00 (1.49)* 375.00 (1.52)FYM 1990.74 (7.92) 1990.74 (8.06)Fertilizer 1226.85 (4.88) 1171.71 (4.74)Pesticides 1157.41 (4.61) 281.48 (1.14)Irrigation 14814.26 (58.97) 14880.26 (60.26)Machinery 2078.70 (8.27) 2078.70 (8.42)Labour 3481.48 (13.86) 3916.08 (15.86)Total 25124.44 (100.00) 24693.97 (100.00)

ReturnProduction (q ha-1) 110 138 (25.45)Production (Rs. ha-1) 33000 41400Unit cost of production (Rs. q-1) 228.40 178.94Net return (Rs. ha-1) 7875.56 16706.03B-C ratio 1.31 1.68

Cost and return from chilli crop ( Rs. ha –1)

*Figures within parentheses are percentages to the total

WE LOVE MILKWE LOVE MILK

Inspired farmersInspired farmers