february and march 1981 pacific marine envi.ronmencal
TRANSCRIPT
NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL PMEL-52
BERING AIR-SEA-ICE STUDY (BASICS),
FEBRUARY AND MARCH 1981
Pacific Marine Envi.ronmenCal LaboratorySeattle, WashingtonFebruary 1984 -
noaa hMTK)NAL OCEANIC AND
/
Environmental ResearchA7%4CXWIEF#C ADMMSTRAT~ON Laboratories
Bering Air-Sea-Ice Study (BASICS),
February and March 1981
P.P.
Frontispiece. ‘i’he NOAA Ship SURVEYOR in the Marginal Ice Zone of the Bering Sea, March 1981.
NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL PMEL-52
BERING AIR-SEA-ICE STUDY (BASICS),
FEBRUARY AND MARCH 1981
S. A. MacklinC. H. PeaseR. M. Reynolds
Pacific Marine Environmental LaboratorySeattle, WashingtonFebruary 1984
1---- ---- ,
?
b UHITEU STATES NATIONALOCEANIC AND Envirmnental ResearchA !IEPMTMH4T (IF COMMERCE ATMOSPHERICAIIMINISTRATION Laboratories
)Maka!m Baldrlog John V. Byrne, Vernon E. Derr
g-f Smwlarw Administrator Director
. .NOTICE
Mention of a commercial company or product does not constitutean endorsement by NOJM Environmental Research Laboratories.Use for publicity or advertising purposes of information fromthis publication concerning proprietary products or the testsof such products is not authorized.
. . .
iv
CONTENTS
Page
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. s.”.” =S--””-””l
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Introduction . . . . . . . ....~.””0””0*. “m---”l
Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .“ . . - “ “ o - 0 a - “ 4
2.1 Shipboard experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !3
2.1.1 CTD profiling of the ocean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.1.2 AIRSONDE profiling of the atmosphere . . . . . . . . . 192.1.3 Atmospheric and oceanic surface layer properties . . . 21
2.2 Off-icebuoy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. “ “ . . “ 212.3 Ice floe experiments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.3.1 Atmospheric surface layer profiles . . . . . . . . . . 242.3.2 Oceanic surface layer profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . 272.3.3 Ice floe trajectories . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.4 Ancillary data. . . . , . - - - ~. . . . : - . . . . “ w s . “29
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 0 . . ““ “ “ “ 32
3.1 Water structure in the marginal ice zone (MIZ) . . . . . . . . 323.2 Effect of gale force winds on ice pack . . . . . . . . . . . . 323.3 Modification of the atmospheric boundary layer . . . . . . . . 333.4 Air and water drag on ice floes . . . . . . . . . . . . ...343.51cefloe motioninthe MID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...34
Summary. . . . . . . ,. . . . . . . ..” . .;. . . . ..~” “ 40
Acknowledgments. . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . “ . “ . ~ .- . 42
References . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . ... 0 .“” 43
Appendix A: profiles of salinity, temperature, and density fromthe NOAAShipSurveyor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Appendix B: Hourly surface meteorological and oceanographicmeasurements from the NOAA Ship Surveyor . . . . . . . . . 78
Appendix C: Relative wind speeds and temperatures over anice floe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . - . . . 9 0
Appendix D: Relative current speeds and temperatures under anice floe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . ‘ . . . . . . 95
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
TABLES
Page
Measurements planned for BASICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “ 5
Chronology of BASICS
Data products summary
List of CTD casts . .
10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..~.. . . .
Schedule ofAIRSONDEascents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2~
FIGURES
Frontispiece. NOAA Ship SURVEYOR in the Bering Sea MIZ . . . . . . . . ii
1.
2 .
3.
4.
5.
6. ‘
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
BASICS experiment site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Bering Sea weather map, 12 GMT 27 February 1981 . . . . . . . . . . 6
Location of ice edge before, during and after sto~ . . . . - - . . 7
IR satellite image of the Bering and Chukchi Seas, 1920 GMT5March1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Track of the SURVEYOR during BASICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Locations ofCTDcasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 15
Hourly observations of air temperature and velocity fromthe ship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s . . -. “ . . . 22
GEM buoy configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Diagramo fmaincamponice floe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Main camp atmospheric profile mast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Track of BASICS ice floe locators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Rotation ofrnaincampice floe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...31
Wind-ice drift statistics and floe trajectory plot for ARGOSice buoy -
-2309. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s “ . . . 35; - 2310.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. 36
c -2311. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37d -2312. . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38e -2313.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. “ s 39
vi
*
Bering Air-Sea-Ice Study (BASICS),
February and March 1981
by
S. A. MacklinC. H. Pease
R. M. Reynolds
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory7600 Sand Point Way N.E.
Seattle, Washington 98115
ABSTRACT. An air-sea-ice interaction experiment was conducted in theeastern Bering Sea during late February and early March 1981. Observationsof the atmospheric surface layer were made from a buoy anchored 100 kmseaward of the ice edge, from a ship steaming in the marginal ice zone(MIZ), and from an instrumented tower erected 100 km into the ice pack.During typical off-ice wind conditions the atmospheric surface layer wasfound to warm and accelerate with passage over the MIZ. Observations ofthe atmospheric boundary layer made from sondes launched from the ship inthe MIZ showed a gradual warming and rising of the mixed layer with off-icewinds . Oceanic profiles of density and temperature conducted from the shipindicated a homogeneous column seaward of the ice edge, a two-level systemunder the MIZ with a mixed layer of oceanic water lying below a cooler,fresher lens of water beneath the ice and a homogeneous column north of theMIZ. Near-surface current meter profiles conducted from the within-packstation verified the presence of a sub-ice logarithmic boundary layer.Wind tower and current meter measurements generated estimates of air andwater drag coefficients for the ice of 3.09 x 10-3 at 10 m and lh.7 x 10-3
at -2 m, respectively. The ice floes in the vicinity of the station weretracked for about 2 weeks until they reached the ice edge and melted.Tidal forces were seen to be an important component in the motion of icefloes. Floes were also observed to accelerate as they approached the iceedge.
1. INTRODUCTION
The Bering Air-Sea-Ice Study (BASICS) was conducted during February
and March 1981 from the NOAA Ship SURVEYOR [Frontispiece) in the eastern
Bering Sea (Fig. 1). BASICS was designed to study the physical oceanographic,
meteorological, and other physical quantities which determine the structure,
position, and rate-of-advance of the marginal ice zone (MIZ) of the seasonal
Bering Sea ice pack and the feedback of ice conditions to the surrounding
environment.
64°N
6 2 °
6 0 °
5 8 °
5 6 °
5 4 °
5 2 °
180°
Figure 1.
/ I I I 1 1
176° 172° 168° 164° 160° 156°W
The Bering Sea and surrounding regions. A dashed line marks the
approximate position of the ice edge. An X marks the site of the
main camp deployment.
2
BASICS 81
Pacific Marine
Bering Sea ice
was the third in a series of experiments performed by the
Environmental Laboratory addressing the dynamics of the
pack. In the late winter of 1979 observations taken aboard
the NOAA Ship SURVEYOR during a cruise to the eastern Bering Sea addressed
the role of wind in advecting ice floes to the ice edge, the melting of ice
at the edge, and the modification of cold, continental air flowing over the
ice edge (Sale, “et al., 1980; Pease, 1980). The physical division of the
ice edge into three distinct zones - edge, transition, and interior - was
discussed by Bauer and Martin (1980). The following year an ice drift
experiment was conducted in the northeastern Bering Sea to examine the
relative roles of wind and current in ice floe advecti.on (Pease and Sale,
1981) .
Findings from these and other experiments led to the formulation of
BASICS 81 and its goals:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
evaluation of wind and current stress on thin, first-year
by profile and slab methods,
observation of ice floe motion near the edge to determine
sea ice
the
relative importance of wind, current,
characteristics,
measurement of water property changes
conditions ,
and swell to drift
relative to sea ice
observation of the modification of the atmospheric boundary layer
by the marginal ice zone and the adjacent water during off-ice
winds ,
radiometric obser~ations of downward shortwave and longwave
radiation near the ice edge to tie heat flux estimates to changes
in the surface conditions of the ice,
3
6) collection and culture of phytoplankton endemic to the water and
ice along the marginal ice zone.
Elements of goals 2 and 3 and all of goals 5 and 6 were performed by
investigators from other institutions and will not be discussed in this
report.
The experiment was carried out from February 26
1981. The following sections discuss in more detail
measurements, the platforms involved, and the actual
out , the results of
BASICS with respect
Sea.
2. EXPERIMENT
the experiment, and a discussion
to the air-sea-ice system of the
Table 1 lists measurements planned for BASICS.
through March 10,
the plaoned PMEL
measurements carried
of the results of
southeastern Bering
With some modifications
the measurements outlined in Table 1 were carried out. These modifications
were caused by the passage of a severe storm (Fig. 2) on February 27,
shortly after the ship had arrived in the
and sea from the storm delayed deployment
buoy, and the accompanying swell caused a
operations area. The high wind
of the anchored meteorological
rapid destruction of ice floes
and a general northward retreat of the MIZ [Fig. 3). Cold, northeasterly
winds followed the storm, helped to refreeze the small fractured floes into
larger ones, and resumed the southward floe drift (Fig. 4). The approximate
locations of the ice
in Figure 3. During
aboard ship - CTD~s,
edge before, during, and after the storm are portrayed
this storm, observations were limited to experiments
boudary-layer sondes, and surface ❑ eteorological
measurements. The ❑ eteorological buoy was deployed the day after the storm
4
1. Station 1 - Main Camp
LORAN CGEM Platform!1 17
lt !1
!t It
1! r?
tl ty
1! t!
ARGOS platformPMEL profilerAanderaa CM
2. Station 2
GEM Platformt~ Ttf? ??I* tt!1 ItIt If
ARGOS PlatformAanderaa CM
3. Station 3
GEM PlatformIt fttl ?1If fffl Ift? ?t
ARGOS PlatformAanderaa CM
4. Station 4
PRL platform
5. SURVEYOR
CTDBridge observationsAIRSONDEOcean Bucket Temp.
6. Meteorological Buoy
GEM3
Table 1. Measurements Planned for
Measurement
PositionLevel 1 speed, temperatureLevel 2 speed, temperatureLevel 3 speed, temperatureLevel 4 speed, temperatureLevel 4 directionOrientationIce temperaturePositionDetailed water profile-2,
3 m6 m6 m6 mIce
-6 m CTV
wind speed, dir, temp.wind speed, dir, temp.vector windsgusttemperature
OrientationPosition-2, -6 m CTV
3 m wind speed, dir. temp.6 m wind speed, dir, temp.6 m vector winds6 m gustIce temperatureOrientationPosition-2, -6 m CTV
Position
Ocean profileSurface meteor.Atmos. profileSurface temperature
Mean wind speed, dirVector windsGust, orientationAir, water temperature
BASICS, 1981
Sample Period
20 min30 min
!$I?1?tf11
19
=4 hourvariable10 min
20 minIt!?ft!?It
=4 hourly10 min
20 minIt17t?f?11
=4 hourly10 min
Data Medium
TapeGOES
IvItT*!?II14
ARGOSHard copyTape
GOESIf!1
!8
?!
11
ARGOSTape
GOESt?rtf?If??
ARGOSTape
=4 hourly ARGOS
variable 7 track tapehourly Hard copy12 hours Casettehourly Hard copy
20 min17Ii
GOES17
1!
It
5
.
M
.5
alu2$-ls’VI
mc%
aJMsw
.!-4
60:
5 8 ?
5 6 9
54°-
c St. Matthew 1,k
Approximateice edge
\ ,;,:;;;~~’2 6 F e b r u a r y 1981
e and II March 1981Pribilof Is,
*
efing Sea
&A l a s k a :.’Peninsula +;l’”’”””
@p..I I I I I r
I 7 4 ° I 7 0 ° 166° “
Figure 3. Approximate location of the ice edge before, during, and afterthe storm of Feb. 27-Mar. 1.
7
GIL 2 [[~~:19:19:58 E177V5 4Figure 4. IR satellite image of the Bering and Chukchi Seas, 1920 GMT,
5 March (Jll 64) 1981.
8
passed, and satellite (ARGOS) telemetering position buoys were installed
within the pack several days after. The main camp containing the atmospheric
and oceanic surface layer profiling equipment and ARGOS buoy was installed
on the sixth of March. Because of the delay due to the storm, it was not
feasible to install the GEM platforms or current meters at stations 2 and 3
(Table 1). All equipment was recovered by the tenth of March except for
the three ARGOS ice buoys which were allowed to drift to the edge of the
MIZ and sink when the floes melted. A chronology of the experiment is
contained in Table 2. Table 3 lists a summary of data products gathered
from each platform.
2.1 Shipboard Experiments
The NO&4 Ship SURVEYOR served as the working platform for CTD profiling
of the ocean, for airsoncle profiling” of the atmospheric boundary layer, and
for observing both atmospheric and oceanic surface layer properties. The
ship also served as a staging area for the deployment of the meteorological
buoy and for the installation of the main camp within the MIZ. A plot of
the ship’s
2.1.1 cm
track during BASICS is presented in Figure 5.
(Conductivity - Temperature - Depth) Profiling of the Ocean
A major objective of BASICS was to determine the oceanic temperature
and salinity distributions associated in mid-winter with the Bering Sea
MIZ . To accomplish this goal, 64 CTX) casts (Fig. 6; Table 4; Appendix A)
were taken in the MIZ from 26 February to 11 March, 1981 (GMT). An initial
single cast (/)1, Table 4) was performed at the onset of the cruise in the
northern Gulf of Alaska off Unimak Pass in order to check CTD operation and
to calibrate other equipment against the CTD. Of the 64 total casts, 23
9
TABLE 2. Chronology of BASICS, 1981
26
27
March 1
2
3
4
6
7’
9
11
12
14
D a t e Time (GMT)
February 22 2000
23 0100
2330
13002230
1330
063009002100
00002300
1930
2100
0100
0400
050011302000
0000
00002300
03000900
0000
00001930
Event
Depart Kodiak aboard HOAA Ship SURVEYOR.
Commence atmospheric boundary layer (ABL)twice daily observations.Conduct test of ship’s CTD.
Commence CTD operations.Helicopter reconnaissance of MIZ.
Storm curtails operations, fractures MIZ.
Meteorological buoy deployed.Recommenced CTD operations.Helicopter reconnaissance of MIZ.
Helicopter reconnaissance of MIZ.Helicopter reconnaissance, manual.atmospheric and oceanic measurementswithin MIZ.Helicopter reconnaissance of MI.Z.
Helicopter reconnaissance, manualatmospheric and oceanic measurementswithi~ MIZ.
Helicopter deploymentice buoys.
Main camp atmosphericdeployed.
of three ARGOS
profile tower
Begin downwind ABL transect of MIZ.End downwind ABL transect of MIZ.Current meter array and positionbuoy at main camp deployed.
Conduct manual oceanic measurements atmain camp.
Meteorological buoy recovered.Main camp recovered.
Begin downwind ABL; CTD transect of MIZ.End downwind transect, final CTD cast.
Final ABL sonde ascent.
ARGOS ice buoys melt out of MIZ.Arrive Kodiak aboard NOAA Ship SURVEYOR.
10
Table 3BASICS 1981
PRODUCTS SUMMARYDATANOAA Ship SURVEYOR
GREENWICH MEAN TINSDATA PRODUCT FEBRUARY I MARCH comlENTs
22 23 2L25 26 27 28 1 2 3 6 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Ship’s Weather II thrly; cloud, wind, temp,
Log humid, sea state, pres
Ship’s Marine Oba 1} I time, position,and Station Obs record of eventa
Jn-line Seawatert {
half-hrly; temp,Analysis salinity
Bucket Seawater I ~1”hrly; temp, salinityAnalysis
BarographTrace ~:::’;%;a;reas.re
Ship’s AnemometerTrace l–——————~
continuous; relativewind speed and dir
Ship’s Gryo I i I Icontinuous;
Trace ship’s heading
Airsonde I 1 00 and 12 Z; sfc toAscents 500mb; prea, temp, humid
CTD ObservationsI H H H+HFIH H H SAI; 64 casts;
cond, temp, depth
58°15’N, 173°29’W;GEM BUOY I ! 20 min aver; wind apd,
gust, temp, sea temp
TABLR 3 (cent’d)BASICS 1981
DATA PRODUCTS SUMMARY%ATFORM : Bering Sea Ice Pack
GREENWICH HEAH TIIIIIDATA PRODUCT FEBRUARY I MARCH Colllrmrrs
2232425 2627 28 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Floe PositionUnit 2309
Floe PositionUnit 2310
Floe PositionUnit 2311
74 fixes; longest intbetween fixes: 10 hrs
71 fixes
67 fixes
Floe Position I HH 26 fixes;Unit 2312 24 fixes at main camp
Ocean Sfc LayerProfiles (Manual) I HH H
to ISIS by 1/2 m;10 min aver;vel, cond, temp, pres
Ocean Sfc Layer I } i 2, 6m; 10 min aver;Profiles (Auto) vel, cond, temp, pres
Atmoa Sfc LayerProfiles t I
1Sfc WeatherLog Ht-ILORAN-CFloe Position H H
Small-scale~ Floe Motion I H H
.75, 1.5, 3, 6m; 20 minaver; vel, temp
every 10 rein;wind vel, temp, humid
LORAH, X, y, 2 freq;5 min intervals
l/2-hrly positions;4 buoys over 5 km;2 buoys over 5 km
TABLE 3 (cent’d)BASICS 1981
DATA PRODUCTS SUMMARY‘LATFORM : Shore-based Support
GREENWICH bDMN TIMEDATA PRODUCT FEBRUARY I MARCH COMMEHTS
,22 2324 25 26 27 28’ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 192C
Alaska Sfc PressureAnalysis I I 00 and 12 Z
Alaska Special I { 00 Z; pres andSea-level Analysis temp fields
Alaska II II daily (19 Z);Satellite Photos IR
5 9 ’
5 8 (
. I 74”
Figure 5.
I 73°
Hourly positionsThe daily $l@ GMT
1 7 2 ° 171°
occupied by the NOAA Ship SURVEYOR during BASICS.positions are labeled with their Julian day.
0 °
5 9 °
5 0 °
14
STRTICIN REF NOS. RP4SUB1R 2~ STRTIONS PLOTTED
, , , ,I , , t I
*1 I
+44
+29
+.28
47
I , ,,
,r
I 1 , 1 I
59 3 0
5 9
5 8
5 7 4 5
‘2o
Figure 6. Locations of CTD casts during the experiment. Casts 1 and 31are off the map.
Table 4
LIST OF CTD CASTS23 February-n March, 1981 (GMT)
ConsecutiveCast #
123456789
101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142*43*44*45*
Latitude(N)
55-36.357-51.758-03.858-17.158-27.958-30.658-18.458-19.458-20.158-21.358-21.958-23.258-23.958-24.858-25.958-26.858-17.258-20.258-23.158-26:158-28.258-41.158-47.059-11.958-52.059-05.759-13.359-16.658-46.558-40.658-34.958-48.359-15.559-16.459-14.759-14.759-13.459-11.459-10.359-09.659-09.359-07.559-06.759-00.458-52.9
*Temperature record only,
Longitude(w)
158-59.7173-43.0173-24.7173-02.9172-41.1172-37.6173-01.5172-59.7172-57.3172-55.5172-53.1172-51.7172-49.8172-47.2172-45.9172-43.8173-02.6172-56.6172-50.9172-45.1172-41.1172-19.6172-12.6171-37.9171-59.2171-35.3171-21.4171-15.7171-30.8171-00.7170-30.7170-49.9171-31.2171-40.7171-41.8171-43.1
171-45.4171-49.0171-51.4171-54.0171-58.1171-51.9171-53.2171-59.8172-05.6
D a t e(GMT)
2-232-26
!t!?!?*t
2-27!fIIfl
1*
tf
I*
It
If
t?
3-1Iffflt
It
Yt
11
“3-23-3
ft!t1?
3-4Ittf*9!9
3-5tl
!t
1?
If
tt
3!
t!
1!
3-6!1f?
23331315161o192121162255064207240811085709371023105411351235132309161012105911461224184622002237063108271048203706190817101111511505024406030637084210301232144816482045004904491244
due to icing of conductivity cell.
16
Bottom AssignedDepth (m) Sta. #
114136113112109108111111111112111112110110108108111112.11010810810410182968381789182797981818080808384858586799397
191817
BC24
16BC23
BC23
BC22
Table 4 (cent’d)
ConsecutiveCast #
46474849505152535455565758596061626364
Latitude(N]
58-46.958-45.458-42.858-41.358-43.658-47.058-44.058-40.658-38.758-35.158-37.858-34.958-31.158-34.158-39.158-28.158-17.458-04.357-52.1
Longitude(w)
172-22.1172-27.7172-35.6172-43.0172-51.8172-50.5172-55.5172-56.1172-58.6173-03.0173-15.3173-23.1173-29.6173-20.3173-12.8172-43.7173-04.1173-22.2173-43.3
Date .JD Hour(GMT) (GMT) (GMT)
3-8 67 0037?t tl 0442If !1 09151! t! 123011 tl 16549$ f! 1913$9 ?1 2029+9 11 2200Vt ft 23403-9 68 0100
$9 !? 0438!* 11 0845It tt 12323-10 69 1940
It !? 23483-11 70 0236
It !? 0513!? !T 0703!? !f 0851
Bottom AssignedDepth {m) Sta. #
102104106108112110112112113114119122123121119108 BC24112 17113 18137 19
17
were calibrated against temperature and salinity values obtained using a
rosette sampler, reversing thermometers, and a Guildline laboratory salinometer.
The CTD system included a Plessey Model 9040 unit, a Grundy Model 8700
Signal Processor, a frequency counter , and a 9-track digital data recorder.
The frequency counter provided a real-time check on CTIl performance at the
beginning and end of each cast. After about every fifth cast, the digital
data were copied onto a master data tape using the PDP-11 computer system
to generate a data printout for each cast. This printout allowed monitoring
of the oceanographic conditions in the field and check of CTD performance.
The analog recorder provided with the Plessy system did not perform well
during the cruise; most traces were extremely noisy, though they were
adequate for determination of the general temperature and salinity structure
on a given cast.
The CTD “channels were .last calibrated in July 1980 giving temperature ‘
to tO.OI°C, conductivity to fO.013
to ~o.02*/oo at low temperatures),
temperatures below about -8*C, the
mMho/cm (roughly equivalent to salinity
and pressure to *7O mb. At ambient air
conductivity head on the CTD unit iced
up and gave invalid conductivity values (casts #42-45). A heat lamp directed
at the conductivity head between caxrts solved the problem by maintaining
conductivity head temperatures above freezing while the unit was on deck.
In addition, there may have been a problem with the response of the conductivity
cell during rapid changes in temperature at the thermocline, which caused
small spikes in the computed salinity. These features appear in many of
the profiles, typical examples being casts 9 and 46.
Appendix A contains the CTD data gathered during BASICS.
18
2.1.2 AIRSONDE Profiling of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Soundings of the air temperature, humidity, and pressure were made at
regular intervals while the ship was at the ice edge. These data, in
conjunction with other soundings around the Bering Sea, helped relate the
locally measured air stress to the synoptic scale pressure and velocity
fields . Such comparisons also allowed evaluation of regional variations in
boundary-layer height and free-stream velocity during the experimental
period. Downwind transects documented the rate of growth of the atmospheric
mixed layer as the cold air passed over the warm water. The system used
was that of the Atmospheric Instrumentation Research, Incorporated, and
consisted of aerodynamically shaped observing and transmitting devices
called AIRSONDES, 10C)-gm helium-inflated balloons, a receiving antenna, and
a ground station. The AIRSONDE transmitted pressure, temperature, and wet
bulb temperature every ten sec~nds. This information was recorded on
digital cassette tapes with an HP-9830A computer system which was also used
for preliminary analysis of each sounding.
The AIRSONDES were launched every 12 hours at 0000 and 1200 GMT,
synoptic with the National Weather Service (NWS) upper air sounding program.
In addition, two transeets were made downwind from the MIZ, one on March 7
(ascents 21 through 27) and the second on March 11 (ascents 34 through 37).
Before launching, the sondes were allowed to equilibrate with the ambient
atmospheric conditions at the ship, and comparison measurements were made
between the sonde and a Negretti and Zambia precision digital barometer and
a spring-aspirated Assmann psychrometer. The time, location, and surface
weather conditions of the 38 soundings made during BASICS are listed in
Table 5. A detailed discussion of the measurements and the background
weather can be obtained from Lindsay and Comiskey (1982). The actual
profiles are presented in their Appendix D.
19
ID—
123456789
1011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738
Table 5. TIME, LOCATION, AND
DAY
23 FEB25 “25 “26 “26 “26 “27 “27 “28 “01 MAR01 “02 “02 “03 “03 “04 “05 “05 “06 “06 “07 “07 “07 “07 “07 “07 “07 “07 “08 “09 “09 “10 “10 “11 “11 “11 “11 “11 “
AIRS&lDE ASCEtiS
TIME LAT(GMT] (0,’)
01161200233011451903233011522328112811342330113523351132233411301138235812012330051206000700075509001001113023301252113023311128233403080548072909022342
57 08.955 08.756 32.757 45.358 17.058 29.058 25.058 34.458 26.858 25.758 47.458 44.159 11.059 12.059 15.258 47.559 10.959 07.558 53.958 42.558 49.658 44.958 35.958 23.458 10.757 .57.957 39.158 47.758 41.458 31.758 14.258 38.258 39.158 24.858 12.558 02.257 51.056 11.1
.:
LONG(o J)
152 31.8166 48.5170 19.0173 25.3173 03.3172 37.1172 48.1172 43.9173 15.1172 45.6172 11.7171 53.0171 38.9171 22.8171 23.1170 48.4171 50.3171 52.1171 05.1172 10.3172 09.5172 12.8172 19.3172 28.5172 37.4172 46.3172 59.0172 20.6172 44.5173 25.4173 30.3173 02.4173 12.5172 43.6173 09.7173 26.5173 40.0169 13.6,
SURFACE WEATHER
WIND AIRDIR SPD TEMP[OT) (~s) Q
149 5 4.2174 17 3.2005 21 -4.1006 11 -9.1
CONDITIONS FOR BASICS
WET AIRTEMP PRES(“c) (MB)— .
3 . 02 .6
- 4 . 6- 9 . 7
047 7 -10.7 -11.2003 7 -11.8 -12.0070 25 -6.5 -7.1100 30 0.8 0.2115 22 0.8 0.4115 14 3.3 1.1140 16 1.3 0.6171 30 0.3 -0.1182 24 0.5 -0.5148 17 -1.7 -1.7
0 -1.2 -1.7105 18 -1.2 -1.7015 16 -7.5 -8.0356 20 -12.6 -12.9010 17 -14.0 -14.4003 12 -13.0 -13.2010 17 -10.5 -11.8026 12 -10.2 -10.7025 12 -9.6 -9.8019 16 -7.8 -7.7036 13 -6.0 -6.2029 15 -6.5 -7.0018 12 -5.5 -6.3040 11 -6.8 -7.0050 25 -1.1 -1.5013 30 -9.5 -9.8005 28 -8.1 -8.6048 21 -5.0 -5.2045 18 -8.0 -8.2045 16 -6.3 -6.8045 18 -6.1 -6.3046 19 -3.0 -3.5054 21 -2.8 -3.1056 22 2.2 1.2
1003.8985.6988.2998.9
1000.51001.5990.1968.1970.2970.8970.9979.0989.0998.0997.3992.4997.4998.3998.4997.0996.5996.8996.9 ‘997.0996.7996.8996.3997.1991.8994.2992.2997.3
1002.81002.01001.11000.51000.0986.2
CLOUD COVER
3/10 CU & CIRRUSBROKENOVERCAST, STRATO CUOVERCAST, SNOWINGOVERCAST, SNOWING8/10 STRATO CUOVERCASTOVERCASTCLEAR, STARRYCLEAR, STARRYCLEAR2/10 CUMULUS5/10 CUMULUSOVERCASTFOGCLEAR, STARRYOVERCAST8/10 CU & SEA SMOKEOVERCASTOVERCAST, STRATO CUOVERCASTOVERCAST, SNOWINGOVERCAST, SNOWINGOVERCAST, SNOWINGOVERCASTOVERCASTOVERCAST, LIGHT SNOWOVERCASTOVERCAST, SNOWINGOVERCASTOVERCASTOVERCAST, LIGHT SNOWOVERCAST, SNOWOVERCASTOVERCASTOVERCASTOVERCAST8/10 STRATO CUMULUS—,
20
2.1.3 Atmospheric and Oceanic Surface Layer Properties
During operations in the MIZ, hourly measurements and observations of
air temperature, wet-bulb temperature, sea-level pressure, wind speed and
direction, cloud cover, sea state, and sea-surface temperature were logged
by the ship’s quartermasters. Wet and dry bulb air temperatures [Fig. 7)
were made from Ehe windward bridge wing (10 m above sea level) using a
standard NWS-type sling psychrometer; sea-level pressure was determined
from an aneroid barometer corrected to sea level and calibrated by the NWS
in January 1981. Wind speed and direction were monitored by selectable
port and starboard aerovanes located on the ship’s main mast at 27 m above
sea level (Fig. 7). Sea-surface temperature was measured in two ways:
using over-the-side bucket casts with precision mercury-in-glass thermometers,
and by the in-line sea-water intake system. Appendix B contains the hourly
observations recorded from the bridge of the SURVEYOR.
2.2 Off-ice buoy
In order to measure the surface meteorological conditions approximately
100-km downwind of the ice edge, a meteorological buoy (Fig. 8) was deployed
during BASICS in 110 m of water at 58”14.6’N, 173”28.6’W. This buoy
transmitted its data to the western Geostationary Orbiting Environmental
Satellite (GOES), and was called a GOES Environmental Monitor (GEM). The
buoy was a sphere approximately 1 m in diameter with weights attached
underneath to keep it vertical and thereby minimize motion of the wind
sensors (Reynolds, 1983). Wind and air temperature sensors at 3 m above
sea level were affixed to a mast extending vertically from the GEM buoy. A
20-minute average of the wind speed was taken every half hour. Nominal
vector averages of wind velocity are taken by combining high frequency
21
T S H I P
U S H I P
10 M
IQh)
V S H I P
10 M
15*U
o
- 1 5 -
1 5uw<0z
- 1 5 -
15 -15L)IdCno \ z\ /z v 2
m-15- —lsm
tI I I 1 I I 1
24 26{
28 2 4 6 8 10F E B 8 1 M9R 81 iiR 81
Figure 7. Hourly observations of the dry-bulb air temperature from the bridge level and the east and northcomponents of the wind velocity adjusted to 10 meters from the NOAA Ship SURVEYOR.
.—_— - —
Figure 8. Configuration of the GOES Environmental Monitor (GEM) buoy.
23
observati.oils of the cup anemometer , wind vane and buoy compass, but due to
failure of the compass this was not possible. However, the average speed
agreed with the vector-averaged speed to tO.5 m/s, so reasonable speed
values were recovered. Air temperature and water temperature (at 0.6 m
below sea level) were averaged over a l-minute period in the middle of the
wind averaging period. The air temperature sensor was protected from
radiation by a static sunscreen.
The GEM buoy was deployed on March 1 at 0630 GMT and remained moored
until March 10 at 0000 GMT. Except for the compass, all systems functioned
normally during the deployment.
2.3 Ice floe experiments
Besides the experiments conducted on the ship and off-ice buoy, the
ice pack itself served as a platform for determination of air-sea-ice
physical interactions. A ship-based helicopter was used to carry equipment
and personnel about 100 km into the ice pack, aad to survey the MIZ for
suitable floes for experiment installations. In this manner, one floe
(“Main Camp”) was outfitted with equipment for measuring profiles of the
atmospheric and oceanic surface layers (Fig. 9), and several other floes
with ARGOS satellite-telemetering position buoys.
2.3.1 Atmospheric surface layer profiles
Figure 10 shows the four-level atmospheric surface layer profiling
mast installed at the main camp at 59°26.2’N, 171°20.0’W, on March 7 at
0400 GMT. Winds and temperatures were measured at 6, 3, 1.5, and 0.75
meters; the tower was oriented to measure northerly winds without flow
disturbance. Wind speeds relative to the ice floe were ❑ easured with R. M.
24
. .
. . .,.,.:
,,
\.
., ,. ,.,.,
., .”... . ,,,.
,. ,. . ..,”,. . ‘“.’ —
L/La IJ‘ansrnitter
u .-. .! L< = ‘, .. .,
. .
. . .
,.
l-”-[:, :sY\ \’i ..\tRLb&j:, “;,.
1, d\
,.. : ; :. . . . .’. .* .
1 0 2(3 ~ .:”.-. ‘ ‘::,. “:::,,
..’. ..,.. . . . .
Figure 9. Site diagram of the main camp. Rubble piles on neighboring floeswere about 1 m high.
25
Figure 10. Theair
/ “. ..- A --.> .-
~+>t”, ,. . . . . . . . . ..: >”.’
,,~. ~. .< ..; .
four-level tower used for sampling profiles of wind speed andtemperature’ at the main camp.
26
Young cup anemometers at each level, and air temperatures were measured
with Yellow Springs Instruments thermistors in laboratory-designed, radiation-
shielded mounts. All anemometers and thermistors were calibrated before
the experiment; the thermistors were recalibrated after the experiment; the
anemometer and later thermistor calibrations are traceable to the National
Bureau of Standards. In addition, an R. M. Young wind vane measured relative-
wind direction at the 6-m level, and an Endeco flux gate compass sensed
floe orientation relative to magnetic north.
A hybrid version of the GOES Environmental Monitor (GEM) electronics
chassis collected, averaged, and telemetered the data. Wind speeds were
averaged over a 20-minute period each half hour; temperatures and relative
wind direction were averaged from minute 5 to minute 6 of the wind sampling
period. These data were stored at the site for telemetry to GOES satellite
every three hours.
Appendix C contains the observed profiles of wind speed and temperature
over the ice floe.
2.3.2 Oceanic Surface Layer Profiles
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the ocean s-tructure in
the water just below the ice pack, and to infer from its properties the
stress caused by the ice pack on the ocean. This was accomplished by
measuring conductivity, temperature, current speed and current direction
using two techniques.
In conjunction with atmospheric observations conducted at the main
camp within the ice pack (Section 3.3.1), two current meters were suspended
from the ice floe in a single mooring, the top meter being at 1.1 m (nominal
2 m) below the water level, the other at 5.1 m (nominal 6 m). The meters
27
used were RCM4’S manufactured by Aanderaa with standard conductivity,
temperature, current rotor, and vane; the meters were calibrated before the
experiment. The speeds were averaged over 10-min periods, the directions
were sampled at
magnetic tape.
and remained in
the end of the period, and both were internally recorded on
This mooring was established on March 8 at about 0200 GMT
place until March 10 at about 2200 GMT. The deeper current
meter failed afte”r 14.5 hours (87 samples). The upper
data dropouts aperiodically. The dropouts were either
only the compass or in four instances affected all the
current meter experienced
single events affecting
channels for up to
an hour. The later type of problem may
error with the recording unit. Missing
fit.
have been caused by a synchronization
data were interpolated by a linear
Appendix D contains the observed current speeds, directions and water
temperatures for both meters relative to the ice” floe.
2.3.3 Ice floe trajectories
In order to determine the drift characteristics of ice floes in the
MIZ with respect to wind, current and other lateral forces it is necessary
to record floe position during the experiment. For this purpose four ARGOS
ice buoys employing telemetry to NOAA polar-orbiting satellites were deployed
at various locations within an array in the MIZ.
Three of these platforms were manufactured by Handar, the fourth by
Polar Research Laboratory. All four were rated and tested for use at
-30”C. Data messages from the satellites were processed by Service ARGOS
in France, relayed to us by data line through a NOAA computer at Wallops
Island, VA during the BASICS experiment, and stored on magnetic tape for
later processing.
28
The first buoy deployed contained a Polar Research Laboratory transmitter
with platform number 2312. It was installed at about 2125 GMT on March 4
at approximately 59°36’N and 171°05’W. Somewhat more than a day later, the
three Handar platforms - 2309, 2310, and 2311 - were installed in quick
succession between 0100 and 0200 GMT on March 6, at 59°47.5’N, 170°40’W;
59°57.5’N, 171*00’W; and 59°47.5’N, 171”00’W, respectively. Platform 2312
was recovered after about three days and installed as platform 2313 to
replace a failed unit at the main camp at 59°20’N, 171*25’W at about 2000 GMT
on March 7. This position buoy was”recovered with the rest of the main
camp by 0000 GMT on March 11 at 58°55’N, 172°45’W. The Handar locators
were allowed to remain in place in the MIZ until they drifted to the ice
edge and sank. This happened by 0000 GMT on March 14. A plot showing the
drift record of all four platforms is shown in Figure 11.
Rotation of the floe at
compass contained in the box
profiling tower and the GOES
once every 30 minutes at the
of 23°. Figure 12 shows the
camp (ARGOS platform 2313).
2.4 Ancillary data
Other data coincidental
the main camp was measured by a flux gate
holding the electronics for the atmospheric
transmitter. Rotation was sampled instantaneously
end of the wind sampling period with an accuracy
rotation of the ice floe supporting the main
with and in support of the experiment were
gathered. These data take the form of upper-air soundings from NWS stations
at Nome and St. Paul, Alaska; sea-level pressure and surface air temperature
analyses from the synoptic network of the NWS, and boundary-layer winds
determined by computer model from the NWS analyses (Fig. 3) (Lindsay and
Comiskey, 1982); and daily infrared satellite images of the Bering Sea area
29
I 74” 172° I 70”,
# ,
,,,
,0
,, 4
600 ..-. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I:--------. -.. --------- ._.- .-__ -____ -+.._ _.-----_—.——----------------60°,
,,,
,
58” “-------------------------~--------------------.---------..--.-..-.-.-----;----------------------------------------- 58°
174° 172°
Figure 11. Positions of four ice floe locators during BASICS. The daily $3@GMT position for each floe is marked by the last digit of thebuoy number. Start time for each buoy is given in the text.
30
- 40-U?
E 30–cn
? 20-7
r1- lo–2~ 360–< \\ /’- - - -
350– \ “.~Nlissing D a t a –––
3 4 0 /I i I I I I i 1 I6 12 18 0 6 12 {8 o 6 12 18MARCH 8 9 1981
Figure 12. Rotation of the main camp ice floe (2313).
(Fig. 4). Once a day, the NWS sea-level pressure analysis was redrawn,
giving careful scrutiny to ship. reports and late reports not used in the
original analysis (Lindsay and Comiskey, 1982).
3. DISCUSSION
The BASICS experiment provided data for the analysis and interpreta-
tion of air-sea-ice interactions in the Bering Sea MIZ. Although spatial
variations of stress on the ice by the air and water flow could not be
determined because of the shortening of the experiment by weather conditions,
a single set of air and water observations from the main camp floe provided
a confident estimate of air-ice and water-ice drag measurements for the
storm-roughened interior MIZ.
3.1 Water structure in the MIZ
Measurements of water property changes relative to sea ice conditions
and storm passage during BASICS are discussed by Pease and Muench (1981)
and Muench (1983). Appendix A presents all of the CTD casts collected
during BASICS. In general seaward of the ice edge, the water column was
vertically homogeneous (see, for example, cast #3), while at the ice edge
it exhibited a stratified upper layer and isothermal lower layer (cast #7).
The stratified upper layer became well-mixed by the storm but the overall
heat content did noe change. Interior from the MIZ, the water column was
again vertically well-mixed (cast
3.2 Effect of gale on ice pack
At our arrival at the MIZ on
#28) and at the freezing point.
February 26, the winds were northeasterly,
and the ice was drifting toward the southwest through a nearly calm ocean
32
surface. The next
seas . The ice was
day, however, brought southerly gale-force winds and 5 m
advected rapidly northward (Fig. 4) and mechanically
fractured by the large swell for distances up to 100 km into the pack. The
fracturing and rafting in the outer regions of the MIZ were particularly
severe. Pease and Muench (1981) cite marked changes in the temperature
structure beneath the ice edge (cast #44) due to Wi.d mixing of the uPPer
layer. Gross characteristics of the changes suggest that the oceanographic
structure responds slowly to local meteorological processes.
3.3 Modification of the atmospheric boundary layer
Surface and upper-air weather conditions and modification of the
atmospheric boundary layer by the MIZ and adjacent water during off-ice
winds are described by Lindsay and Comiskey (1982), Overland et al. (1983),
and Reynolds (1984). During the period of northeasterly winds following
the storm passage, the SURVEYOR made two transects downwind from the ice
edge. On both occasions the boundary layer was probed successively with
AIRSONDES (Lindsay and Comiskey, 1982). These periods were characterized
by a shallow mixed layer of about 200 III, capped by a strong inversion
resulting from large-scale subsidence. With seaward passage, the mixed
layer generally was observed to warm and deepen as a result of the estimated -
70 - 80Wm-2
heat flux from the ocean.
Overland et al. (1983) present a model for the boundary layer over the
MIZ in which the slow rate of inversion growth and rate of warming of the
boundary layer seaward of the ice edge during off-ice winds are simulated.
Reynolds (1984] applies a more detailed form of this model to the BASICS
data. The horizontal temperature gradient in the boundary layer coupled
with surface roughness changes over the MIZ induced an 18% increase in
33
the wind speed over the outer MIZ to a distance of about 40-km seaward of
the ice edge.
3.4 Air and water drag on ice floes
Pease et al. (lg83) and Macklin (1983) evaluate by profile and slab
methods the wind and water stress on thin, first-year sea ice. The atmospheric
surface layer profiling experiment is described in more detail by Macklin
(1983) . Based upon 138 profiles for near-constant ice conditions, northeast
-1winds of 3 - 15 m s , and near-neutral stability, the mean, near-neutral,
10-m drag coefficient over rough first-year sea ice was 3.09 x 10-3 2 0.49
This is among the largest drag coefficients ever measured for neutral
conditions over sea ice. Much of the variance in the estimate is explained
by relative orientation of local roughness features to the profile tower.
Pease et al. (1983) determine water-ice drag coefficients
meter profiles at the main camp and air-ice and water-ice drag
from slab drag theory, wind and current speeds, and ice drift.
from current
coefficients
The current
meter profiles yield an average water-ice drag coefficient of 14.7 x 10-3
adjusted to -2.0 m. The oceanic drag estimates, as the air drag, are the
largest reported for the Arctic and somewhat larger than observed in other
first-year ice conditions. Following a storm apparently, the interior MIZ
is appreciably aerodynamically roughened on both upper and lower surfaces.
3.5 Ice floe motion in the MIZ
The importance of wind and current to ice drift characteristics are
treated by Overland et al. (1984), Pease and Macklin (1984) and Martin et
al. (1983). Figures 13a-e present the drift characteristics of the floes
with ARGOS ice buoys as a function of inferred surface wind. These winds
-3Xlo.
34
FLOE STfITION 2309 MFR 01-15, 1981 (JO 60 - 79)
1
FLOEVELOCITY
/ ‘ “///~~~//lus=—
.15 F
.10FL6E SPEEO/HIND S?EED.m
I
‘“%h2’.’ dEJEsasr n.’rn.’7L’7; .’ d.
FLi3E OR-RIR DIR O. 1 1 t I * I I I I
[DEGI
-160. [
10 H/s =
II t I I
I 1 1
:1 1
: 1, 1
: 1 I I# I I
: I 1 I
I D a It t 1
: 1 I s1 I ; 1
1 1 t tI 1 1
:1 8
1 : I I
i I :
: : 1{ 1
:1
I : 1
1 1 I
1 1 1
I t !I
i : I
1 1 I
: I 1
1 1 t
I I t1
:
~----------------+ - - - - - -1
1t
t
I# 88 t
:1 t1 1
:I I
1I 1
1I 1I I
:I I1 t
it 1
II I
81 Ii 1
:1 t
I t I
:t I
II
I1
Iit
I tI tI I
iI I
#v 1
1I I
t a I 1n
m=.+7
Ti%iWiU227
m=.0411
SIIW=.0153
Wfw=36.2
Smm=20.9
[ 60.0 N,170.5 HI
Figure 13a. Time plots of floe velocity, floe speed-wind ratio, and floe direction-wind direction difference; and spatial plot of floe trajectory as a functionof time (@@ GMT position is labeled by Julian day) and accompanying wind vector(oceanographic convention) for floe station 2309.
35
FLOE STRTION 2310 MRR 01-15s 1981 (JD 60 - 741
VE;:TY /~-///f///nf%=— I1
FL6EMn40
. 1s “
. M -ggi
.0s -
1 I I 9 1 I 1 1 I
“%0. ‘ d. ‘ d ‘ =. ~~ 70. 720 “* ‘“I I
180. ~
FL9E DIR-WR DIR o.
I I * 1 I I I 1 , 1~ I , I
mm)
- M O . L
10 Ws =
[ 58.0 N,175.0 w
MEs’1=.4s
Ts#3022s
mm=.03sa
sIGm=.0128
m=35.0
SIGH=21.5
[ 80 . ON.171.0 H)
6
Figure 13b. As 13a but floe station 2310.
FL.OE ST9T10N 2311 MFlf? 01-15, 1981
FLOEVELECITY
/ “-///fl~//nm=—
y
FLOEHIND
160. cFLffE DIR- IX tWR DIR O. 8 1 I I t 1 I I s w ! 1 I
mm)
-160. L
10 II/s =
------- -------- -II
;----------------”-”-1I 1
II
i I1
1 : I I
1 I1
1I I
s1
: II I
I8 I
I$
1 II
1 I 1#
Y
: Ii 1
I1 +
3:
1 I1
I 1I
I tIi
i ! !: A?7f
1: ~
i 11 I1 *I1 1
1 1I A81 t
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - i - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -f
/
,,I1IIt*11tI
f
,- - - - - -; 7? f +--------------Ii t1: : t1 tt II : 1I 1 1I I II I II 81 I ;{ I tIt : II: II I
1I I I
I I1
i 1I I
I I tI ! 1I 1
tfm=.53
TSHtO227
tEm=.0976
SIGHR=.0139
w=95.6
SIGH+23.2
Figure 13c. As 13a but floe station 2311.
3 7
FLOE STflTION 2312 MFIR 01-15. 1981 [JD 60 - ’741
1
V6hkTY -//~/ /
H/s=—
FLOEMIMI
.15r
.10S?EEOISPEED*E
I
FLBE DIR-WR DIR o.
10 H/s =
( 59.0?4.172.5 H)
?Em=.31
T#FRD229
IEm=.0444
SUM=.9194
PEW=44.7
SIGHR=i7. 1
( 60.0?4.170.5 H)
Figure 13d. As 13a but floe station 2312.
3 8%
FLOE STf3T10N 2313 MI+?
1
V&kTY
n/s=—-~
FLOEW40
FLOERIR
. H
. ltiSPEEOiSPEEO .=
[
0“%hi’6: .’6d’.’ 7i’7i’7i’7i’ d
i:~(DEGI
-160. [
10 H/S =
( 5 8 . 5 N,1 7 3 . 0 u]
i1I:1i
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
tI
m=.s0
TWf#?O2ss
?EFW=.0427
slow=.0106
Em=m. s
SIR%=10.6
( 5 9 . 5 N,1 7 1 . 0 H)
Figure 13e. As 13a but floe station 2313.
were determined by reducing gradient winds by 20% and rotating them 30° to
the left from digitized sea-level pressure fields (Lindsay and Comiskey,
1982) using METLIB-11 (Overland et al., 1980; Macklin et al., 1984).
During the experiment, the floes drifted toward the southwest at a mean
-1speed of about 0.45 m s . The drift averaged 35° to the right of the
reduced gradient wind. The average floe drift speed corresponded to an
average of about 4% of the reduced gradient-wind speed. The scalloped floe
trajectories in Figure 10 indicate the importance of tidal forces to ice
floe drift. Also the floes accelerate as they approach the ice edge.
Overland et al. (1983) suggest a mechanism for the observed acceleration
based on boundary-layer wind acceleration over the outer MIZ. This acceleration
is not represented in the reduced gradient winds used for Figures a-e.
The rapid cyclonic turning of the main camp ice floe (Fig. 12) at the
beginning of March 8 corresponded with a shift in the winds from moderate
northerly to strong northeasterly. The winds during the rotation were
quite weak (<2 m/s). This signal is also visible in the floe trajectories
of Figure 10 at Julian day 67. Thus the local rotation of the floe was
representative of the rotation of the pack as a whole. Pease and Macklin
(1983] discuss this feature in more detail.
further insight into effects of bottom drag
motion.
Overland et al. (1984) offer
during high winds on the ice
4 . SUMMARY
Sixty-four CTD (conductivity, temperature, depth) casts were taken to
examine the MIZ ocean structure. Seaward of the ice edge the water column
was well-mixed. Within the MIZ a two-layer system was in evidence with
40
stratified colder, fresher water overlying well-mixed bottom water. When
the upper layer was exposed to mechanical mixing by strong winds from a
storm, it too became well-mixed resulting in sharp thermo- and pycnoclines
between the two layers (Pease and Muench, 1981; Muench, 1983). Interior to
the MIZ, the water column was well-mixed at the freezing point.
Profiling of the MIZ atmospheric boundary layer with balloon-borne
sondes at 12-hour intervals showed the near-constant presence of a strong
inversion overlying a mixed layer extending from the surface to 200-400 m.
The inversion is attributed to subsidence during large-scale, anti-cyclonic
circulation. As the air flowed seaward of the ice edge, the mixed layer
was seen to warm and deepen from surface heat flux and entrainment of
warmer air in the inversion layer (Lindsay and Comiskey, 1982; Overland et
al., 1983; Reynolds, 1984).
A four-level atmospheric surface-layer profiling tower was installed
at the main camp 100 km into the ice pack. The profiling tower was in
place from March 7 through March 10 under prevailing moderate northerly
winds , and 152 profiles of mean relative wind speed and temperature were
collected. From these profiles, the mean near-neutral ItI-m drag coefficient
over rough Bering Sea ice was found to be 3.09 x 10-3 (Macklin, 1983).
Similarly, profiling of the oceanic surface layer beneath the main
camp was conducted by a two-level current meter array. The two-level
system was installed on March 8 and removed March 10. These records showed
currents turned clockwise with respect to the ice drift
from Ekman theory and yielded a drag coefficient at 2 m
14.7 x 10-3 (Pease et al., 1983).
A meteorological buoy was deployed 100-km downwind
March 1 and recovered, March 9. Comparison of winds and
41
as would be expected
below the ice of
of the ice edge on
air temperatures
measured at the buoy with those recorded at the ship and the main camp
within the ice pack indicated a seaward warming and an 18°~ increase in wind
speed duriiig prevailing northeasterly winds (Reynolds, 1984).
Four satellite-tracked location sensors were installed on an array of
ice floes with a 20-km separation distance between installations. These
sensors transmitted their position about ten times a day from March 4
through March 13. Two basic facts observed from these position tracks were
the importance of tidal forces in addition to wind and water forces on the
floe motions within the ice pack, and the acceleration of the floes as they
approached the ice edge (Pease e~ al., 1983). Radar transponder buoys
tracked from the ship showed similar behavior (Martin et al., 1983).
5. ACKNOWLEIXWENTS
The BASICS program is a contribution to the Marine Services Project of
the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory. It was financed in part by
the Bureau of Land Management through an interagency agreement with the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) under a multiyear
program, responding to needs of petroleum development of the Alaskan continental
shelf and managed by the Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment
Program (OCSEAP) office. Shipboard measurements were carried out with the
help of the survey technicians and other crew members of the SURVEYOR under
the command of Captain
collection of CTD data
the helicopter support
Bruce I. Williams. R. D. Muench supervised the
from the ship. NOAA’s Research Flight Center provided
vital to the experiment.
42
REFERENCES
Bauer, J. and S. Martin, 1980: Field observations of the Bering Sea ice
edge properties during March 1979. 310n. Wea. Rev., 108, 12, 2045-2056.
Lindsay, R.W. and A.C. Comiskey, 1982: Surface and t.?pper-Air Observations
in the Eastern Bering Sea, February and March 1981. NOAA Technical
Memorandum ERL PMEL-35, 90 pp.
Macklin, S. A., .1983: The wind drag coefficient over first-year sea ice in
the Bering Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 88, 2845-2852.
Macklin, S. A., J. Gray, R. L. Brown, and R. W. Lindsay, 1984: ?iETLIB-11 -
A Program Library for Calculating and Plotting Atmospheric and Oceanic
Fields. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL PMEL-m, (in press).
Martin, S., P. Kauffman, and C. Parkinson, 1983: The movement and decay of
ice edge bands in the winter Bering Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 88,
2803-2812.
Muench, R. D., 1983: Mesoscale oceanographic features associated with the
central Bering Sea ice edge: February-March 1981. J. Geophys. Res.,
88, 2715-2722.
Overland, J. E., R. A. Brown, and C. D. Mobley, 1980: MET’LIB - A Program
Library for Calculating and Plotting Marine Boundary Layer Wind Fields.
NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL PMEL-20, 82 pp.
Overland, J. E., R. M. Reynolds and C. H. Pease, 1983: A model of the
atmospheric boundary layer over the marginal ice zone. J. Geophys.
Res., 88, 2836-2840.
Overland, J. E., H. O. Mofjeld and C. H. Pease, 1984: Wind-driven ice
drift in a shallow sea. J. Geophys. Res., (in press).
4 3
Pease, C. H. and S. A. %lo, 1981: Drift characteristics of northeastern
Bering Sea ice during 1980. NO&l Technical Memorandum ERL PMEL-32,
78 pp.
Pease, C. H. and S. A. Macklin, 1983: Strain in the marginal ice zone.
IUGG Inter-Disciplinary Symposia Program and Abstracts, 2, 722.
Pease, C. H. and R. D. Muench, 1981: Cruise along ice edge in Bering Sea
yields data on effects of gale. Coastal
News 3, h, &3-4S.
Pease, C. H., S. A. Sale, and J. E. Overland,
Oceanography and Climatology
1983: Drag measurements for
first-year sea ice over a shallow sea. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 2853-2862.
Reynolds, R. M., 1983: A simple meteorological buoy with satellite telemetry.
Ocean Engng., 20, 65-76.
Reynolds, M., 1984: On the local ❑ eteorology of the Marginal Ice Zone of the
Bering Sea. J. Geophys. Res. (in press).
Sale, S. A., C. H. Pease, and R. W. Lindsay, 1980: physical Enviro~ent
the Eastern Bering Sea, March 1979. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL
PMEL-21, 119 pp.
of
44
APPENDIX A
Salinity$ Temperature, and Density Profiles
CTD Casts 1-64
4 5
.F-Ch
(a
InN
0m
Inr.
lma.-=1-
a&
cIt
u*
ccn
\
‘1 ‘(tlL
s5
IIG
REF. NO. 1 3246 STR. 0001 55.6i NTIME = 810542333 RP4SUB1R 2 3 1 159.00 w
23*4SIGMRZ~ 26 z, 28
t +
30 31 ‘&N’Ty3V00 3,4 3,3 3;
-1 0Tft4PERf
‘rinh I - “
0in- “
Int- ‘-
=.ss1-n.w
ml -.
0u-l -.
Inr.-1
!4-.RE. C
:~
REF. NO. Z 3247 STFI. 0 0 1 9 57.86 NTItlE = 810571315 RP4SUB1R 2 3 2 173.72 m
22 23~4S1GMR~~ 26 27 *8
I
30 31 ‘& ’N’Ty3y00 3,4 35 3?
TfHPERRT~RE. C=l-1 b:
L
J--l- Is3
6
REF. NO. 3 3248 STR. 00!8 58.06 N
TIME ❑ 8 1 0 5 7 1 6 1 0 RP4SUB1FI 2 3 3 173.41 H
00N
22 23~4SIGMR;~
26 2? 20
30 31 ‘&lN’T’3j’00 3,4 35 16
- 2T:~PERfIT#RE. C ~
sill 7PM *1C 2
p-q
IL mu
REF. NO. 4 4224 STR. 0 0 1 7 50.29 NTIME = 8i0571921 RP4SU131RL234 173.05 w
.-u
t
m --- --- -.. .
,+.N
H+Noylmm o
rSz 0s SL
fi”’”tild~~z~0s1 SL 1 00.?
. .~Nmr-
UI(nN
*Na
9
u-lN
0In
int-
XO0- -xi-h
N
0In
:
0
:
22 24s1GMRi& 26 2,7 28
30+;-”
k I
REF. NO. 7 3252 STFI. 2 1 0 0 56.31 NTIME = 8105BO642 RP4SUB1R 2 3 7 1 7 3 . 0 3 H
22 23 24SIGMR-
23 2,6 27 $8
30 3!S&lNlTY3f/00 ~,
35 96
-3T:14PERflT#RE, C ,
-p *mFn ● IC 20+
Innl- “
z- -
0.-x1-‘1 ILn%N
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CI0w+
REF. NO. 8 3253 STR. ?101 58.32 NTIflE = 810580724 RP4SUB1(I 2 3 8 1 7 3 . 0 0 H
(na
22 2324SIGtlfiz~
26 2? 28
30 3tS#$IN1TY3$V00 34
35 36
0
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aw
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0c&
REF. NO. 9 3254 STR. 2 1 0 2 58.34 NTIME = 810580811 RP4SUB1R 2 3 9 172.96 W
.
22 23 24 S1GH%1 26 27 26
30 31Sf..1NITY3j)/O0 34
3s 36
- 3 -2T~tiPERRT#RE. C ~
$aDl *IC 2OA
[
REF. NO. 10 3255 STFI. 2 1 0 3 58.36 NTIME = 810580857 RP4SUB1R 2 3 1 0 1 7 2 . 9 3 R
22 23*4SIGt114;~ 26 27 28
I
30 31 ‘f$’N1Ty3$”00 34 35 36
- 2TjllPERRTjRE, C ~’
saw PI’2 3
““bIbu . .
REF. NO. ii 32S6 STR. 2104 50.37 NTIME = B105BO937 14P4SUB1R 2 3 1 1 1 7 2 . 0 9 H
InA==1 Ie
0.-
x @L
REF. NO. 12 3257 STR. 2 1 0 5 58.39 NTIME = 810581023 RP4SU131R 2312 i72.86 W
.
m+
oA- .
m‘o S2 05 SL
fiO’4Hld3~z’0s 1 SL 1 0
mml
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0
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52
22 2324SIGMf4Z~
26 27 28
30 31 ‘$} ’’l’’+”OO 3,4 33 3/$
- 3 - 2T~~PERRT#RE. C ,
Tfmnl 2 3o~
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0m- -
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01- .
0u-l. -
L--_-lREF. NO. 15 3260 STFI. 2 1 0 8 58.43 NTIME = EI10581235 RP4SU131R 2 3 1 5 172.77H
‘1-2 -
J.
+
REF. NO. 16 3261 STR. 2 1 0 9 58.45 NTIME = 8i05B1323 RP4SUBlfJ 2 3 1 6 1 7 2 . 7 3 H
W
t
(uo
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mN
m
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0
2M
11
wz
1-
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mN
Km.-
.m02 II
=.W
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m+
m- .
‘ o Sz 9s 5.48°1’HldijzT
0s I SJ41 o
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m
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0s I S/.! o
mo
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L&la
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a
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II
2324SlGHR~~ 26 27 ?B
I I
30 31 ‘$+ ’N1Ty3$’00 3,4 35 36
-3 -2T E PERIIT RE, C ,-r
‘m ‘
qtc 2:I
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REF. NO. 21 3266 !3Tfl. BC24 58.47 NTIME = 810601224 RP4SUBIR 2 3 2 1 i72.69 W
22-
, 3/ y30
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2
.
REF. NO. 22 3267 STR. 0 0 1 6 58.69 NTIME = 8106O!EI46 RP4SU131R 2 3 2 2 172.33 H
21 22
30s,~
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u-lN- “
0m“ “
In. .r-
=0..-.4xl--kw-.
0m..
m1----
iIGMRzJ25 26 27
INITY / 0 03,$’ 3: 3; 36
PER9T”RE, C ~’II y
r)ilL EM
-
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REF. NO. 23 4243 STFI. BC23 58.78 NTIME = B106O22OO RP4SU81flL2323 172.21 M
21 22 23S1G% 25 26 2;
29 30 ‘$1’N’Ty3,$’00 33 3,4 ,,
-4 -3T E PERRTLI E, C ~-} -
0
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%r“~
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=s3o- .
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0m. -
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R E F . NO. 24 4244 STR. 2 1 0 5 59.20 NTIME = B10612237 RP4SUt31flL2324 1 7 1 . 6 3 W
L-nm
2i+-z----
s30 31
0
InN
0In
me.
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INITYJVOO 3435 36
PERflT”RE, C ;11 y
nRL EH r16
REF. NO. 25 424!5 STR. BC23 5 8 . 8 7 NTIME = 810620631 RP4SU81FIL2325 1 7 1 . 9 9 H
21SIGHR
,
29 30 ‘J}lNIT’
c1
InAl
0In
0In
00,w
-JL-s-x’/00- s - - 3 - 25
:*COd:
16
REF. NO. 26 4246 STR. 2015 59.10 NTIME = 810620826 RP4SU81RL2326 1 7 1 . 5 9 H
z
*-u-i
0 .m
ohw-
U
‘-o Sz 0s SLfl”’<iilda~z~
0s1 SLI o
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29 30 ‘$ PNITY
TEMPERRT-4 -3 -2
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25 26 27
1/00 ‘(
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L
REF. NO. 29 3274 STfl. 0 1 0 0 58.78 NTIME = 810630619 RP4SUB1R 2 3 2 9 1 7 1 . 5 1 W
REF. NO. 30 32?5 STR. 0101 58.60 NTIME = 810630817 RP4SUB1R 2 3 3 0 1 7 1 . 0 1 W
30 31s,~
T
SIGMR1~25 26 27
INITY /00 34$ 35 36
‘PER9TTE’ c o
T
REF. NO. 31 3276 STR. 0 1 0 2 58.58 NTIME = 810631011 RP4SUB1FI 2 3 3 ! 1 7 0 . 5 1 W
21S 1 GM(!
22
29 30 ;’IN’T’
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REF. NO. 32 3277 ST9. 0 1 0 3 58.81 NTIME = 8106311S1 RP4SUBIR 2 3 3 2 1 7 0 . 8 3 H
0
In(u
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29 30 ‘gtrN*Ty3,P00 3,3 3,4 35
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REF. NO. 33 3278 STFI. Oi04 59.26 N REF. NO. 34 3279 SIR. 105R 59.2’? NTIIIE = 810631505 RP4SUB1FI 2 3 3 3 1 7 1 . 5 2 W TIME = 810640244 RP4SUB1R 2 3 3 4 1 7 1 . 6 8 II
1-tu-
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0s I SL1 o
t
.=oz 11
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6 3
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REF. NO. 37 b257 STR. 105D 59.22 N
TIME = 810640842 RP4SU81RL2337 1 7 1 . 7 6 H
.
iv-i--
iRL
REF. NO. 38 3283 STR. 105E 59.19 N
TIME = 8i0641047 RP4SUB1R 2 3 3 0 1 7 1 . 9 2 H
‘o Sz 0s SL~0]”Hld3iz’
0s1 SLI 0
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REF. NO. 41 3286 STR. 105!4 59.16 NTIME = 0i064i649 RP4SUB1FI 2 3 4 1 171.97 W
-4 -3T E PERFITU E. C ~-~ ,,”-,f’ I i
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REF. NO. 42 3207 STR. 1 0 5 1 59.13 NTIME = B10642O45 RP4SUB1R 2 3 4 2 i7i.B7 U
,,
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REF. NO, 43 3288 ST(J. 1 0 5 J 59.li NTIME = 610650050 RP4SUB1R 2 3 4 3 1 7 1 . 8 9 w
i?
--l En
REF. NO. 44 3289 STR. 105K 59.01 NTIME = I31065O449 RP4SUB1R 2 3 4 4 1 7 2 . 0 0 W
‘o Sz 0s SL?iO’4Hld38z’
0s1 SLJ 0
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22 23 24SIGtlfl-
2$ 2,6 2? y!
30 31 S$’N’TY3:V00 3:4 3:5 36
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REF. NO. 47 3292 STR. 105N 58.76 NTIME ❑ 8 1 0 6 7 0 4 4 2 RP4SUB1R 2 3 4 7 1 7 2 . 4 6 W
22 2324SlGtiRj~
26 27 28
30 31 ‘$?N’T’3j’00 3> 35 36
-3 -2 ,,”-~.n, y‘E PERRT RE, C
20- ‘
Incu- -
0l n - “
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~
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REF. NO. 48 3293 STi3. !050 S8.71 NTIME = 810670915 RP4SUBlfi 2 3 4 8 i72.59 H
.
0u)
:
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REF. NO. 49 3294 STR. 105P 58.69 NTIME = 810671242 RP4SUB1R 2 3 4 9 i72.72 W
22 23 ,$ ,6 2? ,,SIGMR-
30 31 ‘& ’NIT’3$’00 ,! 35 36
-3 -2TFU
T~t4PERflT#RE. C ~WI Rlc 2:
04
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0l n - -
m&- -
m
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N
0U):1
REF. NO. 50 3295 ST9. 10SQ 58.73 NTIME = 8106716S4 RP4SUB1R 2 3 5 0 1 7 2 . 5 3 H
al.N
f-N“
:.
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w.ml
*m“
u-lm- “
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m
mt
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Sz 0s %!ii”’”Hldijz’
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2
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0s ! SLI o
‘o S2 0s S/.8°’-Hld3i2’
0s 1 %! I o
0
a.!=-UI
00mm
Inm
.0z
.Lua
Lrl0
0
ws
! -
7 3
22 2324S1GH9;~ 26 27 28
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30 3! ‘%*N1Ty3?’00 34 3S 36
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T‘RE, C
i
1 tlL
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REF. NO. 57 330,? STR. 105S 56.58 NTIt4E = 81068OB44 RP4SUBiR 2 3 5 7 1 7 3 . 3 9 U
22 23 24s1GHRj?j 24 27 2B”
30 3i ‘wN1Ty3$’00 ;4 3s 36
T tlPERRT RE, C z-,1 (( 3 A
[
EM
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IG
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REF. NO. 58 3303 STR. 105T 58.52 NTIME = 8106I31232 RP4SUB1R 2 3 5 8 173.49 W
(u
m
ma
ru- “
m
0‘1m
N
‘ty)
0 Sz 0s SL8° 1“ Hld382J
0s 1 S(LI o
m-a
mm
>Ino
&k-m
m0mm
=m0
a.1-0
ILwa
s
!-d.m-
-a
mN
a
!1
0-Q
mN
11
75
W.N
t%(u”
‘4m
w,,Naxlw
m~.
(I-I.N
M.$-4
m‘o Sz 0s SL
fiO’0Hld3~210s 1 S.LI o
1,0 Sz 0s ‘M8°’OHld#
0s1 SLI o
76
m.lu
:.
-.(u
w.,Nu
5u-lu.(u
xl
~,(u
*
44
‘o Sz 0s SLfiO’9Hld3hz;
0s1 SLI 0(
u.
‘o Sz 0s SLfiO’”Hld38z’
0s1 SL 1 0
eamN
mma-.am
.2auenma
.moz u
—
*
APPENDIX B
Hourly Surface Meteorological and Oceanographic Measurements
from the NOAA Ship SURVEYOR
78
18 57.7?8 15?.515 99~.421 5? .735 152.387 1301+822 57,653 152m D48 1992s423 57.317 152.06s IPJ3.SC 57.325 152.222 1CG3.61 57.185 152.47Ll IC03.92 57. G53 152.683 10gqo53 56.9!)3 153.920 ICOA.LI4 56.752 153.7C5 1907.25 56.632 153.473 IC$C8005 56.492 153.6!39 1C1O.47 56.357 153.942 1911. ?8 56.260 154.228 1114.29 56.298 1.54.532 IOIA.4
1!) 56.165 154.853 1017.511 56.149 155.132 1018.212 56*1n7 155.337 1018.813 56.G52 155.537 1019.014 55.97/3 155.733 11?211.815 55.~28 155.983 11120.516 55.897 156.233 1021.017 55’.s7rI 156.573 11121.318 5’5.?50 156.955 lg2f?.619 55.833 157.352 1020.62~ 55.787 157.762 1020.5?i 55.7’35 158.133 1019.322 55.683 158.513 1018.823 55.625 158.888 1017.2
Cl =5.653 158.?97 1315.91 95.552 155.3R5 1,31.3.22 55.518 159.7CS 1010.03 55.557 160.053 1908.44 55.392 160.427 10U6.25 55.41? 169.8:5 1CIG3086 55.310 161.~.P!l 1001.37 55.297 161.463 99/3.28 55.2!7 161.s12 995.49 55.?73 161.897 092.R
10 55.?15 152.185 q91.111 55.063 162.533 ?87.812 ‘35.972 162.550 984.9
000~z~1972,21285IQ9225225Zhq3(t53113113303373Q53g33953133Q$331032R25(3331129154160147122107080I?60060o~g060065107128120186142141
e.fl2.15.2?911.52.63*14*I
9.31 4 . 41 4 * 917.51 5 * 513.40.3
11.812.412.4
9 * 3IG.35.24.1”2.13.15.25.7‘5.27.76.2Q.3
11.314.41?.914.411.312.4~o0311.83.6
17.018.0
7 ● O 1.05 ● 2 3.85.2 3.04.8 3.05.r 3.34.2 3.03.6 -99.01.1 -99.02 .8 -?9.0c1 .9 -2.21 *4 [email protected]
-1.5-1 . 4
0 ● C
5-; :2-lo~
-3.5-3.6-3.8-4*C-3.9-2.6-1.4-. 8
1;:01 ● 31 ● 5o .a.5
I .01.24.04.13*83.83.84.25.0
1.2-1.7-1.6-1 ● 1-2.2-2.6-~*(J
-5.0-5.9-6.1-5.1-5.0-4.2-2.6-2.2-2.2-1.1
.61.1-. 5-. 7I .01.23.43.83.63 ● 63.73.84.5
1.1 0.0 11? C*34.4 0.6 17C lSP~.Q 0.6 17G 1.8?*9 O*9 185 2.44.4 0.3 185 2.47.9 O*O ~q~ 2.43*Q 0.2 19U 2.4?.9 0.3 ~RG 2.4?.9 0.6 175 2.4:.? 0.9 28P 2.7:=5 0.9 2Q: :*73.3 3.9 ?1 G 2.7T*8 0.9 ~~q 2.4?*3 O .6 285 2 . 4? .~ 0.9 285 3.12.8 0.9 29P 3.1?*8 0.9 290 3.1:.3 0.9 :?: 3.13*3 0.0 29? ?*I3.3 0.6 53 : 2.43.3 0.6 34~ 1.53.3 C.3 31C 1.2?.3 0.3 32~ 2.2? ● 3 0.3 210 1.2?*3 O*3 210 1*2.? .3 o.~ 21G 0.97.3 o.~ 16C 0.62.8, 0.3 Ig: I?.62.8 0.6 16G ~062.8 0.3 100 0.6?.8 0.3 C6C 1.22.8 0.6 ~so 1.2?.8 0.6 060 1952.2 0.6 c6~ 1.5
1 ● 1 0.6 100 1*51*1 006 119 1.51.1 0.6 130 1.51.7 #*:1.7 0-6 170 1.21.7 O*9 165 1.8
7 9
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10 59.190 1 7 1 . 7 7 711 5=.?a~ 171.83?I? 59.177 171.84213 5q. 168 171.27714 59.160 171.87715 5~.160 171.9~S16 59.158 171.’7~517 59.155 171.97218 5q.153 171.92319 5q.147 171.91520 59.147 171.91721 5?.122 171.87222 5°.1.’I0 171.87223 5a.125 171.8?$!o 5cJ.125 171.s6RI 59.110 171.8’?02 5?.057 171.89P3 5Q.93!J 172.0224 59*C22 171.*9QP5 55.0!3 172tao56 52.QG~ 172.3477 5~.3rj,3 172.QO(?8 5P.?~8 1720?429 58.952 172.G2Q
10 58.=13 172.f15711 ~8C935 172.05712 5$.892 172.nQ51? 58.880 172.1C314 58.87g 172.13215 58.?00 172.12516 58.892 172.11217 58.877 172.1G3lS 58.867 ~72.138219 58.S48 172.065
996s9996.2997.4997.3Q97.1?’97.1937.2Q98*2Q9~.19?8.199&.1998.6998.2998.5998.5Q98.!3999. lJ?98.999e.?999.3999.19’39.0999.1999.2999.2999.2999.5?199.5999.4994*399q.3999.6999.5?9?.4Oqq.199?.0998.9908.8998.5?98.2?98.1
0?5lJ4c
049027022020
132~
9’24015CZQ
01503!)010~~i)362’008@l~755G0235736Q
35600436fl345
369360?583~n35335536P355010345360350360360036356
9.3 -5.8 - 4 . 0 -1.5II-J*3 - 3 . 8 -4.C -i.~
6 . 2 -4,~ - 4 * 5 -1.~~o.3 - 4 . 1 - 4 . 7 -I*59.3 -.$*Q -5.3 -1.<
11*? -4 *7 -5.2 -1.51).9 -5.2 -6.1 -?.69.8 -7.2 -7.3 -j..=8.2 -7.5 -8.0 -1.6‘?.3 -8.2 -~.~ -~e6
10,3 -8.2 -g.~ -1.6?.~ -9.9 -9.l? -1.6q*2 -7.3 -7.5 -1.$
10:7 -7.0 -7.2 -1.61’1*3 -8.2 -8.2 -1.612.4 -7 ● ’9 -P*2 -1.6 0.310.3 -8.1 -8.4 -1.611.3 -8*8 -9.2 -1.611.3 -g ● 7 -0.3 -1.5Q*3 -11.5 -11.8 -1.6?.8 -11 *6 -11.q -1.6
10.3 -12.6 -12.9 -1.79.3 -12 ● 6 -12*q -1.78.8 -12.4 -12.9 -1.78.2 -12.5 -12.9 -1.7
19.3 -13.? -13.2 -1.7?.3 -12.!J -12.C -I*79.3 ‘:1.6 -12.1 -1.6
11.3 -11.e -12*1 - 1 . 7
8.8 -12.3 -1?.7 -?*73.2 -~~ ● 2 -12.5 -1.76.7 ‘IT.IJ -13.3 -l.&8.8 -14.2 -1%.5 -1.6S.8 -14*O -14.4 -1*76.7 -14.7 -15.0 -1.86.7 -14 .’5 -14.5 -1*R7.7 -14.5 -1$*5 -1.88.2 -13.8 -14.0 -1.26.2 -13.0 -13.2 -1.87.2 -~3*1 -13*4 -1.67.7 -12.4 -12.7 -1.7
nFG T ) { M )*+.+ +++
1?5 0.3195 0,3
85
.)* +.)*++ ++ ● * * + + * ++*-?.++ **++++ +++ +**+ +++.++ ++++.s ++++ +++ ++++ -+ +-0
DATE HR L4T LONG SE 4 UINO UTN13 AIR HTT SEA HAVEL PJfL
SUFLLlJIR Soo TrMP FJULB SURF HT DIR HT
PRES TEMP TEMP(Y/ H/D) (GM T)(DCG N)(DEG K) (Y B)[OEG T)(M/s){o EG c) (IIEG C) {M)cn EG T)(M)
81/3/0681/3/0681/3/06FJ1/3/0481!3127~~/3/o?81/3/9781/31!)781/3/0781}3/9781/3/078?-/3/0781/3/9781/3/9781/3/0781/3!2781/3/0781/3/0781/3/07131/31Q~81/3/0781/3./0781/:/3781/3/0781/3/0781/3/0781/3/9781/:/0781/3/0881/3/0881/3/0881/3/Q881/3/0881/3/0881/3/9881/310t?81/3!0881 /310881/3/0881/3/09
20 58.912 172.05321 58.917 172.03022 58. ?10 172.077?3 5? .880 172.165
G 58.875 172.1721 58.858 172.12G2 58.865 172.1503 58.823 172.0824 5P .852 172.11 C5 58.825 172.1036 5P .752 172.2157 58.598 172. ?228 58.308 172.~75Q 5FJ.178 172.62310 57.965 172.77211 57.750 172.9i812 57.598 173.053IS 57.735 1?2.85814 57.937 172.78815 59.140 172.44216 59.337 172.50717 58.549 172.36518 58.693 17?.25819 58.752 172.2502i) 58.778 1?2.24721 58.787 17Z.25J322 58.800 17?.27723 5i?.$’.C7 172.?98O 58.7E5 172.3421 58.79P 172.3882 58.765 172.4223 58.767 172.4304 !38.?50 17?.4455 58,755 172.3876 58.747 172.4877 ‘58.738 172.5128 58.73~ 172.5429 58.700 172.588
13 58.710 172.63511 58.707 172.620
997.9998*(J998.0998.1’99799997.h997*2997.0997.0997.0?97.1997.2997.3Q97.2497.2997.09?6.79?6.2996.2996.29Q6.Bq97.2997*1?97.2997 ● 2997.2997.4997.4997.3996.6996.7996.3?96.0995.5?95 .3994*59?3.9993.4?93.1992.4
+++
36000936003335r906020020013010026029019036Ozq034355008020025020ol~01513~4009CC802’7030(lSo03136!I355010010018019019039033049
9.8 -11.g -12.1 -1.77 . 2 -11.6 -11.9 -~.76.? -12.2 -12.6 -1.86.2 -1300 -13.2 -?.66.7 -~1,8 -12.4 -~.s8.2 -11.0 -11.2 -1.66.2 -11.4 -?1.4 -1.56.2 -lo ● 2 -11.0 -?..67.2 -lo ● 2 -10.5 -1.68.8 -10.5 -11.0 -1066.2 -10 ● 2 -IC*7 -I*E6.2 -9.6 -q.8 -1.%8.2 -7.3 ‘7.7 -.66.7 -6.0 ‘6.2 .77.7 -5.5 -7.0 1.17.2 -5.2 -6.8 1 ,?5.2 -6.3 -6.8 2*26.2 -6.4 -7.0 1.97.2 -5.8 -6.5 1 ● 37 ● 2 -e.g -8.0 ● 88.2 -P.2 -8.s -*58.8 -?.2 -9.5 -1.27*7 -fi.e -9.3 -1.56.2 -8.9 -9.2 -1.65.2 -8.8 -9.2 -1.75.2 -7.!? -7.6 -1*55*7 -8.’I -9.3 -1.55.2 -7.0 -7.2 -1.66*2 -6.8 -7*C -I*67.2 -6.2 -6.5 -1.66.7 -6.8 -7.0 -1.57.7 -6.5 -7*O -1.67.7 -5 *5 -6.0 -3.6
ICI*3 -4 ● Z -4.8 -1.68.2 -4.1 -4.5 -1.6
10.3 -4*4 -4.6 -1.611*3 -4.2 -4.5 -1.512.4 -4.0 -4 ● 3 -1.413*4 -2*4 -2.4 -1.49.3 -1.5 -1.8 -?*4
23G 0.3235 0.3
Ii?? 0 . 30 . 3 075 0 . 60.3 g~~ 0 . 60 . 3
81/3/08 12 58.697 172.677 992.4 050 12.9 -1*5 -1.8 -1*3
,. .
86
81/3/0881/3/0881/3/0881/3/OE!81!3/0881/3/0881/3/0881/?/0881/313a81/3/9$81)3/0881/3/0981/3/5981/3/0981/3/0°81/3/I)Q81/3/09al/3/9981/3/0?811310a811310q91/3/0?81/3/0?81/3/3981/3/9?&l/3/o?81/3/0981/3/?9$1/3/Q981/313981/3/0981/3/0981/313981/3/0981t3.19?81/3/10S1I3I1O81/3/1081/3/1381/3/1 O81/3/Z@
13 5$.692 172.73514 58.715 172.7g715 58*7~7 17?. elo16 58.777 172.82717 58.727 172. P6318 58*752 172. C8519 ~g.~~c 172.83522 58.753 172.8%21 58.7Z7 172.53C22 5S.685 172.97’?23 52.578 172.a4?o 58*638 173*OG31 58.5?5 173.3402 5!?.635 173.3883 58.642 173.1274 58.627 173.2125 59.532 173.2-7$ 58.533 175.5357 5R.573 173.285t? 58.585 173.34?9 58.578 i73.4331? 58.543 177.32811 5~*533 173.3?312 58*523 173.45713 5S.510 i73.5?014 ‘58.430 173.46515 58.4$3 173.5C,316 58.480 175.51217 58*475 173.54318 5R.480 17S.54719 5a.548 173.49020 58.243 17?.47021 58.245 173.47722 59,?33 175*47323 58.240 173.dP3C 58.233 173.4871 58.308 173.4C02 5&.a40 173.2373 58.562 173.1924 5F?.S50 173.0495 5S.670 173.052
992.4~95.1Q?2.9”957.6993,5994.0?94.8995*7995*7995.7?95.8995.8995.2994.9Q95*r!??5.0995.8~95.8995.79?5.5595.1995*2994.6~94.6994.6?93.900<.,.* oS?3.5~q3.8q93.29Q2.9992.8q?~eq992.6‘q92.5992.0
99~.8993.2994.0994.3994.5
05ntj511043040I)*9@4Q941055C39025021023030025t):q~350350?8ljzq02:02902001302201401902901!4oln024016012028029011010004020020?l!l36C
12.912.912.918.016.515.417.013.916.012.4IL*IJ~3.412.914.514.414.415941:.314.4:+.414.3~4.414.413.416.015.415.4~?.o15.415*415.41’4.917.012.9]3.413.416.015.418.811.310.3
-1.1 -1.5 -1.48 -1 ● O -1.5
-;:4 -1.9 -1.4-1.2 -109 -1.4-1.P -2.2 -104-2.2 -2.6 -1.3-3.1 -3.3 -1.4-3 *3 -3*7 -1.1-4.2 -4.7 -1,1-5.1 -=.4 -.8-5.5 -597 -.7-5 .? -5.2 -.4-5.2 -5.5 .2-6.,1 -G.5 ● 2-6.0 -5.2 .6-6.8 -7.C .3-6.? -6.5 .5-5.2 -5.2 .6-5.6 -5.9 ● 5-7.3 -7.3 .5-6.9 -7*1 .8-9.9 -q.3 .8-9.5 -9.8 .a-9.5 -10.0 .q-9.6 -lfl.o 1*C-9*O -9.2 1.1-9.0 -9.2 1.1-9.1 -9.5 !.1-8.8 -9.0 1*3-7 .e -e ● 5 1.3-6.8 -7.3 1.1-7.1 -7.3 1.1-7.4 -7.7 7 .1-8.0 -8.5 1.3-7.5 -7*F 1.1-8.0 -8.5 1.1-8*2 -8.6 1.0-7.5 -7.8 .5-7.8 -8.0 t?.o-7.0 -7.5 -.6-5 ● 2 -6.0 -.S
O*3 ~5fj O*6003 c~9 5 . 6O*3 ?50 0.3a.3 cq~ C*30.6 :30 0.60 . 6 l:p C.6O*50.9 p&: O.?
0 . 6 745 fJ.n
0.3 745 0.60.6 ~4= P.&0.6 745 0.90.6 @A: 1.23.6 ~+: 1.20.6 035 1.20.6 p40 1.20.6 tj45 1 .20.6 04K 0.60.9 045 0.6e.9 n4= 0.69*9 :4:, LI.60.9 04= G.6o.? lJ4: 0.60.6 ~4c 0.90.6 345 1.20.6 035 1.20.9 035 1.9g.u C30 1.80.9 025 1.80.9 025 1.80.9 035 1.80.9 04C 1.80.9 l!40 1 .?0.9 040 0.90.0 030 0.6
8 7
81/3/1081/3/1081/3/1081/3/1081/311P81/3/1081/3/1081/3/1081/3/l C81/3/1(!81/3/1081/3/1!3.91/3 /1?81/3/1?81/3/1281/3/1081/3/1381[3/le81/3/11al/3/li81/3/1131/3/1181/3/11el/3/1181/3/1181/3/1181/3/1181/3/1181/3/1181/3/1 281/3/11el/3/1181/3/1181/3/1181/3/1 ?,81/3/1181/3/1181/3/1181/3/1181/3/1181/3/11
6 58.670 177.057 994.57 ‘58. f17e 173.067 794*S# 58.570 173.065 995*C9 58.679 173.0E2 995.8”
10 58.562 175.1G7 995 .-?11 58.655 173.12’5 957.512 58.663 173.1$8 998.113 !58.5J18 175.182 998.414 5~,.538 173.233 99a.415 58.628 273. ?79 1000.016 5s .625 173.323 100G.517 58. E523 ~7~.367 lf)~~.o18 58.625 173.405 1911.119 58.555 173.328 1001.820 ‘5~.~t5&l 173.338 lgO1.621 58.527 173.198 1901.822 5fi.642 173.222 1002.723 5:.652 173.1S9 1CC2.9c 58.648 173.210 lfi03.11 580615 1730!137 1003.12 5R.495 17?.783 lnit3*53 580413 172.72T 1002.54 58.238 172.827 11102.2!3 58.22LI 173.105 1002006 5P.175 173.162 1902.07 58.C72 173.37!? 10JI.38 57.q53 173.5?3 1001.49 57.a68 173.722 1000.3
10 57.767 173.433 999.411 57.648 173.109 998.612 57.528 172*777 997*913 57.410 172.295 996.814 57.293 172.143 995.915 57.173 171.828 994.816 57.357 171.527 9q4.117 57.035 171.357 9F2.9la 56.823 170.600 992.019 56.705 170.512 991.020 56.529 170.387 989*B21 56.555 17a.355 988.822 56.375 169.720 ?87.8
020032044052I)+s048~43050045040@40040ly4~f151045~38P44~?604564904n045059054949947043054043047045033040043040052946048?352053059
8.29.3
22*411.38.2
IO*8lG.39*3
10.310.33.3
17.311.89.89.3‘?.8
12.9903?.3
13.811.38.29.3?.3
11.89.33.8
10.81(?.39.89*37.79.3B.a
11].39.88.2
11.31!3.313.B10.3
-5*[email protected]*7-5.4-5,7-7.0-7*O-6.7-6.6-6.2-5.4-8.~-8.0-8.2-8.0-7*5-6.3-5.2-6.2-6.1-308-2.4- 2 a-3.0,-1.8-I*O0.0-. 5-. 6-.50.00.0.8
1.6~,b2 .?
- 5 . 8-5.4- 5 . 3- 5 . 1- 4 . 5- 5 . 2-5.8-6.C-z 7-i:9- 7 . 2- 7 . 2- 6 * 8-6.8-6.6-5 ● 5-8.3-8.2-8 ● 5-8.2‘8.0-6.8-5.8-6.5-6.3-4.2-3.0-3.1-3.2-2.2-1.4-.8
-1*O-1.0-1.0-. 6- .8.4
1.22.21 ● 2
-. 7-* 6-. 6-.-* :-. 4-. 5-*5-. 5-. 5-. 5-. 4-. 3-. 1.2.1 O*3 03 ~ 0.3
-. 6-. 6 0.3-. 7 O*3-.a 0.3-. 7 0.3-. 8 ?*3-. 3-*6
● 7 0.3 075 0.61*2 0.6 C70 f).o1.9 0.6 075 I)*Q2.4 0.6 075 0,?2.8 0.6 075 ‘0.92.3 0.6 P75 ~,?2*O 006 075 o-p2.0 0.9 075 1.22.0 0.9 975 1.22.6 0.6 075 0.92.G 0.3 075 0.9?*7 0.3 fj7fj 0.92*3 O*3 080 0.92.8 0.3 980 1.22.5 0.3 065 1.22.9 O*3 075 1.22.7 B03 992 1.2
88
81/3/1181/311281/3/1?91/3/1?81/3/1281/3/1281/5/1281/3/1281/3/1281/3/1281/3/1291/3/1281/3/128113/12$1/3/~281/3/1281/3/1281/3/1281/3/1281/3/1281/3/1281/3/1281/3/1281/3/1281/3/1281/3/1381/3/1?81/3/1381/3/1381/3/1381/3/1381/3/1381/311381/3/1381!3/1381/3/1?
2 3 5 6 . 2 6 5 1 6 ? . 4 3 29 56.153 1 6 ° . 1 4 71 56.048 168.9”?2 55.~57 1 6 8 . 6 4 23 55.98G 168.453~ 5 5 . 7 4 7 168.11?5 5 5 * 6 5 7 1 6 7 . 8 9 85 55.553 1 6 7 . 6 7 27 55.458 167.440g 55.377 1 6 7 , 2 2 29 55.3F7 166.997
10 5 5 . 9 3 7 ~6~,7=(111 55.170 146.523J.? 55”*1G7 15<.3P513 55.040 166;09814 54.987 165.0131< 54.922 165.;S8l.~ 54.847 i.s5.44J17 54.7:5 165.?1818 54.575 16S.1571? 54.428 165.01320 54.?45 164.7’%21 540335 165.6PP22 5~.357 164.3E325 54.418 164,119n 54.477 163.3301 54.532 163.5522 54.595 163.2503 54.655 162.9774 54.797 162.7755 54.9(?8 162.4?26 55.0175 162.2877 55.025 161.9578 55.192 161.qOO9 55.287 161.61310 55.297 161.?52
9 8 6 . 8‘98b.8984.4‘983.09 3 2 . 0991.5g~~.i.)98fi.6?79.6979*P9 7 8 . 5377.5976.99 7 4 * 5974*??71.0969.5966.9564.5?63.sq~g.o356.1955.8957.13958.8959*7960.5?s3.s❑ 59.9959*J?60.2960.1962.3962.6963.2963.5
11.311.31 2 . 91 1 . 310.31 0 . 31?.811.816.(I1 1 . 8~~.31 1 . 813.915.416.518.017.51 7 * 52 0 . 62 0 . 62 3 . 72 4 . 22 3 . 71 3 . 910.81 3 . 41 3 . 91 2 . 91 3 . 91 5 . 41R*51 9 . 112.91 4 . 413.41 2 * 4
? .22*22 . 52 . 2.2.2I.q1 *93 . 43.23.32 * 22 . 22 * 22 . 52 . 22.R? .tl2.52.52 . 32.11? ● 32*5
3.@3 .C3 . 22*P3 . 32.?2 . 22 .?2 * 22 ● 22 . 62.4
2 ● 4
1 *2 ?.? 0.3 ’ 3 8 5 1.2.8 5.7 O*3 fJ85 1 . 2
102 ?.3 Q*3 r!s= 1.2.6 3.2 0 . 3 C85 1:.2.6 3.5 O*3 085 1 . 2
0 . 0 4*1 003 I?85 1.20..0 7.6 O*3 1)~~ 1.23.2 ?.9 O*3 @9c 1.22.8 3.0 9*3 C75 1023.0 ?*2 O*3 080 1*21 ● 2 Z*1 0.3 !175 1.21*5 3.1 0.3 C18’ 1.21.0 301 0.6 08 @ 1.21 .? ?01 0.6 080 1,51*2 3.1 0.6 080 1*8.6 3.1 0.6 CF!P 1.8
I*H ?.3 0.6 Ogc 1.82*O 7,8 0.9 @gg leg200 :49 O.q ~6C 2.1191 2.6 O*9 f!6 c 2.4.7 2 ● 2 ~.~ ~~11 3.15● . 2.2 1*2 36 ~ 3.7
.7 ?.2 1.2 07= 3.71.2 7.6 1.2 095 3.7292 ?..3 G.9 ?35 ~.fj2.0 ?.3 0.9 125 2.41 ● 5 2.6 0.9 095 1.8I .7 2.8 5.6 095 1.8
● 6 2.8 0.6 105 2.41.1 ?.8 0.6 110 2.41 ● 1 ?.8 0.6 110 2.41.1 2*2 0.6 G8C 2.11.1 ?*2 O*6 092 1.81.3 ? ● 2 0.$ 125 1.21 ● 3 2*2 0,6 090 I*2102 ?03 C.6 115 1 ● 2
89
APPENDIX C
Profiles of Wind Speed and Temperature
Over an Ice Floe
90
+*++*+++OATF
{YY/~H/rlo)+++*+*+*
81/03/0781/03~0781/03/078 1 / 0 3 / 0 781/93/~781103 /CJ78 1 / 0 3 / ? 781/03~778 1 / 0 3 / 0 781/ G3/078 1 / 0 3 / 0 78 1 / 0 3 / ? 781/03/0?81 /33/J78 1 / 9 3 / 9 78 1 / 0 3 / 9 7811 C3/Q781/03/!78 1 / 0 3 / 9 781 /03/07131/03/1378 1 / 0 3 / 9 78 1 / 0 3 / 9 78 1 / 3 3 / 0 781/ C3/Q78 1 / 0 3 / 0 781/c3/!)78 1 / 0 3 / 0 781!;31078 1 / 0 3 / 0 78~io3/0781/03)378 1 / 0 3 / 0 78 1 / 0 3 / 9 78 1 / 0 3 / 0 7i31/c3/078 1 / 0 3 1 0 78 1 / 0 3 / 0 781 f031078 1 / 0 3 / 0 8
**++TIMK
t GMT)*+*+
0412051205423612064207129742081208420Q12g~421912ln4211121142l~i2
12421312134214121442151215421612164217121742l.qle18421C?1210+2
2C122pa221122~4222122242231223420012
.+ +++-+’++++**++AIR
TEMPFRATURC(DEG C )
4T H E I G H T (~)5 . 9 6 .71
*+-+*+*++++++
‘13.07 -12.98‘ 1 3 0 0 9 - 1 2 . 9 4-13.14 - 1 2 * Q 9-12.851 - 1 2 . 6 7-12.68 - 1 2 . 5 2- 1 2 . 6 5 -12.52- 1 2 . 7 6 ‘12.66-12.80 -12.5S- 1 2 . 7 4 -12.62-12.96 -12.80-15.15 -12.95-13.06 -12.R8-l?.~a -13.11)-13.2? -13.12- 1 3 . 2 1 -13.fJ6-13.09 - 1 2 ’ 9 3-13.90 - 1 2 . 8 9- 1 3 . 0 1 - 1 2 . 9 1-12.~7 - 1 2 . 8 5- 1 2 . 9 3 -12.31-12.8? - 1 2 . 7 7‘ 1 2 . 8 6 - 1 2 . 7 5-1.?.86 -12.74- 1 2 . 6 6 - 1 2 . 5 7- 1 2 . 4 2 -12.3LI-?2.11 - 1 1 * 9 9-11*8I -11.70- 1 1 . 4 7 -11.38-1;.92 -10.83-10.74 -10.60-10.35 -10.14-10.13 -9.86-9.51 - 9 . 1 4-8.79 -8.38-8.0: - 7 . 4 2-7*32 -6.&~-7.34 - 6 . 7 6- 7 . 4 9 - 6 . 3 6-7 .o~ -6.22- 6 . 5 5 - 5 . 6 7
MINDs9~Eo(/41s)
A T WIGHT fM)6.28 5.28 1.7$!+++++4-+++++--- -8’4
6.396 . 4 26 . 9 96.8:6 . 5 76.726 . 5 76.806 . 2 76 . 4 66 s 7 26 . 7 66 . 8 46.156 * 1 55 . 7 75.625 . 5 459505.775 , 2 35 . 7 75.585 . 2 74 . 5 14.2$4.013 . 1 33.062.732.ss2 . 1 42 . 4 41=951 ● 791.762.412.363 . 2 13 . 7 8
5,565.866.396.246.015*2O6.016.275.715.906.166.27A*275.565.605*I95 . 0 04 ● 934.935.26&.855.345 . 0 84.7p4.033 . 8 43 * 6 22 . 8 42 . 7 62 . 2 01*94
2 . 0 12 . 3 11 . 8 31.791.752 . 3 12.843 . 2 13 . 6 2
5.305 . 4 65*925,805*615 . 7 75*575.a&5*3?5 . 5 35,73s.ao5.e45.155.234.804 . 6 14 . 5 04.504.844.5:5.clo4.6?4..3n3 . 6 ?3 . 5 73*342 . 6 52 . 5 72*1I1.8111.882.151.691.6°1 * 6 52.272.8G3.043.T~
5.1?4.015.3:5.175.0?5.134.9F5.214.7?4.9=5.1?5*I75.254.574.6:4.274.9P3.973.974.274.014.424.193.8C3.253.142.9?2.242.2n1.791*5?1.641.901.45~ .&91.492.0?2*[email protected]
WINDOIR
(DEG T )AT !-IT
6 . 2 8+++++
80.415.69*3
1 ? . 515.615.61 5 . 617.71 7 * 717.71 7 . 71 5 . 617.711.4
7 . 2110413.5
3*O9 . 39 . 3
1 3 * 517.7
9 . 35 . 1
. 95 . 23.3
11069 . 4
1 1 . 63 4 8 . 43 5 0 . 53 3 5 . 83 5 6 . 8
1 7 . 94 4 * 97 2 . 38 2 . 85 1 . 24 2 . 7
91
*4
N
m
A ItWHWI-J● *4 ,3,n m
Iwl-l.
0-.(n
IIm m9*
%2’
I$0.
wme(A
+++++++*
81/93/0981/03/098 1 / 0 3 / 0 98116313981/d5 /0981103/0981/03/C981/?3/0981/03/0981/03/?981/03/8981/93/2981/33/?9~1/q3/.)981} C)3 )0981/03/0931/li3109~1/iJ3/098 1 / 0 3 / 0 98?. /03/0981/3~/39R1 /03/0981/03/0981/L3/9981/03/2981/33/998 1 / 0 3 / 0 981/03/098 1 / 0 3 / 0 98 1 / 0 3 / 0 981)t3/99Fil /03/lo8 1 / 0 3 / 1 08 1 / 3 3 / 1 081/03/1081/03/108 1 / 0 3 / 1 08 1 / 0 3 / 1 08 1 / 0 3 / 1 081/83/10
AIRTEY~ERATIJRF
(nEG c}AT HEIGHT (M)
5*96 . 7 1+.?++**’+++++++
-12.06 -11.94-1? .17 -1?*C4-12.18 -12. [13- 1 2 . 1 4 -12.20- 1 2 . 0 6 - 1 1 . 9 2-11.87 -11.75- 1 1 . 9 6 -11,88-11.99 -11.78-I?*I4 -12.0!)-12.20 -12.15-~~*49 -~9,37-12.5e - 1 2 . 4 7-12052 -1?.52-12.64 -12.54-12.46 -12.39-12.36 -12.30-~7J,4G -~2.3~-12.32 -1? .23-12.21 -12.14-12.3? -1?.34-12.42 -12.36-12.23 -12.13-~~.!_j9 -13. q7-11.79 -11.62-11.49 -11.25-11.15 -13.=5-l C.7F -l G.42-10.35 -lft.so-lfi.72 -1:.40-1~*49 -10.C8-Q.88 -?.45
-1”.29 -lT.00-9.57 -?.27-9.61 -?.27-9.44 -9.16-9.33 [email protected] -8.95-8.55 -8.43-8.35 -8.21-8.OQ -7.94
UIFJOsPEEo
(w/s}A T HE’IGHT {M)
6 . 2 8 3*28 1.78 1*O3.4++++**q+++*+ .+++++*+*
13.15 11.95 lf2.3~13.45 12.33 lo.6~12.57 11.43 10.0013.30 12.14 10.5713.22 12,03 10.4212..24 11.66 10.1112.76 11.66 10.1112.65 11.54 10.OG1?.19 11.21 9.7612.27 11.13 9.6~12.3? 11.21 9.7312.92 11.88 13.2612.57 11.54 ‘q*92~~.73 11.69 10.o713.15 12.07 10.3813.15 12.07 10.3413.41 l~c37 ~g*5713.22 12.14 lP.4212.76 11.69 10.C713.1s 12.03 10.3r12.53 11.43 9*7G13039 12.14 10.3412.9Cl 11.62 10.0011.65 1?.61 9.2712.5? 11.36 ?.e~11.88 10.80 9.461~*73 11.54 IO.(I712.76 11.66 lG.O?13.0? 11.92 13.2612.76 11.66 ?.J.n712089 11058 10*1I11.50 10.46 9.1=11.77 10.72 9.3411.85 10.87 ‘?.4212.15 11.02 9.5311.6? 10.53 9.1511.04 10.01 8.8010.81 9.86 8.6q10.2C q*~4 8.?710.43 9.53 8.38
?.469.6~9.PQ9.61q.f+”9 * 3 1~.27~.17~*978.8~8 . 8 29.319 . 1 27.2?9 * 5 7
?.389 . 5 79 . 4 ??*O8q.4~8.8’S9 . 4 ?9*168.57e.q?8.679.1?9.049 . 1 69.C4~.l?8.258 . 4 18.528.5=8 . 1 47 . 8 87.847 . 5 47’.62
UINDOIR
{DES T )bT HT
6 . 2 8+++++
3 0 . 23!?.22 8 * 13 0 . ?3 4 . 43!I.33 4 . 53 0 . 32 1 . 926.128*22 6 . 12 4 . 02 1 . 92 6 . 128.22.4.22 6 . 1q~.~3 2 . 43 0 . 326.126.132.43 2 . 42 6 . 330.52 6 . 3P4.22 6 . 32 8 . 42 4 . 22 2 . 11 7 . 82 0 . 02 0 . 12 2 * 215.’32 0 . 11 8 . 0
9 3
+++***++134TE
tvY/tiv)rj D)+-*-D++++
81/03/1081 I93I1O81/03 /1!3!31 /03/1081/9311081/03/1081/03/1081/03./1281/03/1081/03/1981/03/1081/3311081/03/1081/33/1081t;311081 /03/1081103/1081/03/1081/03/1081/03/1081/03/1081/33/1081/)3/1081/93/1?81/ C3/1081/93/1081/03/1081/03/1!)
81/03/1081/03/1081/03/2081/93/10
+-8-O*
TIME{G~T)++++
044205120542061206420712074298120842~~12q042
10121$4211:21142121212421T121342141214421512154216121642~71~17421812lq421Q12194?2912
AIRTEMPERATURE
(OEG C )A T HEIGHT (M)
?.96 .71t++++++++++++
-7.86 -7.80-6.711 -6.71
- 5 * 9 9 -6. flo- 5 . 1 1 -5.16-4.60 - 4 . 6 2- 4 . 3 7 - 4 * 4 O-4.51 - 4 . 5 2-4. s1 - 4 . 8 1- 4 . 8 7 -4 ● 86-5.17 -5.14-5.6? -5.65- 6 * O 6 -6.01-6.32 - 6 . 2 4-6e$33 - 6 . 7 5-7.3A -7.2+- 7 . 4 7 - 7 . 3 8- 7 . 0 2 -7.74-7.91 -7. R2-8*3O - 8 . 1 7-l?. J-/ - 8 . 2 5-8.71 - 8 . 6 0- 8 . 9 4 -8 . R4-9.16 - 9 . 0 6-9.21? - 9 . 1 7- 9 . 3 2 +-?.20- 9 . 4 5 - 9 * 3 4-q .61 -9.46-9.28 -9.19-9.31 - 9 . 2 0- 9 . 0 2 - ? . 9 0
-9.15 - 9 . 0 0
-’+.10 -8.97
9 . 5 59 * 7 19 . 4 89 . 7 49 . 8 2
11.921 1 . 1 610.169.86
lQ *7410.7’310.931 0 . 0 5
9 . 7 410.15
9 . 3 69 . 7 49 * 5 99 . 0 29 . 3 69 . 6 39 * 7 49.59
10.161 0 . 3 21 0 . 3 6
9 . 1 79 . 4 09 . 6 39 . 9 4
10.369 . 8 2
8*7O8 . 7 88 . 4 8~.898.96
1 0 . 9 81 0 . 1 6?.268 . 9 69 . 7 99 . 7 99.99
9 . 1 98 . 8 5S! .308.528 . 7 88 . 7 03.078 * 4 88 . 7 08.828 . 7 09 * 3 4? .389.49R*298 . 5 58 . 7 89.049.418 . 9 6
7 . 6 97.~27 , 7 39.198 . 1 ?9.?29 . 1 98.468.198 . 8 88.849.008 . 3 88 . 1 18 . 4 ?7.848.077 . 9 27.387 . 6 57 . 9 28.037.968 . 4 68 . 4 68 . 5 77 * 5 77*9C7 . 9 28 . 1 58.9?8.07
6.987.247.il~7 . 6 27 . 5 P9.1?8 . 4 87 . 7 77*5@8 . 1 47.998 . 1 47.657 * 4 77 . 7 77.21!7.437 . 2 46 . 7 55.937 . 1 67 * 3 17.?.37.547 . 5 87 . 7 36.837 . 9 57 . 2 07.507 . 6 97 . 3 ?
UINCJf3r R
(DEG T )AT HT6.28
+++++
15.92 2 . 23 0 . 63 7 . 13 9 . 24 5 . 54 7 . 64 9 . 74 3 . 44 5 * 54 1 . 53 7 . 23 5 . 13 7 . 23 7 . 23 0 . 93 3 . 03 5 . 13 0 . 93 2 . 93 7 . 23 5 . 13 5 . 13 7 . 23 5 * 14 3 . 63 7 . 24 5 . 73 9 . 43 7 * 43 7 * 44 1 . 6
94
APPENDIX D
Relative currents and temperatures for two current meters under the ice
floe. Interpolated data are indicated by an asterisk, chiefly some of the
compass data from the 1.1 m deep current meter. Julian day 67 is equivalent
to 8 March.
NtMBER OF PUINTS 410) OEPTH{H) i.1
********************************************************
YR JD HR RN REC u(CPVS) V(CWS) S(CWS) (OEG T) SST(C)
************w*********************M4*********M*********
2 . 4 34. OB4 . 3 12 . 6 12. 3s7 . 1 5&. 23S. 294 . 3 22 . 1 34 . 0 92. S93 . 0 73 . 2 43.423 . 3 93 . 4 02 . 9 82 . 9 32 . 0 02 . 8 52 . 3 93 . 3 82 . 8 53 . 0 63 . 2 73 . 4 73 . 6 75 . 0 96. 9s7 . 2 87 . 5 64 . 8 26. so7 . 2 44 . 4 49.349 . 5 99 . 0 17 . 0 67 . 5 66 . 0 79 . 2 4
12.07e. 228 . 4 99 . 1 1
1 0 . 4 410.31
6 . 5 27 . 4 6s. 73b. 338. S9!5. 455. 9e6.6.57 . 2 78. 163.809.946.326.717 . 0 97 . 4 77 . 1 06. 135.936.337 . 7 87. 7?7 . 2 69 . 3 88 . 2 3e. 077 . 9 17 . 7 5
1 0 . 0 19 . 4 1B. 37s. 499 . 2 0
1 0 . 0 97 . 9 39 . 7 09 . 9 97. 7s
1 2 . 8 91 1 . 8 8
9. 9s1 1 . 0 91 2<0 0
8 . 3 21 0 . 0 4
?. b4s. 549 . 7 98 . 9 6
6.96 20.47e. 50 2a. 69*7. 17 3 6 . 9 17 . 0 3 2 1 . 8 49 . 2 0 14.993 . w 32. &78 . 6 4 4&. lb8 . 5 0 3#. 45+e. 44 3 0 . 7 48 . 4 3 14.647. 10 33.206 . 6 1 23. 9s7 . 0 3 * 2s. 88*7.45+F 2 5 . 0 1 *7. 87* 25. 74*8.29 25. 67*7 . 8 7 25. 616 . 8 2 25. 95*6 . 6 1 2 6 . 2 97 . 2 0 23. 21*0.29 20. 12*8. 15 1 7 . 0 4s. 01 2 4 . 9 2B. BS 1 8 . 7 5%,70s 20.40+B.71s 2 2 . 0 4 *8. 64* 23. 69*s. 57 2s. 33*
11.23 24. 9s11.72 36.371 1 . 0 9 4 1 . 0 21 1 . 3 7 4 1 . 7 11 0 . 3 9 27. &b1 2 . 0 0 32. %01 0 . 7 4 4 2 . 3 910.67 2 4 . 9 813. 6s 4 3 . 0 81 2 . 3 5 30.961 6 . 2 0 37. 2s13. S2 3 0 . 7 412.21 3a. Za1 3 . 0 5 31.7713. 15 3 7 . 6 01 4 . 6 6 33.4112. 9% 3 9 . 3 11 2 . 8 4 4 1 . 3 712.49 4 6 . 8 5i4. 31 46.051 3 . 4 0 5 0 . 2 7
- 1 . 6 6-1. 6&-1. &6- 1 . 6 9-1.69-1. 6A-1.69-1.69- 1 . 6 9-1.69-1. b9- 1 . 6 9-1. 69s-1. 69s- 1 . 7 1 *-1. 71+- 1 . 7 1- 1 . 7 1-i. 69- 1 . 6 9-1.71- 1 . 6 9-1.69-1.71-1. 71*- i . 7 1 *-1. 71*-1, 71*- 1 . 7 1- 1 . 7 1- 1 . 7 1- 1 . 7 1-1. b~-i. 71- 1 . 7 1- 1 . 7 1- 1 . 7 1- 1 . 7 1- 1 . 7 1-1.71- 1 . 7 1- 1 . 7 3- 1 . 7 1- 1 . 7 1- 1 . 6 ?- 1 . 7 1- 1 . 6 9- 1 . 7 1-1.71
96
81 b7 10 B 14G581 67 10 IB 148&al 67 10 2R 148781 47 10 38 148S81 &7 10 4e 1489S1 67 10 50 1490S1 67 11 8 149181 67 %1 1S 149281 67 11 2a 1493S1 67 11 38 149481 67 11 48 149581 67 11 5s 149t561 67 12 8 149781 &7 12 18 149%81 67 12 2S 1499S1 67 12 38 1500%1 67 12 48 190161 67 12 98 13!3281 67 13 8 150381 ~7 13 18 1 9 0 481 67 13 28 130581 67 13 3S 150681 67 13 40 190781 67 13 58 150801 67 14 8 1S09S1 67 14 18 151081 67 i4 2S 151181 67 14 3S 131281 &7 14 4S 151381 &7 14 5S 1514Eli r57 13 a 151sS1 47 19 18 131681 67 15 28 1!51781 67 1S 38 151S81 67 13 48 1519S1 67 15 58 1520S1 67 16 8 15218i 67 16 18 132281 67 lb 2S 152381 67 Ik 3S 152481 67 16 4% 152581 67 16 38 152691 67 17 El 152781 67 17 IS 152881 67 17 2S :529S1 67 17.38 153081 67 17 48 1531BI 67 17 58 133261 67 18 8 133381 67 tS 18 133401 67 18 28 1S35al 67 18 38 133681 67 1s 4s 133781 67 la 5a 133EI81 67 19 8 153961 &7 19 lB 1340S1 67 19 28 154181 67 19 38 194281 67 19 4S 134381 67 19 5a 1544
6.85 9.99 11.793. 9B 11.79 13.19a. 9& 9. 5a 13. 127.80 9.76 12.499.07 9. 4a 13.129.99 11.48 13.229.71 10. a9 1 4 . 5 9
1 0 . 7 4 9. i4 1 4 . 1 01 1 . s 5 1 0 . 4 4 1 5 . 5 71 3 . 0 3 e. 33 15.5713.32 1 0 . 2 9 1 6 . 8 312.84 12.04 1 7 . 6 0I&. 60 7. S& 1s. 3713.83 8.03 19.9914. 17 1 0 . 6 7 1 7 . 7 411.72 11.39 1A. 341 3 . 6 1 6.63 13. 1513.13 9 . 3 3 17. 8S1 2 . 9 2 1 0 . 2 3 16. 4%1 1 . 5 6 1 2 . 3 2 1 7 . 0 41 0 . 3 8 11.23 13.2914. 10 8.33 16. 4B15.21 7 . 2 0 lb. 8313.63 1 3 . 7 3 1 9 . 3 5Il.&& 12.62 1 7 . 1 811.s1 1 4 . 2 5 la. 5119.93 1 4 . 5 8 2 1 . 5 91 8 . 0 3 1 2 . 7 5 ’22. 0%1 2 . 7 9 1s. 62 20. i91 4 . 0 5 1 3 . 8 1 19.7014.82 11.44 1 B. 7213. S8 1 2 . 2 5 10.511 0 . 7 3 1 2 . 7 9 1 6 . 6 91 7 . 3 1 9. 10 19.3616.79 1 2 . 3 3 20. e212.56 11.92 17.3214’. 5B 14. 17 2 0 . 3 316. 16 s. 87 la. 4414.92 6.31 1 6 . 2 010.40 15.31 18. S114. 13 1 1 . 7 4 1 8 . 3 715. 17 1 4 . 0 5 2 0 . 6 81 4 . 5 9 1 0 . 5 8 1s. 021 1 . 2 4 1 3 . 9 0 1 7 . 6 811.36 1 6 . 5 2 2 0 . 0 510.07 1 4 . 0 9 1 7 . 3 210.37 12. 9s 1 6 . 6 21 3 . 4 8 13. 10 18.79
9 . 8 1 13. Ob 1 6 . 3 41 4 . 7 9 11.s3 18.721 2 . 0 0 1 2 . 3 1 17.25
6 . 8 8 1 6 . 3 8 17. 9!5lo. 7% 7 . 7 2 13.26
6. 9% 1 1 . 2 7 1 3 . 2 61 2 . 3 3 1 0 . 3 0 16.2014. 19 9 . 0 9 16.8312. 12 11.73 1 6 . 9 01 3 . 4 5 1 3 . 2 2 18.8614. 12 1 2 . 9 2 19. 141 4 . 9 4 14.70 20.96
3s. 54 -1.6926. 9S -1.6943.08 -1.6938.62 -1. &943.76 -1.6941. (32 -1.6941.71 -1. b949.59 -1.6947.07 -1.6656. 7a -1. 6&92.33 -1.6946.85 -1.69&4. LD6 -1.66w. B7 -1. 4A53.01 -1.6945.82 -1. i5963.98 -1.6637.81 -1.6651.64 -1. 4A42.74 -1. &b42.74 -1.6693.84 -1.6664. &6 -1, 6644. 7? -1. &&42.74 -1.6639.63 -1.6947.53 -1.6954.73 -1.6939.31 -1.6945.48 -1. &952.33 -1. L44a. 56 -1.6640.00 -1.6662.26 -1.6653.70 -1. 6&I4A, 50 -1.6645.02 -1.4661.24 -1.7167.06 -1.6634.17 -1.7150.27 -1. b947. 19 -1.6654.04 - 1 . bk38. ?7 -1.713 4 . 5 1 -1.693 5 . 5 4 -1.6938. &2 -1.694 5 . 8 2 - 1 . 6&3&. 91 - 1 . &95 1 . 9 9 - 1 . 6 644. 4s -l.&&2 2 . 3 2 -1.695 4 . 3 8 -1.663 1 . 7 7 - 1 . 6 94 9 . 3 9 -1.693 7 . 4 7 -1.6645. a2 -1.6443, 48 -1.644 7 . 5 3 -1. &&45.48 -1. &4
97
al 67 20 a 1s45al &7 20 lB 154681 67 20 20 154781 67 20 3s 1s48%1 &7 20 40 154?81 b7 20 5e 155081 &7 21 B 153181 67 21 18 195281 67 21 2S 15S3S1 67 21 38 1534S1 67 21 48 15s3S1 67 21 S8 139481 67 22 8 135781 67 22 Is 193801 &7 22 2B i!535’B1 67 22 38 1560BI 67 22 48 196101 b7 22 m 13.5281 67 23 E 1563S1 67 23 18 IW5401 &7 23 28 1%501 67 23 38 1566%1 67 23 48 15.57al 6 7 2 3 38 136881 &a o 8 15&901 w o 18 197081 60 Q 2B 157181 68 0 38 1S72al 68 0 4B 157331 be o 98 137481 68 1 8 1575S1 68 1 la 1576Si &a 1 2B 1377%1 bB 1 3B 157881 be 1 4s 157%’81 68 1 3S 150091 6B 2 8 15s181 68 2 18 19S2B1 &8 2 28 1383S1 68 2 3S 138481 ba 2 48 158581 68 2 5S 138681 b8 3 B 1%781 68 3 1% 138Sel 15S 3 28 158981 b8 3 38 159081 60 3 48 199181 b8 3 58 1392el b8 4 % 197381 ka 4 la 1594al 6Q 4 2% 159301 ba 4 3a 199bBI 6a 4 4a 139781 &8 4 98 1398m 6a 9 a 1599ai ~a 5 is 1600al 6a 5 28 160181 ba 5 3a 1602al ba 5 4B 1b0381 6a 5 3a 1604
13.309.3714.0312.1713.2411.67%0. 40a. 4814.769.8211.9511.723.954.6613.206.49
13. 4sIi. 009 . 4 6
12.70il. 9a9 . 3 96 . 7 7
1 0 . 4 611.871 0 . 2 610.971 0 . 4 3s. 029 . 0 27 . 5 06.927 . 1 19. w12.03h. al8.45a. 9410.4110.1213.7712.0311.207.127.92b. 2a4.26a. 91
10. 116.3813.937.40a. 2610.075.619.6610.5710.7810.319. 3!3
11.7412.9614.1314. so13.8215.3312.7017, 1614. la12.4414. 2e14.1415.3717.4111.1016.2112.9211.2112.2813.7511.9212.9114. w9. 44!
11. 1310.2711.7310. w11.5113. b312.2711.648. b9
13. 1313.6812.7810. 3ai2. a39. 1913.91i2. 1612.4411.411s. 3316.2713.9412. 4B16.061s. 091 4 . 8 91 1 . 4 3lb. 431 3 . 6 91 4 . 0 91 4 . 0 013. 5)217, !5313. 4%13. 3914.62
17.7415.9919.91lB. 9319.1419. 2a16.4119. i42 0 . 4 71 9 . 8 51s. 37la. 37lb. 4e1s. 021 7 . 2 91 7 . 4 618. 6S15.711 3 . 3 0la. 721 6 . 9 01s. 641 6 . 0 61 4 . 1 016.2714. X216.0619.0814.0316.3414. 3a13.541 1 . 2 31 6 . 2 01a. 2314. bb1 3 . 3 419.6413. a9la. abla. 371 7 . 3 215.99lb. 901s. 0913, 2913.’96la, 3710. 1616.20la. 021%. 0219.991 7 . 3 213. oa16. b220.47la. a616.8317. 4b
48. 3b33.8844. 7?40.0043.7637.2539.3126.2946. lb38. 2s3a. 9739. bs21.1314.974 9 . 9 32 1 . 8 446. 164 4 . 4 537. ho4 2 . 7 443. 133 6 . 9 12 4 . 9 247, B744!. es44. 96+4 3 . 0 34 3 . 7 63 4 . 0 63 3 4 931.433 0 . 7 43 9 . 3 135.884 1 . 3 727. b&3a. 6234. ab4a. 3632.464a. 3644. 1144.4524.9225.9324.242b. 63*2 9 . 0 333. a323.213 0 . 6 224.243 1 . 0 935. 542 1 . 8 435.3431.0 ’934. a6*38.62
-i. 66-1.64- 1 . 6 6-1 . &4-1.64-1. b4-1. b4-1 .64-1.64-1.64-1.154-1.64-1. b4-1. b4-1. ‘b4-1. &&-1. bb-1. b6-i. 66-1. b6-1.69- 1 . 6 9- 1 . 6 9-1. b9- 1 . 6 9-1. b9-1. b9-1 .69- 1 . 7 1-1. b9-1. &9-i. 71-1. b9-1.49-1.69- 1 . 6 9-1 . b9-1. b9-1.69-1. 6?-1.69-1.69-1.66-1. b9-1.69-1. b9-1. b6*-i. bb-1.69-1. b9-1. b9-1. &9-1. 6b-1 .69-1. b9-1. b9-1.66-1. b9-i. &%’
33. 14 -1.49
98
01 66 6 B 160581 68 6 1s 160681 68 6 28 160781 68 6 38 lbO$81 68 6 48 1609S1 68 6 3S 16i0BI 68 7 S 141181 68 7 1S 161281 68 7 28 lb13El &3 7 36 161481 6% 7 48 161S81 m 7 58 161681 &R 8 8 l&17S1 &8 8 18 161881 68 8 2S 161901 M 8 38 1620El 68 8 48 1621S1 6S B !$S 1622S1 68 9 8 162381 68 9 18 1624El 68 9 2a 162581 68 9 38 162681 68 9 4B 1&2761 68 9 38 162SBI W ICI % 162901 68 iO 10 163081 68 iO 2B 163181 48 10 38 163281 68 iO 48 163381 68 10 38 1+53481 &a 11 e l&.3581 68 11 18 l&3681 68 11 28 163781 68 11 3S 163381 68 11 48 163981 6a 11 Ss 164081 6S 12 S 1641B1 6B 12 f8 164281 66 12 28 1643El &E 12 38 164481 68 12 48 1645BI 68 12 38 164681 68 13 8 1447S1 68 i3 18 164881 68 13 28 164981 68 13 38 1690S1 68 13 48 165181 63 13 58 165281 68 14 8 lbS381 68 14 18 165481 b8 14 28 163381 b8 14 38 163681 68 14 48 lb3781 68 14 9B 165881 68 13 8 1639BI 68 15 18 166081 b8 15 28 166181 68 19 38 16b281 68 19 48 166381 68 19 % 1664
6.6312.”205.36
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