February 11, 2014

• Label the map of the Roman Empire. • These maps may help you: pages 162, 186,

R38, R40, R41

Roman Civilization Develops

1. Geography of Italy

a. Boot shaped peninsulab. To the north: The Alpsc. Mediterranean sea

provides both protection and transportation

d. Rich soil and mild climate

2. Founding of Rome

a. Legend of Romulus and Remus

i. Legend states they were twin brothers who founded Rome

b. Latinsi. Legend states they were twin brothers who

founded Romec. Etruscans

ii. Took over Romeiii. Believed to be great metal workers and jewelersiv. Culture was heavily influenced by the Greeks

iv. Had great influence on Roman society1. Built Rome’s first city walls and sewer2. Introduced building techniques such as the arch3. Introduced alphabet and number systems4. Helped shape system of government5. Introduced gladiator games and chariot races6. Influenced styles of sculpture and paintings

3. Rome becomes a Republic

a. Romans will overthrow the Etruscans and establish a Republic

i. A republic is were elected officials govern the state

b. Patricians and Plebeiansi. Patricians

1. Wealthy aristocratic families2. Controlled every aspect of society3. Used patronage system

1. A system where wealthy Romans provided financial, social, or legal support for lower ranking families in return for political backing and loyalty

ii. Plebeians1. Common people2. Demanded more rights from the Patricians3. Formed the Plebeian council

a. Responsible for overseeing and protecting plebeian affairs4. Gained the right to elect officials known as the

tribunesa. Job was to protect Plebeians against unjust treatment by

Patrician officialsb. Eventually given veto power

5. 12 Bronze Tabletsa. Plebeians forced Patricians to have all the laws

written down b. Displayed them at the Forumc. Law code will be known as the Law of the

Twelve Tablets

4. The Republic

a. Constitutioni. Created by both the Plebeians and Patricians

b. Governmenti. Consisted of 3 main bodies

1. Senatea. 300 membersb. Advised elected officialsc. Controlled public financesd. Handled all foreign affairs

2. Assembliesa. All citizens voted on lawsb. Elected officials

3. Magistratesc. Put laws into practiced. Governed in the name of the senatee. Acted as priests

ii. Consuls1. Replaced the king2. Held by two magistrates3. Elected for 1 year4. Both chief executive and commanders of the

army

iii. Censors1. Recorded cities population2. Recorded personal property of the citizens3. Appointed new senators when there was a

vacancy

iv. Praetors1. Primarily judges2. Could act as consuls3. Given either military commands or appointed as

provisional governors when their term ended

v. Dictators1. Gave its holder unlimited power for 6 months2. Chosen only in a time of crisis

vi. Checks and Balances1. Each part of the government could impose certain

constraints upon the others

vii. The Forum1. Heart of the city2. City leaders met there3. Shopping4. Public ceremonies

From Republic to Empire

1. The Republic Expands

a. Militaryi. All men age 17-46, with a minimum amount of

property were required to serve during times of war

ii. Organized into units called Legions1. Commanders called Centurions

a. Officers who command 100 men

iii. Highly disciplined and well trained

b. The Punic Warsi. Series of 3 wars that lasted over 80 yearsii. 1st Punic War

1. Mostly a naval war2. Carthage will have the upper hand initially but Rome

will come back and defeat Carthage

ii. 2nd Punic War1. Hannibal

a. Carthage general who led an army and war elephants across the Pyrenees and the Alps and invaded Italy

b. Dominated the country side

2. Publius Cornelius Scipioa. Led Roman army to

Carthageb. Attacked the cityc. Forced Hannibal to

return to Carthage

3. Plain of Zamaa. Both Carthage and Roman forces met thereb. Scipio was able to defeat Hannibal and his troops

4. Rome will strip Carthage of its navy and land held in Spain

5. Did not destroy the city

iv. 3rd Punic War1. Carthage begins to build ships again2. Rome declares war on Carthage

a. Laid siege to the city for 3 yearsb. Enslaved its citizens and completely destroyed the city

2. Problems in the Late Republic

a. Social Unresti. Gracchi Brothers

1. Tiberius and Gaius2. Tried to help soldiers by

redistributing public land to small farmers

3. Angered the wealthy elite

4. Senate urged a mob to kill the brothers

b. Military in Politicsi. Gaius Marius

1. Elected to the office of Consul

2. Eliminated property restrictions and began to accept anyone who wanted to join the army

3. Armies would become loyal to a general; became a tool for political power

ii. Civil War1. Lucius Cornelius Sulla

a. Marius and supporters tried to prevent Sulla from taking military command

b. Led to a civil war

c. Sulla was victorious and became a dictatori. Executed those who opposed himii. Carried out reforms aimed at protecting the

power of the Senateiii. Voluntarily retired

Greek dominoes

• Cut out each of the dominoes on the solid black line. (Each domino should have two sides – left and right).

• Assemble the dominoes such that the definition/description is touching the appropriate word.

February 17, 2014

Please take out your dominoes.

1. On your smart phone, go to m.socrative.com2. Enter room 779513.3. Answer the questions regarding Ancient Greece.

** If you do not have a smart phone, please take a quarter-sheet from the front of the room.

Dominoes

3. Rome Becomes an Empire

a. The First Triumvirate (rule of 3 men)i. Made up of 3 men

1. Julius Caesar, Gnaius Pompey and Licinius Crassus2. Caesar and Pomepy were both successful military

leaders3. Took over the Republic in 60 B.C.

Julius Caesar Gnaius Pompey

ii. Civil War1. Caesar and Pompey faced off in battle2. Caesar defeats Pompey and takes full control of

the Republic

iii. Caesar1. Will be made Dictator for Life2. Reforms

a. Gave citizenship to the providencesb. Gave public lands to the veterans

3. Assassinated by a group of Senators on March 15, 44 B.C. also known as the Ides of March

b. The Second Triumviratei. Composed of: Octavian (Caesar’s son and heir),

Marc Antony (a loyal officer) and Lepidus (a high priest)

ii. Octavian and Antony divided the empire in half1. Octavian took the West2. Antony took the East

Octavian Marc Antony

iii. Civil War1. Antony and Cleopatra wanted to Expand2. Octavian defeats them at a naval battle of Actium

in 31 B.C.3. Antony and Cleopatra kill themselves

iv. Octavian is left with sole power

c. Octaviani. Called himself “princeps” or first citizen to avoid

the title of emperorii. Senate gave him the title Augustus or “revered

one”iii. Head of State for 40 yearsiv. Divided rule between himself and the Senate

d. Augustan Agei. Foreign Affairs

1. Tried to bring peace to the West in Gaul and Spain2. Tried to push Rome’s borders to the Danube River

ii. Rome1. Created a police force and fire brigade2. Began Building programs3. Moral and religious reform

iii. Augustus died in 14 A.D.

4. Julio-Claudians

a. Relatives of Julius Caesar ruled for 54 years after Augustus died

b. Emperorsi. Tiberius

1. A good soldier and competent administration

ii. Caligula1. Brutal and mentally unstable

iii. Nero2. Last of the Julio-Claudian Emperors3. Burned down Rome4. Killed his mother5. Committed suicide in 68 A.D.

Nero Caligula

5. The Good Emperors

a. Started in 96 A.D.b. 5 emperors who

governed for almost a century

c. Almost all were outside of Rome

d. Grew the empiree. Trajan

i. Height of expansion occurred under him

f. Hadriani. Succeeded Trajanii. Believed Rome was too large

1. Built fortifications on the frontiers to protect against invasion

2. Built walls in Northern Britain (73 miles long)

Hadrian Hadrian’s Wall

6. The Pax Romana

a. Period of peace from 27 B.C. to 180 A.D.b. Called Pax Romana or Roman Peacec. Essential traits

i. Stable governmentii. Strong legal systemiii. Widespread tradeiv. Peace

Roman Society and Culture

1. Cut along the horizontal black lines.2. On the inside of your foldable, write notes

about each of the areas of Roman Society and Culture.

3. Use textbook pages 177 – 182 to help you.

1. Life in Imperial Rome

a. For the Richi. Had two homes: city and country home called a

villaii. Had running water and bathsiii. Wealthy men were in politics

b. For the Poori. Lived in crowed 3 or 4 story apartmentsii. Free food and public entertainment was used to

keep the poor from rebelling

c. Public Entertainmenti. Circuses

1. Chariot Racinga. Circus Maximus

could accommodate 250,000 people

2. Amphitheatersa. Animal fightsb. Gladiators

3. Public Baths • http://www.romanbaths.co.uk/default.aspx

d. Familyi. Paterfamilias or Family Father

1. Head of Familyii. Emphasis on virtues such as simplicity, religious

devotion and obedienceiii. Adoption

1. One way to ensure family name carried on

iv. Roman Women1. Relied on a male guardian2. Could own and inherit property3. Lower class women could work outside the home

e. Educationi. Upper classes placed great value on educationii. Children taught at homeiii. Wealthy hired tutors or sent sons to exclusive

schools

f. Religioni. Adopted many elements of Greek mythologyii. Worshiped house hold gods called penatesiii. Emperor worshiped as a godiv. Emphasis on signsv. Augurs were priest who interpret signs

2. Rome’s Cultural Legacy

a. Science and Engineering

i. Galen 1. Wrote several volumes

summarizing all the medical knowledge of his day

ii. Ptolemy1. Synthesized all the knowledge of others in a

single theory in astronomy2. Believed the earth was the center of the universe

iii. Aqueducts1. Man-made channels

used to bring water to the cities

b. Architecturei. Round arch and vault

c. Language and literatureii. Latin

d. Lawi. Civil law

1. Based on a written code of laws 2. Adopted by many European countries after the fall of

Rome3. Influence still seen in the legal systems of most of the

world

Imagine you had the opportunity to meet teachers and students from South Africa, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Cameroon, Turkey, Nepal, Pakistan …

What would you ask them?

February 18, 2014

1. How did Rome’s location help the city grow into a major power?

2. Why do you think the Roman government was made up of three parts?

Crash Course: Christianity

• As you watch the video, please answer the questions on your video guide.

Christianity

1. Christianity and Judaism

a. Christianity- a religion that developed based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth

b. Judaism in the Roman Worldi. Judea was conquered by the Rome in 63 B.C.ii. Jews had to pay a tribute to Rome but were

allowed to keep practicing their religion so long as they maintained civic order and paid their tribute

iii. Rome appointed a new ruler for the region

c. Reactions to Roman Rulei. Zealots

1. Wanted Jews to revolt against Rome and drive them out of Judea

2. Led a revolta. Result

i. Rome sacked Jerusalemii. Destroyed 2nd temple

3. Will revolt again resulting in all Jews being expelled from Jerusalem

d. Messianic Propheciesi. Messiah

1. Messiah is the spiritual leader who would restore the ancient kingdom and bring peace to the world

2. Jesus of Nazaretha. Life

i. Almost all we know about him comes from the 4 gospels of the New Testament

ii. Born in Bethlehemiii. Learned carpentry and also studied the Jewish

prophetsiv. Instructed people to repent and seek God’s forgiveness

v. Two basic beliefs1. Love God above all else2. Love others as you love yourself

vi. Popular with the people but feared by the authorities

vii. Arrested, tried and sentenced to death

b. Death and Resurrectioni. Rose from the grave after his death ii. Spent 40 days teaching his disciples then

ascended into heaven1. Followers believe that this revealed that Jesus was the

Messiah

3. Spread of Christianity

a. Apostlei. 12 disciples that Jesus had chosenii. Earliest missionaries

b. Paul of Tarsusi. Name was Saulii. Missionary to the Gentiles (non-Jews)iii. Emphasized doctrines that helped distinguish

Christianity from Judaism

c. Persecutioni. Local leaders were afraid of an uprising from

Christiansii. Martyrs

1. People who died for the faith

d. Imperial Approvali. Constantine

1. Converted in early 300’s2. Issued Edict of Milan

a. Made Christianity legal within the Empireb. Did not ban practice of other religions

4. Early Christian Church

a. Development of Ceremoniesi. Eucharist

1. Held in memory of Jesus’ last supper with disciplesii. Practiced baptism

b. Church Leadersi. Priests

1. Seen to have same authority as the apostlesii. Bishops

1. Oversaw church affairs in most cities2. Had authority over the priests within those cities

iii. Pope1. Many believe that Peter founded the Roman

church and was its first bishop2. Popes are seen as the heirs of Peter

Religions Graphic Organizer

• Use the information learned about Christianity to complete the Christianity column of your Religions graphic organizer.

Search and Rescue: Greece and Rome

• Start at your designated color and letter.• Do not change colors!• Be sure to go in order – the answer is at the

bottom of the page, the description is in the middle.

February 19, 2014The passage below comes from a letter written by a Roman statesman to his brother, who was a candidate for consul. In this letter, the statesman gives advice on how to win a Roman election.

"In a word, you must secure friends of every class, magistrates, consuls and their tribunes to win you the vote of the centuries [people]: men of wide popular influence… The first and obvious thing is that you embrace the Roman senators and equites [nobles], and the active and popular men of all the other orders. There are many city men of good business habits, there are many freedmen engaged in the Forum who are popular and energetic: these men try with all your might, both personally and by common friends, to make eager in your behalf."

1. According to this letter, who did a candidate have to appeal to in order to win an election?2. What does this letter suggest about the nature of Roman politics?

Rome Stations

• For each station, read and answer the questions.

• As you finish a station, swap it out for another station.

• When you’re finished with all 5 stations, find another pair that’s finished and find Ms. Herthel.

Group Project• Prepare a presentation

(skit, commercial advertisement, song and dance, news broadcast, etc) on your assigned topic. We will present in class today.

• You must use and explain at least one primary source.

• Sources you can choose from:– A Portrait of Julius Caesar– Gladiators– How to Keep a Slave in Ancient

Rome– Nero Persecutes the Christians– The Assassination of Julius

Caesar– The Burning of Rome– The Fall of Rome– Romans Destroy the Temple at

Jerusalem– Rome Celebrates the Vanquishing

of the Jews– The Grandeur of Rome