By

Allah Dad Khan

Former Director General Agriculture

Extension KPK

allahdad52@gmail.com

Dated 29th April 2014

TOPPAF

3

COUNTRY INTRODUCTION

This domain aims at strengthening and diversifying livelihood options by

increasing income through creating economic options, adapting productive

systems to climate change and rebuilding basic rural infrastructure, which was

partly or completely damaged by natural disasters.

Agriculture is the largest sector of Pakistan’s

economy as it contributes 21 % share in the GDP

and directly or indirectly supports 75 % of total

population. It is also absorbs, directly or

indirectly, 45 percent of the total workforce of

the country and provides food for its population,

original products for export, and raw materials

for Agro-allied industries.

Out of the total 47.58 million acre farm area of

Pakistan, 30.5 million acre area is occupied by

the farms not exceeding 12.5 acres in size.

Small farmers (<12.5 acres) constitute 93.12

percent of the total farms and account for 61.4

percent of total farm area.

Most of the land is arid, semi-arid or rugged, and

not easily cultivated.

Pakistan is struggling with low social development indicators,

ranking 146 out of 186 countries in the United Nation’s

Human Development Index and with a Gender Development

Index ranking of 123 out of 160 countries of the United

Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP) 2013 Human

Development Report.

In 2008, it was estimated that 45 million people are severely

food insecure and almost 40

percent of children are underweight

1. Those who suffer most acutely from rural poverty are

small farmers with limited land and livestock, landless

farmers and especially women, who – as a result of

systemic gender discrimination – have little access to

resources, services or assets of their own.

2. A major cause of rural poverty in Pakistan is the

highly unequal distribution of assets, particularly land

and access to water. As a result, the direct gains in

income from crop production tend to accrue to a small

fraction of the population.

1. KPK is sheltering a population of more than 20 million

people , 83% is dwelling in rural areas

2. The province possesses 10.17 million hectares of land.

3. The cultivable area is 2.75 million hectare. Out of

cultivable area only 1.8 million hectare is cultivated

where a

4. 1.08 million hectare is cultivable waste.

5. The major chunk of cultivated land is rain fed which

constitute 49% of the cultivated area.

6. 94% farms are now below the range of 12.5 acres, which

is a subsistence farm level.

7. The land tenure system in the KPK can be classified into

three categories, i.e. 58% farm area is operated by

owners while 27% and 15% farms area is cultivated by

owners-cum-tenants and tenants respectively

8 Due to great diversity in climate and soils, KPK grows

over 42 crops; the major ones being wheat, rice, barley,

maize, sugarcane, tobacco, rape & mustard, groundnut,

pulses, vegetables and fruits.

9 The major crops occupy nearly 90% of the total cropped

area and play an important role in sustaining the living of

the rural population.

1) Livestock farming is also a dominant occupation of the

farming community with more than 15 million animal

heads and about 22 million poultry birds’ habituating the

province.

2) However, this occupation is mostly to supplement family

nutritional and cash requirement.

3) The capitalist trend in this sector is still lacking resulting

in weak & non-descriptive breeds with low level of milk

and meat productivity.

Poverty incidence and trends in NWFP reflecting 44% rural

population living below poverty line shows disappointing

results of recent economic growth, declining job

opportunities and a range of natural resource problems.

Small farmers have an area = 41% with 87% of the total

farms

Medium Farms have an are = 17% With 8% of the total

farms

Large Farmers have an area =42% with 5 % of the Toal

farms

1. Focusing on small-farm agriculture fulfils the

2. objectives of economic growth and improved equity. In terms of rural development, the small-farm first model led to a focus on projects that provide some form of assistance, such as new technologies, inputs, credit, etc. to small farmers in order to improve their productivity.

3. The livelihoods approach, while similar to the bottom-up approach of the small-farm first paradigm, takes as a starting point the importance of households assets and the diversity of households activities and is therefore fundamentally different from the small-farm paradigm

4. A number of livelihood sources were available to the rural households. These include both farm and non farm sources. Most of the householdss were resorting to both types of sources for their livelihood. Among the farm Muhammad Israr and Humayun Khan et al. An analysis of livelihood sources in hilly areas households’sincome from crops, livestock, forest, and rental land was important, while the non-farm householdss were dependent on small scale businesses, public/private sector services, to some extent on remittances, and working as daily wage laborers.

1. To improve the livelihoods and economic security of rural communities through in-kind support to restore and/or protect the farm production capacities and off-farm income generating activities of vulnerable peasant families and well-targeted progressive landlords – which, in turn, would have a positive impact on their disaster reliance,

2. To enhance the skills and knowledge base of men and women peasant farmers, landless people and unemployed youth through technical support in GAPs, post-harvest management and vocational skills,

3. To empower peasant organisations, farmers organisations, WUAs, farmers and women groups, etc and their constituent hari members to enhance their natural resource base (land, water, vegetation, etc) while strengthening their resilience to future shocks.

S.No Problem Suggestion

1 Rainfed cultivated Land (50%) Irrigation to be developed through building of reservoirs through out

province

2 Cultivable waste land ( 1.08

Million Hectare Fragmented and un-

economical land holdings hectares)

Precision land leveling through different projects and department

Public private partnership

3 non-availability of good quality inputs

high cost of fertilizers and pesticides,

Subsidized cost for small farmers and provision of agriculture credit

to farmers through a simplified procedure Strengthening of FSC ,

Legislation implementation

4 inadequate technical capacity of

Agriculture Research and

Agriculture Extension Systems

Lack of information to farmers

Revitalization of agriculture Departments , the previous reports to be

revisited .Strengthening of service delivery system. Streamlining soil

testing labs in FSC . Strengthening of Agriculture information and

Outreach of ARS along with all other stake holder, establishment of

Farm Radio at suitable place .

S.No Problem Suggestion

5 Ecological Zones not notified and Wide-spread

ecological impacts

Zones to be established and notified on basis of ecology

and topography .

6 in-efficient utilization of water resources Conservation of water resources through improvement and

lining of water courses with community participation ,

Water management project to be strengthened

7 Quick Rise in Population and increase in

Urbanizaion

From34m million to 200 million in Pakistan

8 Duplication in agriculture services,

mandate to be specified.

Mandate to be revisited and amendment in mandate of all

agriculture departments

9 lack of agricultural marketing infrastructure, Regularized marketing system and implementation of

market laws

10 Absence of gender mainstreaming Gender mainstreaming and WID projects as 50 %

population is female

S.No Problem Suggestion

11 absence of rural based agricultural processing

unit

Small processing units to be established at villages

with the concept one village on product.

12 Low Productivity of Livestock lack of health &

management coverage for animals

Change in breed through artificial insemination

13 Absence of an enabling environment for private

sector investment.

Private sector to be encouraged through provision of

facilities.

14Small Farmers are the major portion in kPK and

Farmer Organization not properly functioning

Small farmers to be organized through department to

frame farmers organizations , and steps to revitalize

the vo already framed.

15 Climate change Research in the field keeping in mind climate change

16Disasters (Reduced biodiversityHabitat destruction DeforestationWater, air and soil pollution Salinisation, desertification Decline in water resourceand land subsidence

Preparedness for disasters

S.No Problem Suggestion

17 Less preference to Organic farming

and Biopesticides IPM ,ICM,IFM and

Sustainable Agriculture

Good Agriculture Practices . through FFS. Establishment of

biological control labs , Biopesticides , promotion of organic

farming

18 Post harvest losses Study to be conducted and cold storage and cool chain

facilities be provided

19 Lack of capacity of farmers and Lack of

Awareness

Training to farmers , Awareness through mass media

20 Less Export of agriculture products Arrangement to encourage exporters through SMEDA and

Export Promotion Bureau

21 Less attention to Olive and tea crops Committee to be framed to look the problems faced in

promotion of theses special crops.

22 Acts not implemented Updating and strengthening of existing legislation

Seed Act, Pesticides Act, Fertililizer Act, breeders Act,

Tobacco Cess , Sugarcane Cess, Sugarcane Factories Act

S.No Problem Suggestion

23 Energy crisis Development of alternate sources , plant Ethanol,

biodiesel , wind , solar , biogas , coal

24 Ailment of soil diseases,soil

erosion

Schemes for control of salinity and alkalinity

25 Defunct Projects Revival of defunct Projects, PODB, CMPII , Water

management Projects , LDDB

26 Agriculture Machinery Latest machinery should be provided to the farmers to

increase the per acre yield. This provision should be on

easy installments so that the farmers can avoid the

burden of loans. If possible subsidy should be given by

the government of modern m.-

S.No Problem Suggestion

27 lack of gender mainstreaming, 1. These should be proper quota system for female in

the agriculture department, especially at filed level

and they should work closely with women farmers.

2. Government needs to promote Kitchen gardening to

ensure the contribution of women farmers in food

security and other relatedtraining in agriculture

3. Micro credit program, agriculture department needs

to design special program for the credit provision

(interest free) to enable women farmers for

agriculture interventions

28 Lack of Credit Facilities to Small

Farmers

Provision of credit on priority

S.No Problem Suggestion

1 Lack of female

staff in LDD

Female officer, in the live stock extension their should be at least two officers who can visit the

field and provide technical inputs to women as the majority of women in KP are committed

directly with live stock management.

2 Feed

Management

Government needs special attention on Feed management

Lack of Budget

to LDD

Budget allocation, government needs to allocate 30% of its budget to live stock management

Lack of Devt

Project

Government needs to design special program on breed improvement

Constrainr Back

Yard Poultry

Promotion

Back yard poultry farming, Government should promote poultry farming with back yard support

in the rural areas of the province

Less Compost

promotion

Compost promotion, Government needs to capacitate the women farmers on compost making to

ensure proper utilization of natural resource management.

Less Chilling

Plants

Chilling plants and other infrastructure facilities needs to be created to handle storage and

marketing of milk and other livestock products.

No Feed Mills Feed mill should be developed for easy availability of animal feed

Weak VES Veternary extension service needs to be strengthened

HRD Trainings on livestock management for men and women

Trainings on poultry farming with back yard support especially for women

Live stock vaccination

Trainings on compost making and effective storage of animal waste

Problem Suggestion

Lack of Fisheries information

And production technology

And lack of ponds

Fisheries extension service should be revamped and strengthened so that

technology available can be properly disseminated to farmers.

Production of fish seed especially to meet the demand of private fish farmers

There is scope to develop sizeable area from cultivale wasteland and part of

which shouldbe taken up for fishery farming

Development of fish ponds

AGRICULTURE IS the bread and butter for small landholders. They face numerous

problems which have not been resolved by approaches pursued so far. It is a dire need to

shift to sustainable agriculture approach, changing the priority from farms to farmers

development.

The suggested approach relies on three fundamental components of extension activities

— dialogue with stakeholders, organisational development and knowledge management.

In addition, capacity building and awareness raising, monitoring and evaluation are the

additional building blocks.Sustainable Agriculture is the main tool for success which we

must remember .

Sustainable agriculture was addressed by Congress in the Food, Agriculture, Conservation,

and Trade Act of 1990. Under that law, the term sustainable agriculture means “an integrated

system of plant and animal production practices having a site-specific application that will,

over the long term:

1. Satisfy human food and fiber needs

2. Enhance environmental quality and the natural resource base upon which the agricultural economy depends

3. Make the most efficient use of non-renewable resources and on-farm resources and integrate, where appropriate, natural biological cycles and controls

4. Sustain the economic viability of farm operations

5. Enhance the quality of life for farmers and society as a whole."

Biotechnology

Organic Agriculture

Biodynamic

Afforestation

Development of water resources

Waste use as compost

Perm culture

Soil Amendment

Integrated Farm System

Integrated Crop Management

Integrated Pest Management

Integrated Weed Management

Integrated Nutrient Management

Alternate Energy sources

A. Crop rotation keeps the soil healthy.

B. Mixed farms allows the uses of livestock manure.

C. Conserving natural areas protects our environment.

D. Small changes in practices can help, rather than harm, the environment.

E. Grass-fed livestock control weeds without chemicals or mowing.

F. Science can determine the right amount of fertilizers and pesticides.

G. Farming removes nutrients and fertilizers or manures replace them.

H. Farming multiple crops allows farmers to reduce their financial risks by having multiple products to sell.

Organic agriculture is a production system that sustains the health of

soils, ecosystems and people.

It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local

conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects.

Organic agriculture combines tradition, innovation and science to benefit

the shared environment and promote fair relationships and a good quality

of life for all involved.

www.ifoam.org

Definition of Organic Agriculture

IFOAM, 2008

Agro-ecology

Diversity

Recycling

Healthy soil

Healthy crops

Healthy livestock

Healthy people

The four basic principles of organic agriculture

Endorsed by IFOAM, September 2005

Ecological and

social justiceFari Trade?

Precaution

Is organic environmentally friendly?

Answer: Yes

Soil OM increased

Carbon sequestered

Water quality improved

Biodiversity preserved

Energy conserved

Integrated Farm Management is a whole farm system providing efficient and profitable

production that is environmentally responsible. IFM works by integrating beneficial

natural processes into modern farming techniques and ensures that high standards of

stewardship and environmental care are practiced.

There are many variants of IPM philosophy. These differences form a continuum from

simply using knowledge of pest biology to apply pesticides with timing that is optimal

for managing pests, while minimizing applications of pesticides, to the total exclusion

of "hard" pesticides in favor of "soft" or naturally derived materials that are less

disruptive to nontarget organisms and the environment ("bio-intensive" or "bio-based"

IPM).

Tactics of Pest Management

1. Chemical Control

2. Biological Control

3. Cultural Control

4. Mechanical & Physical Controls

5. Host Plant Resistance

6. Genetic Control

7. Behavioral Control

8. Regulatory Control

There is an inclination towards FFS because the extension

service is perceived having a much broader coverage

That goes beyond the educational processes and action learning

agenda of the FFS .

The Farmer Field School is a form of adult education, which evolved from

the concept that farmers learn optimally from field observation and

experimentation. It was developed to help farmers tailor their Integrated

Pest Management (IPM) practices to diverse and dynamic ecological

conditions.

The Farmer Field School (FFS) is a group-based learning process that has

been used by a number of governments, NGOs and international agencies to

promote Integrated Pest Management (IPM).

Farmer Field School is a school without walls. Farmers and extension workers are students. The Farmers Field is the class room and the plant is the teacher. As the plant grows the students gain knowledge in the light of their observations. The get together at a fixed time every week once and make their own decisions based on observations and data analysis for the health of the plants.

1. Skill Development

2. Empowerment

3. Will power

4. Capacity of Decision Making

1. Ground working activities

2. Training of Facilitators

3. Establishment and running of FFS

4. Evaluating PTDs

5. Field days

6. Graduations

7. Graduations

8. Follow up by facilitators

Agro-Ecosystem Training

Cucumber Cropping CalendarIsmailia, Winter Season

October November December January February

Preplant Seedling Growth Flower Fruit-Set Harvest

Climate protect young plants

from strong winds

preferred temperature: day 24o/night19

o

rH should not sink below 40-50%

preferred temperature: day 20o/night16

o

rH should not sink below 40-50%

preferred temperature:

day 27o/night27°

keep tunnels closed for

germination onlyventilate tunnels, particularly after sunrise to avoid water on the leaves at any time

keep tunnels closed at night

Soil use fine-structured, well

aerated organic soils

use 20-40m3 manure to

increase organic matter

add 50-100 kg sulfur to

lower alkalinity

plant 2-3 cm deep

keep soil warm to assist

germination

remove weeds

Water use well drained soils

with high water holding

capacity

irrigate lightly and regularly, preferably in the morning hours

avoid water logging and periods of water stress

NutrientsN 50 kg Ammon. Sulfate

P 100 kg Super Phosphate

K

Ca 50 kg Calcium Nitrate

Microelements

Protection Favorable Conditions: Control Measures:

Downy Mildew 20-25oC

90-95% rH

Protective:Cu-oxichloride

Curative: systemic

Powd. Mildew 20-25oC

75-85% rH Micronized Sulfur/water

Spider Mites warm and dryMicronized Sulfur

AphidsK-soap

Cultural

Practices

do not grow cucumber

repeatedly in the same

field to avoid nematodes

use 1.5 kg seeds/fd

6-8000plants/fd

1-2 plants/m2

clip tips to encourage

side shoots

cut out old, diseased

leaves

50 kg Potassium Sulfate 50 kg Potassium Sulfate

50-100 kg Super Phosphate

Use TX6 Nozzles for best coverage

Crop CalendarL J

Water

Beneficials

Cultural

Practices

Nutrients

PestsWeathe

r

Soil

Plant

Ecosystem

Analysis

Farm

er

Fie

ld

Schools Give a man a fish

…...and feed him for a

day

Teach him how to fish

…..and feed him for

life

Suggestions

1. Improved on-farm productivity through rehabilitation and development

of small scale irrigation and the design of improved agricultural practices

2. Improved food security in terms of availability of food crops and access

to food

3. A broadened the range of income generating options particularly for

vulnerable households

4. Reduced rate of land degradation, soil erosion and deforestation through

sustainable use of the natural resource base

5. Emergence of self-sustaining communities and self help groups including

women, and marginal farmers contributing to resource mobilization and

capital formation

6. Improved well being of women through provision of income generating

activities, employment and reduced labour demands

7. Strengthened capacities of rural community members and village

extension workers

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