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The Enlightenment: Prelude to Classic Style

Philosophical Tenets

  Reason

  Naturalness

  Equality

French Philosophes

  Rousseau

  Voltaire

  Diderot

  Montesquieu

English Essayists

  John Locke

  Thomas Paine

Americans:

  Benjamin Franklin

  Thomas Jefferson

Immanuel Kant

  Sapere aude!

o  Dare to know!

Revolutions

  Glorious Revolution

o  1688

  American Revolution ‘ 

o  1776

  French Revolution

o  Storming of the Bastilel

o  Beheading of King Louis

  Enlightenment Despots

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o  Catherine the Great

o  Fredrick the Great

Freemasonry

  Founded as a fraternal lodge in England in 1717

  Humanitarian ideals; longing for universal brotherhood

  Members

  Frederick the Great and Emperor Joseph II

  Jefferson, Franklin, and Washington

  Haydn, Mozart, and possibly Beethoven

Mozart’s Singspiel, Die Zauberflote was replete with Masonic symbols, and evident in this early set

design.

Encyclopedic Movement( Diederot)

  Giovanni Battista Martini

o  History of Music

  James Hawkins

o  A General History of the Science and Practice of music

  Charles Burney

o  A General History of Music

First Public Concerts

  Anne Danican Philidor

o  1681-1728

o  Established Spirituelles

o  At Palace les tuileries (now the Louvre)

o  Ceased during French Revolution

J. A. Hiller

  Concerts series in Leipzig

  Eventually became the Gewandhaus concerts, made famous by Mendelson

The Fortepiano

  Bartolomeo Cristofori

o  Regarded as the inventor of the fortepiano 

Fortepianos by Johann Andreas Stein

Children of J.S. Bach

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Terminology

1.  Rococo

2.  Style Gallant

3.  Emfindsamer Stil

4.  Sturm and Drang5.  Classic Period

Rococo

  Architectural term

Style gallant

  Thin, homophonic texture

  Emphasis on simple

 Slower harmonic pace or rhythm than Baroque

  Melodies in short phrases

  Generaly in major

Emfindsamer Stil

  True and natural feelings

  Rejected the Baroque ideal of a single ‘Affect’ 

Sturm and Drang

  Mvt in lit (Goethe and Schiller)

  Music

o  Minor tonality

o  Angular mvt

Classic Period

  Applid retrospectively; often termed “Viennese Classical Period 

  1750-1800; overlaps the Baroque and Romantic

Elements of Classic Style

  Homophony with emphasis on a prominent melodic line

  Periodic phrase structure

  Thematic development

  Slower harmonic rhythm

  Balanced forms

o  Sonata

o  Rondo

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o  Minuet and trio

o  Da capo and

o  Dal signo arias

Sonata From

  Exposition

o  A

  I and

  I

o  B

  V and

  V or III

  Development

o  Unstable

 Recapitulation

o  A

  I

  I

o  B

  Coda

Early Symphonies

  ‘Italian’ opera overture (fast-slow-fast) -> the Sinfonia, a 3 mvt composition with the

  San Martini

Classic Period Orchestra

  Strings flute, two oboes, two bassoons, two horns, and harpsichord

  Occasionally added trumpets and timpani

  Principal melodic interest in the strings

  Mozart and Gossec employed clarinets; Haydn did not until final symphonies

Symphony: The 4 mvt form

  Mvt 1

o  Sonata form

o  Occasionally has a slow intro

  Mvt 2

o  Slow mvt

o  Can be in sonata form, theme and variations, or ABA

  Minuet and Trio

o  Dance like mvt. Usually the 3rd

 

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o  Rhythmically irregular and more fit for dancing

  Finale

o  Last movement

o  Light

Johann Stamitz:

Mannheim in Germany

Mannheim Rocket

Swiftly ascending passage typically having a rising arppeggiated melodic line over an

ostinato bass line

Comic Opera

  Italy

o  Intermezzzo

o  Opera buffa

  France

o  Opera comique

  England

o  Ballad operas

  Germany

o  Singspiel

Opera Seria continued from Baroque Period

Characterized by librettos of Pietro Metastasio, Italian Poet

  No comic scenes or characters

  Stories based on ancient Greek or Roman characters

  Promote morality in conflicting human passions

  Prest enlightened rulers

Opera Reform

Principal: Music ballet, and staging, must be subservient to the overriding drama

  More flexible in structure, more expressive

o  Introduced other aria structures

Opera Reformer:

Christoph Willibald Gluck

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  Bohemian parents;

  Wrote for Marie antwanette

Masters of the Classic Period

3 major classical composers

Haydn

Beethovan

Haydn

Mozart

Haydn was burn between Austria and Hungary

Father, Matthias Haydn was a wheelwright

Age 5 – Apprenticed to schoolmaster and choirmaster Frankh in Hianburg to learn music

Age 7 – Choir boy with Kapellmeister Georg von Reutter at St. Stephen’s in Vienna 

Reutter supervised a staff of 31 musicians

5 choir boys

12 adult male singers

12 strings

Organist

Subcantor

Franz Joseph later joined by his brother, Michael Haydn

Caned and dismissed in 1749 for a prank ( Voice changed)

Sent to the streets without any provisions or place to stay

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  Learned theory by reading JJ Fux’s Gradus and Parnassum