F C t t I di tF C t t I di tFrom Concepts to Indicators: From Concepts to Indicators: Examining Culture Through a Examining Culture Through a g gg g

Social Inclusion LensSocial Inclusion Lens

Presentation by M. Sharon JeannottePresentation by M. Sharon JeannottePlenary Session Plenary Session

National Economic and Social ForumNational Economic and Social ForumD bli I l dD bli I l dDublin, IrelandDublin, Ireland

November 1, 2006November 1, 2006

Outline of the presentationOutline of the presentationOutline of the presentationOutline of the presentation

What is the value of culture?What is the value of culture?What is the value of culture?What is the value of culture?How does culture contribute to social How does culture contribute to social i l i d i l h i ?i l i d i l h i ?inclusion and social cohesion?inclusion and social cohesion?How do the concepts relate?How do the concepts relate?What indicators are needed to measure the What indicators are needed to measure the social effects of culture?social effects of culture?How can these indicators be developed?How can these indicators be developed?

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Value of cultureValue of cultureValue of cultureValue of culture

Intrinsic valueIntrinsic value subjective experience ofsubjective experience ofIntrinsic value Intrinsic value -- subjective experience of subjective experience of culturecultureI t t l lI t t l l i l ii l iInstrumental value Instrumental value -- social or economic social or economic effects of cultureeffects of cultureInstitutional value Institutional value –– the value for the public the value for the public of “public goods” created by cultural of “public goods” created by cultural institutionsinstitutions

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A unified model of cultureA unified model of cultureA unified model of cultureA unified model of culture

“Culture H”“Culture H” traditions the repository oftraditions the repository ofCulture HCulture H –– traditions, the repository of traditions, the repository of past meanings and symbolspast meanings and symbols“C lt C”“C lt C” th ki fth ki f“Culture C”“Culture C” –– the making of new the making of new meanings and symbols through discovery meanings and symbols through discovery

d ti ff td ti ff tand creative effortand creative effort“Culture S”“Culture S” –– the set of symbolic tools the set of symbolic tools from which individuals construct their from which individuals construct their “ways of living”“ways of living”

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Cultural capital Cultural capital --translatingtranslating “Cultures C and H” into“Cultures C and H” intotranslatingtranslating Cultures C and H into Cultures C and H into

“Culture S”“Culture S”

The “disposal of taste” or “consumption of The “disposal of taste” or “consumption of specific cultural forms that mark people as specific cultural forms that mark people as members of specific classes” (Bourdieu)members of specific classes” (Bourdieu)Three types:Three types:ypyp-- Habitus Habitus –– “Culture S”“Culture S”

Means of cultural expressionMeans of cultural expression “Culture C”“Culture C”-- Means of cultural expression Means of cultural expression –– Culture CCulture C-- Institutionalized Institutionalized –– “Culture H”“Culture H”

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How does cultural capitalHow does cultural capitalHow does cultural capital How does cultural capital contribute value?contribute value?

Four possible linkages:Four possible linkages:-- personal empowermentpersonal empowerment-- cultural participationcultural participationp pp p-- cultural development and quality of cultural development and quality of

lifelifelifelife-- cultural sustainabilitycultural sustainability

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Cultural Attendance and Volunteer Rates Cultural Attendance and Volunteer Rates (%) C d 1998(%) C d 1998(%) Canada 1998(%) Canada 1998

ActivityActivity Volunteer RateVolunteer RateAttendersAttenders

Volunteer RateVolunteer RateNonNon--attendersattenders

A d d hild ’ fA d d hild ’ f 6161 4242Attended children’s performanceAttended children’s performance 6161 4242Attended choral music performanceAttended choral music performance 5757 4343

Attended dance performanceAttended dance performance 5555 4343Attended classical music performanceAttended classical music performance 5252 4444

Attended theatre performanceAttended theatre performance 5151 3838Attended operaAttended opera 5151 4545Attended operaAttended opera 5151 4545Visited commercial art galleryVisited commercial art gallery 5151 4646Visited science museumVisited science museum 5151 4444

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Cultural Participation andCultural Participation andCultural Participation and Cultural Participation and Volunteer Rates (%) Volunteer Rates (%) –– Canada 1998Canada 1998

ActivityActivity Volunteer Rate Volunteer Rate ParticipantsParticipants

Volunteer Rate Volunteer Rate NonparticipantsNonparticipants

Acted or did other theatre activityActed or did other theatre activity 6464 3333

Sang in a choir or soloSang in a choir or solo 5555 3232

Wrote poetry, stories, nonWrote poetry, stories, non--fictionfiction 4848 3232

Did choreographyDid choreography 4747 3333

Did artistic photographyDid artistic photography 4747 3333

Played a musical instrumentPlayed a musical instrument 4545 3232

Did visual artsDid visual arts 4343 3333

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Did craftsDid crafts 4141 3131

Rate of Voluntarism (%) by Volume of Cultural ParticipationRate of Voluntarism (%) by Volume of Cultural Participation Canada 1998

100

80

%)

52.1

65.660

ism

Rat

e (%

38.740

Vol

un

tari

12.9

23.9

0

20

91-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20 +

0

Volume of Cultural Participation(Number of Events)

Formal and substantiveFormal and substantiveFormal and substantive Formal and substantive dimensions of social cohesiondimensions of social cohesion

FormalFormalEquality/InequalityEquality/Inequality

SubstantiveSubstantiveInclusion/ExclusionInclusion/ExclusionEquality/InequalityEquality/Inequality

Recognition/RejectionRecognition/Rejection

Inclusion/ExclusionInclusion/Exclusion

Belonging/IsolationBelonging/IsolationRecognition/RejectionRecognition/Rejection

L iti /Ill itiL iti /Ill iti

Belonging/IsolationBelonging/Isolation

P ti i ti /NP ti i ti /NLegitimacy/IllegitimacyLegitimacy/Illegitimacy Participation/NonParticipation/Non--involvementinvolvement

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What indicators are needed?What indicators are needed?What indicators are needed?What indicators are needed?

PersonalPersonal Indicators of belongingIndicators of belongingPersonal Personal empowermentempowermentCultural participationCultural participation

Indicators of belonging Indicators of belonging and inclusionand inclusionIndicators of participation Indicators of participation Cultural participationCultural participation

Cultural developmentCultural development

and motivationand motivation

Indicators of linkages toIndicators of linkages toCultural development Cultural development and quality of lifeand quality of lifeCultural sustainabilityCultural sustainability

Indicators of linkages to Indicators of linkages to economic and social economic and social capital (e.g. trust, capital (e.g. trust, Cultural sustainabilityCultural sustainability reciprocity, social reciprocity, social connections, altruistic connections, altruistic behaviour)behaviour)

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))

Inclusion and participationInclusion and participation ––Inclusion and participation Inclusion and participation Some areas to addressSome areas to address

Are the conditions in place to ensure access to culture for Are the conditions in place to ensure access to culture for everyone?everyone?What is the situation of vulnerable populations with regard What is the situation of vulnerable populations with regard to cultural practices?to cultural practices?Wh t i t d lt h i l i t ti dWh t i t d lt h i l i t ti dWhat impact does culture have on social integration and What impact does culture have on social integration and the exercise of citizenship?the exercise of citizenship?To what extent are citizens able to participate in the To what extent are citizens able to participate in the p pp pimplementation of cultural policies?implementation of cultural policies?What are citizens’ cultural expectations and their level of What are citizens’ cultural expectations and their level of

i f i ?i f i ?12

satisfaction?satisfaction?

Stages of indicator Stages of indicator developmentdevelopment

Conceptualisation Conceptualisation Selection Selection Definition Definition Collection Collection Ongoing management and evaluationOngoing management and evaluationOngoing management and evaluation Ongoing management and evaluation

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Data and indicator pitfallsData and indicator pitfallsData and indicator pitfallsData and indicator pitfalls

CultureCulture ---- a "soft" area while data anda "soft" area while data andCulture Culture a soft area, while data and a soft area, while data and indicators are usually "hard" measures. indicators are usually "hard" measures. Insufficient time taken to frame theInsufficient time taken to frame theInsufficient time taken to frame the Insufficient time taken to frame the questions that researchers/policyquestions that researchers/policy--makers makers want to answer want to answer Frameworks are unwieldy <Frameworks are unwieldy <——> policy > policy objectives are vagueobjectives are vaguej gj gUsability essential but may narrow scope of Usability essential but may narrow scope of interest or privilege particular perspectivesinterest or privilege particular perspectives

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p g p p pp g p p p

Methodological critiques of studies onMethodological critiques of studies onMethodological critiques of studies on Methodological critiques of studies on the social effects of culturethe social effects of culture

Anecdotal not quantitativeAnecdotal not quantitativeSmall samplesSmall samplesSmall samplesSmall samplesNo control groupsNo control groupsN l i di l di iN l i di l di iNo longitudinal dimensionNo longitudinal dimensionNo evidence of causal links between No evidence of causal links between cultural participation and positive social cultural participation and positive social outcomes outcomes

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Responses to methodologicalResponses to methodologicalResponses to methodological Responses to methodological critiquescritiques

National survey with large sample sizeNational survey with large sample sizeInclude sport participation culturalInclude sport participation culturalInclude sport participation, cultural Include sport participation, cultural participation, motivation, social capital and participation, motivation, social capital and social inclusion questions, as well as all social inclusion questions, as well as all q ,q ,standard sociostandard socio--economic and demographic economic and demographic variablesvariablesRepeat survey at fiveRepeat survey at five--year intervalsyear intervalsMake public use files available to academic Make public use files available to academic

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ppcommunity for analysiscommunity for analysis

Leisure

Diagram 1: Proposed Survey of Leisure Activity and Motivation (SLAM)

Leisure activities

(culture and sports)Social cohesion

Framework

Socio-demographicf t Social cohesion

Social capital

Motivation factors:age,sex, education,income

etc

Social outcomes f ti

Citizens

of consumption

Health &well-being

Non-participants

Human capitalAttitudes

towardsculture

SocialEngagement

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culture&

sports

& sense ofpersonal

well-being

Cultural Inclusion Cultural Inclusion -- data and data and indicator payoffsindicator payoffs

Identification of the social dynamics thatIdentification of the social dynamics thatIdentification of the social dynamics that Identification of the social dynamics that contribute to exclusion or promote inclusioncontribute to exclusion or promote inclusionId tifi ti f ti iti d i t tiId tifi ti f ti iti d i t tiIdentification of activities and interventions Identification of activities and interventions that promote cultural capital formationthat promote cultural capital formationIdentification of the linkages between Identification of the linkages between individual and collective benefits of cultural individual and collective benefits of cultural participationparticipationSounder evidence of the value of cultureSounder evidence of the value of culture

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