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Student preparation chapter 4

This session provides a perfect opportunity for you to begin thinking about your

own research project. Based on the information you find in chapter 4 and chapter 2,

sections 2.3 and 2.4 these following questions provide you with a guide for your

project.

1. Which approach, deductive or inductive, may be most appropriate for your

research question(s) and objectives?

2. Which strategy, or strategies, may be most appropriate for your researchquestion(s) and objectives?

V isa skrivbordet.scf

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The research process onion

Research

philosophy

Positivism

interpretivism

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How do you as an individual think of

the development of knowledge?

The research philosophy spectrum

Characteristics

PositivismRealism

Interpretivism- Origin from natural science

-law-like generalizations

- with the purpose to facilitate

repetition the method is highly

structured.

-Quantifiable observations- The researcher is independent

of and neither affects nor is

affected by the subject of

the research

-Approximately the same

as social constructivism

-Business take place

in a complex environment

difficult to generalize

-There is no objective reality

only subjective reality where

Its important to understand

the participants motives,

action and intentions

-Is based on the

belief that reality exist

but also that there are

large-scale social forces

that affect peoples

perception-Realism share same

aspect with positivism

as example the view of

an external objective

nature but in a social

context

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Economic Socio logy

The actor is influenced by

other actors and is part of

groups and society

Many different types of

economic action are used,

including rational ones;

rationality as a variable

Economic action areconstrained by the scarcity

of resources, by the social

structure, and by meaning

structures

Marx-Weber-Durkheim

Schumpeter-Polanyi

Parsons/Smelser; the

classics are constantly

reinterpreted and taught

Mainstream Econom ics

The actor is uninfluenced by

other actors (methodologicalindividualism")

All economic action are assumed

to be rational; rationality asassumption

Economic action are constrained

by tastes and by the scarcity ofresources including technology

Smith-Ricardo-Marshall-Keynes

Samuelson; the classic belong

to the past; emphasis is on currenttheory and achievements

Concept of

the actor

Economic

action

Constrainson the action

Intellectual

tradition

Table: 4,1. Economic Sociology and Mainstream Economics - A Comparison

Source, table 4.1 in my dissertation and its a part of Smelser and Swedberg (1994)

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The research process onion

Research

philosophy

Positivism

interpretivism

Research

approaches

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Research approaches

Deduction: Testing theory

In which the researcher develop atheory and hypothesis and design a

research strategy to test the

hypothesis.

Induction: Building theory

In which the researcher collectdata and develop theory as a result

of the analysis of the data

Characteristics

-Starting out from theory move to data

-More like positivism

- Explaining casual relationships between

variables. For example between annual

Income and consumption of luxury goods.

- Develop hypothesis and collecting of data.

-The use of highly structured methodology

with the purpose of replication- The importance of a strictly definition of the

measured variables

-Researchers have to be independent of what

Is being researched

-The importance of select sufficient samples

In order to generalize findings

Characteristics

-Collecting data and generate theory

-More like interpretivism

- In a research context gaining anunderstanding of the meanings

human attach to events

-Normally collection of qualitative data

- Flexible structure in order to changes

of research emphasis as the research

progresses.

-Researcher is a part of the research

process.

-Less concern with the need to

generalize

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TRUS_PER0.25

TRUS_INF0.15

TRUS_NOR0.55

trust commit

EXKN_GUA 0.42

BACK_TEC 0.41

Chi-Square=6.00, df=4, P-value=0.19939, RMSEA=0.072

0.76

0.77

0.86

0.92

0.67

0.78

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The research process onion

Research

philosophy

Positivism

interpretivism

Research

approaches

Researchstrategies

Experiment

Case

study

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Figure 10.1 A classification of survey methods

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Figure 7.1 A classification of qualitative research procedures

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Figure 11.1 A classification of experimental designs

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The research process onion

Research

philosophy

Positivism

interpretivism

Research

approaches

Researchstrategies

Experiment

Case

study

Time

horizons

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Time horizons

Cross sectional studies Longitudinal studies

Its a picture of a particular phenomenon/a

at a particular timeIts which deals with the change

Over the period of time

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The research process onion

Sampling

Secondary data

Observation

Interviews

Questionnaires

Research

philosophy

Positivism

interpretivism

Research

approaches

Researchstrategies

Experiment

Case

study

Time

horizons

Data collection

methods

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The possibility of getting the wrong answers in a research project emphases

the questions of reliability and validity (will will come back to this question later)

Reliability

1. Will the measurers yield the same results on other occasions?

2. Will similar observations be reached by other observers?

3. Is there transparency in how sense was made from the raw data

Validity

Validity is a question of whether you actually succeeded in measuring what

You were trying to measure. For example is there a casual relationship

between trust and commitment? Can you theoretically prove the causality?

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Threats to reliability

Subject or participant error:

Subject or participant bias:

Observer error:

Observer bias:

You have to select the right moment to completeda questionnaire. Easy to say difficult to do

Are the respondents answer truthful?

If more than one researcher making, for example; personal

interviews the risk for observer error rises (section 9.2)

Here, of course, there may have been different approaches

To interpreting the interviews

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Examination of validity

McDaniel and Gates (1996) mention a number of different perspectives

from which validity can be examined: face validity, content validity,

Face validitywhereby the researcher judges the question when is designed

2,2. Which attribute do you most value with your present major supplier of water taps.

Every question responds individually.

1=not at all important 7=very important

That the major supplier

2,2,1. Keep what is promised 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2,2,2. meet our wishes of special

adjustment with products.

Content validity: Is the representative ness of the content of the measurement

Instrument or, in other words, the scale provides relevant coverage of the topic studied