fault localisation on power transmission and distribution ... · power transmission and...

Fault Localisation onPower Transmission and

Distribution SystemsICMM, Växjö University

Sture Lindahl2004-03-26

Industrial Electrical Engineering and [email protected]

Sture Lindahl, LTH/IEA 2

Electric Power Systems

GM

Generation Transmission Distribution Load

Production Transmission Distribution Consumption


The Nordel System


220 and 380 kV Transmission LineASEA (1949)


400 kV Transmission LinesEHV Transmission in Sweden, Vattenfall (1985)


500 kV Transmission LineG. Catenacci et al. (1966)


500 kV Transmission LineS. Fukuda et al. (1966)


1150 kV Transmission LineV.V. Burgsdorf et al. (1966)


10 kV Distribution Line Power Distribution in Sweden, Svenska Elverksföreningen (1987)


LV Aerial CablesPower Distribution in Sweden, Svenska Elverksföreningen (1987)


LPOF CableW. Kiwit et al. (1985)


HPOF Pipe Type CableW. Kiwit et al. (1985)


400 kV XLPE CableW. Kiwit et al. (1985)


Flat Type Submarine CableW. Kiwit et al. (1985)


Water-Cooled CableW. Kiwit et al. (1985)


HVDC Submarine CableW. Kiwit et al. (1985)


400 kV Circuit BreakerEHV Transmission in Sweden, Vattenfall (1985)


400 kV Voltage Transformer (CVT)EHV Transmission in Sweden, Vattenfall (1985)


System Earthing

• Earthing of transformer neutrals• Transmission systems

– Effectively (directly) earthed – High earth fault currents

• Distribution systems– Often non-effectively earthed (Europe)

– Low earth fault currents


Outage Origin

Outage Duration

0

20

40

60

80

100

Generation andTransmission

MV Distribution LV Distribution

Per

cen

t


Outage Time

OUTAGE TIME - Vattenfall

0

60

120

180

240

30019

35

1940

1945

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

Year

Min

ute

s


Outage Time

Outage Time - Sydkraft

0

60

120

180

240

300

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

Min

ute

s


Disturbances in TransmissionPOWER LINE FAILURE RATE

Sweden 1984-93

0

2

4

6

40-70U 40-70P 110-150E 220-300E 400E

System Voltage [kV]

Fau

lts/

(100

km

, yea

r)


Disturbances in Distribution

FAILURE RATE FOR OVERHEAD LINESDistribution Systems (2 of 5.4 Mill. Cust. ) in Sweden 1995-97

0

5

10

15

20

0.4 11 22

System Voltage [kV]

Fau

lts/

(100

cir

cuit

-km

, yea

r)


Disturbances in DistributionFAILURE RATE FOR POWER CABLES

Distribution Systems (2 of 5.4 Mill. Cust.) in Sweden 1995-97

0

5

10

15

20

0.4 11 22

System Voltage [kV]

Fau

lts/

(100

cir

cuit

-km

, yea

r)


The Fault Clearance System

Circuit Breaker

TripCoil

CircuitBreakerMecha-

nism

DC-System

ProtectionEquipment

CT

VT

TE

Protection System

Fault Clearance System


Single-Circuit Transmission Line


Distance Protection

I

VZ =


Basic Concepts

~

~

~

Source Fault Load

ZN

ZS

ZS

ZS

dZL

dZL

dZL

(d-1)ZL

(d-1)ZL

(d-1)ZL

Relaylocation RF RF RF RD RD RD


Symmetrical Case

Prefault :

Assume: 0

1:

0 : 0

At d :

R L D

f

R L

R

R L

Z Z Z

R

d Z Z

d Z

Z d Z

= +=

= == =

= ⋅


Inductance of Two-Phase Lines

2 2 2internal external

1 1 1dv dv dv

I I I⋅ = ⋅ + ⋅∫∫∫ ∫∫∫ ∫∫∫B H B H B H

0 1ln

4

DL

r

µπ

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞= + ⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦


Ground Return

LD H

rR= + +⎛

⎝⎜⎞⎠⎟

⎡⎣⎢

⎤⎦⎥

µπ

0 14

ln

Carson, J.R.: "Wave Propagation in Overhead Wires with Ground Returns",Bell System Technical Journal, vol. 5,pp. 539-554, October, 1926.


Soil Resistivity


Reactance/(Unit Length)

OH-Line

Reactance [ohm]

Distance [km]

OH-Line OH-LineSubmarine Cable

Power Transformer


Impedance Fault LocatorT. Takagi el al. (1982)


Impedance Fault LocatorA. Wiszniewki (1983)


Impedance Fault LocatorL. Eriksson et al. (1985)


Modern Protection Terminal

• Distance Protection

• Other Protection Functions

• Fault Locator

E

C

E

C


Multi-Terminal Transmission Lines

Sege

Arrie

Stjärneholm

Östra Klagstorp

Trelleborg Norra

Tomelilla

Svedala

400 kV

400 kV


HVDC Lines ???M.B. Dewe et al. (1993)


Series Compensated Lines ???


Reactance Versus Distance

A

B

XB

XA

X

R


Fault Generated SurgesR.F. Stevens & T. W. Stringfield (1948)


Travelling Wave Fault LocatorsStringfield et al. (1957)


Travelling Wave Fault LocatorB.J. Cory & P.F. Gale (1993)


Travelling Wave Fault Locators

( )2

Electrical line length

Velocity of propagation (299700 km/s)

End A arrival time

End B arrival time

a b

a

b

L c t tX

L

c

t

t

− ⋅ −=

====


Clock SynchronisationM. Street et al. (1995)

NAVSTAR and GLONASS


Travelling Wave Fault LocatorB.J. Cory & P.F. Gale (1993)


Travelling Wave Fault LocatorM. Street et al. (1995)


Lightning OvervoltageV. Cooray, Editor (2003)


Travelling Waves


Single-Circuit Transmission Line


Distribution System


Early Cable RadarJ. Röhrig (1931)


Distribution System


Open Problems

• Ground return impedances Z(f)• Estimation of remote source• Waveform of current in the fault• Attenuation of travelling waves• Reflection of travelling waves• Other methods?

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