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Draft ESMP AMUDA – ACHARA ISUOCHI ROAD GULLY EROSION, ABIA STATE NEWMAP

i

Federal Republic of Nigeria

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP)

Final Report

For

AMUDA ACHARA GULLY EROSION SITE

UMUNNEOCHI LGA OF ABIA STATE, ABIA

Abia State Project Management Unit (SPMU) NIGERIAN EROSION & WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT

(NEWMAP)

ABIA STATE -NIGERIA EROSION & WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT (ABIA-NEWMAP)

UMUAHIA, ABIA STATE WORLD BANK ASSISTED

December , 2014


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Table of Contents Content Page Table of Contents ii List of Tables v List of Figures v List of Plates vi List of Boxes vi List of Abbreviations/ Acronyms vii Definition of Terms viii Executive Summary ix CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 The Intervention Work 1 1.3 Need for ESMP for the Proposed Intervention Work 2 1.4 Objectives of this Environmental and Social Management Plan 2 1.5 Scope/Terms of Reference of the ESMP and Tasks 3 1.6 Approaches for Preparing the Environmental and Social Management Plan

(ESMP) 3 1.6.1 Literature Review 3 1.6.2 Interactive Discussions/Consultations 3 1.6.3 Field Visits 3 1.6.4 Identification of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures 4 CHAPTER 2: POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAME WORK 5 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Summary of Relevant Local and Federal Policy, Legal, Regulatory and

Administrative Framework 5 2.2.1 State Legislations 5 2.2.2 State Policies, Legislations and Standards 5 2.2.3 World Bank’s Environmental and Social Guidelines 6 2.3 World Bank Safeguard Policies Triggered by NEWMAP Proposed Activity 6 2.4 Nigeria EA Guidelines and World Bank EA Guidelines 7 2.5 Making the ESMP Response to Good Practice 8 CHAPTER 3: EXISTING BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF PROPOSED PROJECT SITE 9 3.0 Introduction 9 3.1 Location of the Gully and Extent 9 3.2 The Watershed 9 3.3 Biophysical Environment 10 3.3.1 Hydrological Study 10 3.4 Geology 11 3.5 Soil Study 11 3.6 Geotechnical Analysis 12 3.7 Flora and Fauna 13 3.8 Water Resources and Quality Assessment 13 3.9 Climate and Meteorology of the Study Area 14 3.10 Noise Level Assessment 16 3.11 Air Quality Assessment 16 3.12 Physiography and Drainage 16 3.13 Environmentally Sensitive Areas 17 CHAPTER 4: SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY AREA 19 4.1 Introduction 19 4.2 Quality of Life 19


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4.3 Settlement Pattern 19 4.4 The People, Culture and Religion 19 4.5 Economy 20 4.6 Occupation and Livelihood 20 4.7 Education 21 4.8 Age, Sex, Marital Status and Number of Children of Respondents 21 4.9 Awareness of the Proposed Intervention Project 22 4.10 Respondents Important Valuables to be Protected 23 4.11 Conflict Resolution 23 4.12 Health Status Assessment 23 4.12.1 Respondents Common Health Problems 23 4.12.2 Awareness of HIV/AIDS 24 4.12.3 Awareness of Malaria 24 4.12.4 Respondents Opinion on Causes of Health 24 4.12.5 Risk of Health Problem as a Result of the Intervention Work 25 4.12.6 Main Source of Water Supply to the Facility 25 4.12.7 Availability of Health Care Facility 25 CHAPTER 5: ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS AND

ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 26 5.1 Introduction 26 5.2 Impact Identification and Evaluation 26 5.3 Potential Environmental and Social Impacts of the Project 27 5.3.1 The Project Benefits 27 5.3.2 Negative Impacts 27 5.3.2.1 Construction Phase 28 5.3.2.2 Operation Phase 28

5.3.3 Irreversible Environmental Changes 28 5.3.4 Cumulative /Secondary Impacts 28 5.3.5 Environmental Justice 28 5.4 Analysis of Project Alternatives 31 5.4.1 No Project Option 31 5.4.2 Delayed Project Option 31 5.4.3 Go Ahead Option 32 5.4.4 Gully Treatment Options 32 CHAPTER 6: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 33 6.1 Introduction 33 6.2 Mitigation Measures 33 6.3 Residual Impacts after Mitigation 33 6.4 Enhancement of Positive Impacts and Reduction/Avoidance of Negative

Impacts 33 6.5. Waste Management Plan 44 6.6 Maintenance and inspection of Treated Gully 44 6.7 Gender Issues 44 6.8 Environmental Monitoring and Auditing 45 6.8.1 Site Inspection and Monitoring 45 6.8.2 Site Inspection and Maintenance 45 6.8.3 Site Inspection Frequency 45 6.8.4 Vegetation Establishment Monitoring 46 6.8.5 Maintenance Problems 46 6.8.6 Inspection and Maintenance Reports 46 6.9 Reporting Procedure 47 6.9.1 Complaints Register and Environmental Incidents 47 6.9.2 Record Keeping 47 6.10 Disclosures and Public Consultation Plan 51


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6.11 Institutional Arrangements 52 6.12 Institutional Capacity Building & Training 53 6.13 Review and Revision of the ESMP 54 6.14 ESMP Budget and Schedule of Work 54 CHAPTER 7: PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS 56 7.1 Introduction 56 7.2 The Objectives of community Consultations 56 CHAPTER 8: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 58 References 59 Appendices 60


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LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1: Triggered Safeguard Policies 7 3.1: Rainfall Intensifies and Time of Concentration for the Gully 11 3.2: Soil Particles, Characteristics & Plasticity of Gully Area 12 3.3: Ambient Noise Levels at Project Intervention Zone 16 3.4: Results of Air Quality Measurements taken at the Proposed Intervention Zone 16 3.5: Summary of Some Specific Baseline Conditions of the Zones 18 4.1: Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Study Area 19 5.1: Consequence Severity, Likelihood Ranking & Risk Matrix Tables 26 5.2: Identified Potential Impacts 29 5.3: Gully Treatment Options 32 6.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan 35 6.2: Environmental and Social impact Mitigation Monitoring Plan 48 6.3: Summary of the Planned Stakeholder Engagement Schedule 51 6.4: Institutional Responsibilities 52 6.5: Training Modules on Environmental and Social Management 53 6.6: ESMP Budget Summary 55 6.7: ESMP Budget and Implementation Schedule 55

LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1.1: Dimensions of the Engineering Works 2 3.1 Watershed of the Amuda-Achara Isuochi Gully Erosion Site 10 3.2: Rainfall Pattern in the Study Area (2000-2012) 14 3.3: Average Temperature in the Project Area for the Period 2002-2012 15 3.4: Average Relative Humidity in Study Area for the Period 2002-2012 15 4.1: Religion of Respondents 20 4.2: Income of the Respondents 21 4.3: Educational Attainment of Respondents 21 4.4: Age Distribution and Sex of Respondents 22 4.5: Marital of the Proposed Intervention Project 22 4.6: Proposed Project Awareness among Respondents 22 4.7: Respondents Important Valuables to be Protected 23 4.8: Respond Way of Conflict Resolution 23 4.9: Common Health Problems occurring in the Respondent’s Area 24 4.10: Likely Causes of the Various Health Problems of Respondents 24


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LIST OF PLATES

Plate Page 3.1: Location of the Erosion Site along Amuda-Achara Road 9

LIST OF MAPS Map Page 3.1: Gully Area showing Drainage 17 3.2: Aerial View of the Gullied Erosion Road and Settlements 18

LIST OF BOXES Box Page 7.1: A Summary of the Outcome of the Consultation Meetings 57

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Page 1: Description of the Components of the Project – The Engineering Profile of

The Civil Works 60 2: Terms of Reference for the ESMP Preparation 61 3: Summary of World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard policies (10+2) 64 4: Environmental Quality Standards and Criteria – Permissible Levels 65 4.1: Soil Characteristics 67 4.2: Result of Water Samples at the Proposed Intervention Area 67 4.3: Summary of Some Specific baseline Conditions of the Zones 68 5: Stakeholders Met and Summary of the Meetings 69 6: Erosion and Sediment Control Measures 71 7: General Environmental management Conditions for Construction Controls 77 8: Indicative Framework for Assessing and Mainstreaming Gender Concerns 84


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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand BP Bank Policy CBO Community Based Organization CDD Community Driven Development CSO Community Support Organizations DO Dissolved Oxygen DS Dissolved Solids EA Environmental Assessment EAR Environmental Audit Report ESA Environmentally Sensitive Areas ESIA Environmental & Social Impact Assessment EIA Environnemental Impact Assessment E(S)MP Environmental (and Social) Management Plan ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESSO Environmental and Social Safeguard Officer FGN Federal Government of Nigeria FMEnv Federal Ministry of Environment FPMU Federal Project Management Office FRDP Federal Roads Development Project GIS Geographic Information System HSE Health Safety and Environment IDA International Development Association IPM Integrated Pest Management LB Land Bureau LGA Local Government Area LFN Laws of the Federation of Nigeria MDAs Ministries, Departments & Agencies MDG Millennium Development Goals MIGA Multilateral Guarantee Agency MOE State Ministry of Environment MOW State Ministry of Works MoH State Ministry of Housing NEEDS National Economic Empowerment & Development Strategy NEWMAP Nigerian Erosion and Watershed Management Project NGO Non-Governmental Organization NS Not Specified OD Operational Directives (of the World Bank) NGO Non-governmental Organization NIWA National Inland Waterways Authority OP Operational Policy PPE Personal Protective Equipment RAP Resettlement Action Plan RPF Resettlement Policy Framework RRC Road Rehabilitation Contractor SEPA State Environmental Protection Agency SMENV State Ministry of Environment SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SPMU State Project Management Unit TDS Total Dissolved Solids TOR Terms of Reference TSP Total Suspended Particulate


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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS, Cont'd

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT CHEMICAL ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS

cfu/ml Colony forming unit per milliliter cm Centimeter dBA Decibel ft Feet g Gramme k Kilogramme g/cm Gramme per Centimeter Km Kilometer m Meter m3 Meter Cube meq Milliequivalent mg Milligramme mg/Kg Milligramme per Kilogramme mg/l Milligramme per Litre ml Millilitre mm Millimetre m/s Meter per Second NTU Turbidity Unit o/oo Parts per thousand

oN Degree North PH Hydrogen ion concentration ppb parts per billion ppm parts per million ToC Temperature in degrees Celsius

g Microgramme

S micro Siemen

m micrometer % Percentage

Al Aluminum C Carbon Ca Calcium CaCO3 Calcium Carbonate CCl4 Carbon Tetrachloride Cd Cadmium Cl Chloride CO Carbon Monoxide CO2 Carbon Dioxide Cr Chromium Cu Copper Fe Iron H Hydrogen H2O water H2S Hydrogen Sulphide Hg Mercury K Potassium Mg Magnesium Mn Manganese N Nitrogen Na Sodium Na2PO4 Sodium phosphate NaOH Sodium hydroxide NH3 Ammonia NH4

+ Ammonium ion

NH4F Ammonium flouride Ni Nickel NO2

- Nitrite ion

NO3- Nitrate ion

NOX Nitrogen Oxides O2 Oxygen P Phosphorus Pb Lead PO4 Phosphate SiO2 Silicate SO2 Sulphur dioxide SO4 Sulphate ion V Vanadium Zn Zinc

DEFINITION OF TERMS Landslide A down slope movement of rock and soil along a slip surface. Shale Fine-grained rocks that contain between 50 and 100% clay sized

particles with clay mineral constituting at least 25% of the total rock volume.

Structural practices Sediment and erosion control devices used to divert storm water flows away from exposed areas, convey runoff, prevent sediments from moving offsite, and can also reduce the erosive forces of runoff waters.

Erosion The action of water in which soil and rock material is loosened and removed which could be geological (soil-forming as well as soil-removing) or man-made by clearing, grading, or otherwise altering the land which can greatly accelerate the natural erosion process, including the breakdown of soil aggregates and the increased removal of organic and mineral particles. Erosion of soils that occurs at construction sites is man-made erosion.


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction The Government of Nigeria is implementing the multi-sectoral Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP), which is financed by the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the Special Climate Change Fund, and the Government of Nigeria. NEWMAP finances activities implemented by States and activities implemented by the Federal government. The project currently includes 7 states, namely Anambra, Abia, Cross River, Edo, Enugu, Abia, and Imo. The lead agency at the Federal level is the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV), Department of Erosion, Flood and Coastal Zone Management. State and local governments, local communities and CSOs are or will be involved in the project, given that the project is a multi-sector operation involving MDAs concerned with water resources management, public works, agriculture, regional and town planning, earth and natural resources information, and disaster risk management. The development objective of NEWMAP is: to rehabilitate degraded lands and reduce longer-term erosion vulnerability in targeted areas. The Abia State Government as one of the participating States represented by the State Project Management Unit (SPMU) has selected the Amuda-Achara gully head as one of the priority sites to rehabilitate and remedy the degraded land. The gully head is located on Amuda-Achara, Isuochi in Umunneochi Local Government Area, Abia State. The gully erosion site starts behind the Timber Market on Amuda-Achara Road with the gully on both sides of the major road. The site lies between latitude 05° 26’ and N05° 41’ North of the Equator and longitude 007° 12’ and 007° 20’ East of the Greenwich Meridian. The proposed intervention works or project shall involve small-sized civil works and use of vegetation for the gullies stabilization, reclamation, protection and reinforcement to stop scouring action of water flow velocity due to exposed soil surface. In the light of the anticipated impacts of the proposed intervention work activities, it was considered necessary to prepare a site specific Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the proposed intervention work aimed at protecting and minimizing any potential adverse environmental and social impacts in course of work and in the operational life of the intervention work. Existing Policy, Legal and Administrative Frameworks Duty and responsibility for environmental protection and management related to projects in various sectors of Nigerian economy are mandated under:

Current Federal, State and Local relevant acts, rules, regulations and standards, and the common law of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (FRN)

International environmental agreements and treaties ratified by the Federal Republic of Nigeria

World Bank Policies Amongst the existing pieces of legislations there are a number of national and international environmental guidelines applicable to the proposed project with regard to both environmental and social concerns. Some of these extent legal and policies frameworks include:

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act Cap 131 LFN 1992

National Environmental Standards and Regulatory Enforcement Agency Act No 25 of 2007

Sectoral EIA Guidelines

Nigerian Urban and Regional Planning Law No 88 of 1992

Land Use Act Cap 202 LFN 1990; and

Several other international policies including the World bank Safeguard Policies


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To make the ESMP responsive to the objectives of good practice as required by the Nigerian government and the World Bank, the relevant Nigerian EIA/EA requirements and World Bank Operational Procedures were harmonized. It is especially made responsive with the consideration and inclusion of the followings:

Early consideration of environmental and social issues;

Identification and early consultation with stakeholders;

Prevention of adverse impacts through the consideration of feasible alternatives; and

Incorporation of mitigation measures into planning and design.

Strengthening the framework for the systematic management of environmental responsibilities, impacts and risks.

The Intervention Work Activities The project activities for this gully erosion site will consist of:

1 Filling of the gullied portion of the road 2 Installation of reinforced rectangular concrete Type 1 and Type 2 drainage channels on

both sides of the road to Achara village, a distance of 1,080 m. 3. Installation of reinforced concrete catch pit on the right side to the road to collect storm

water into the culvert. 4. Installation of reinforced concrete single cell box culvert at chainage 1+080 m, of

dimensions: Length of 9m, width of 1.2 m, depth 1.5 m and thickness 0.25 m. 5. Construction of chute channel, catch pit, baffled funnel shaped drainage channel within

the confluence with the left side drainage type 2. 6. Restoration/reconstruction of the Amuda – Achara road, Dimensions: Length of 1080 m

and, width 9 m. 7. Construction of 8 no. check dams from the end of the 15 m long baffled chute channel

from the culvert to a distance of 880 m along the waterway leading to the Okide River. This is to ensure the protection of the works upstream of the check dams.

Biophysical Environment and Socio Economics Gully erosions are reinforced by human activities leading to further degradation of the environment. It is a geomorphic process which occurs only when a threshold in terms of rainfall, topography, flow of hydraulics, nature of vegetation, nature of soil and land use and capability have been exceeded. Essentially, to this end, the relevant biophysical environmental baseline conditions were captured and described, as presented in CHAPTER 3 of this ESMP. This provides the context upon which the proposed intervention activities were related to the environment to identify the impacts and develop the necessary mitigation measures. The summary of the socio-economic of the proposed project location is highlighted situations, presented in chapter 4, inter alia:. Item Feature

Amuda Achara Umunneocha LGA, Abia State. rural setting

Population 163,928 (2006 census) with growth rate of 2.83% and Amuda Achara is estimated at 47,650 (Male 78% & Female 22%)

Area Coverage 368 km² Settlement Pattern Dispersed People & Religion Igbo and Christians (85%) Economy

Agriculture - major occupation and subsistence with food crops grown including yam, cassava, rice, cocoyam and maize while the cash crops include oil-palm, rubber, cocoa, banana and various types of fruits.

Income of Respondents

31.58% earn below N15,000, 26.32% earn between N15,000 and N30,000.28.95% earn between N30,001 and N60,000. The High income earners i.e. >N60,000 are 13.16%

Education Respondent

Majority (50%) secondary education, 27% had primary education while 18% had tertiary education.

Common Health Majority- 90% Malaria.


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Issues Health Care Facility Availability

81.22% confirmed to the presence of health facilities while some complained of no immediate facility, and others not sure about the availabilkty.

The Project Benefits The major benefits will occur in the form of improved erosion management and gully rehabilitation which will provide for:

Reduced loss of infrastructure including roads, houses, etc.

Reduced loss of agricultural land and productivity from soil loss caused by surface erosion.

Reduced siltation in river leading to less flooding and the preservation of the water systems for improved access to domestic water supply.

Reduced risks of floods (due to reduced siltation)

Progressively restored vegetative cover, improved environmental conditions and more humid local microclimates. This results in increased vegetation cover for wildlife and carbon sequestration.

Environmental improvements due to land stabilization measures which preserve the landscape and biodiversity.

The Project Negative Impacts The proposed development unfortunately is also likely to exert adverse impacts on the social and physical environment within which it is executed. These impacts can be divided into short-term construction related impacts and long-term operation unavoidable impacts. The short-term impacts include construction traffic, dust, construction related noise, siltation of the downstream river, etc. A more project specific potential negative impacts and the level of impacts that could emanate from the intervention work are presented in relevant Section of this ESMP. Mitigation Measures A priority in project planning and design is to avoid potential negative environmental and social impacts. For instance, in the design and selection of site, work methods, equipment, for the project, etc. negative impacts are as much as possible mitigated. Nevertheless, some of the impacts could require additional measures and others will require sound operational procedures. Provisions have been made for this in the entire arrangement of the project for impacts that are unavoidable to be mitigated. The mitigation measures and the general Environmental code of Conduct have been developed which shall be integrated into the project design and tender documents. Using this approach, the mitigation measures and code of conduct as contained in the report will automatically become part of the project construction and operation phase. By including mitigation measures in the contract or in specific items in the Bill of Quantities, monitoring and supervision, mitigation measures implementation shall be covered under the normal engineering supervision provisions of the contract. ESMP Implementation and Management The successful implementation of the ESMP depends on the commitment of the sector and related institutions, and the capacity within the institutions to apply or use this ESMP effectively, and the appropriate and functional institutional arrangements, among others. Hence these key ESMP areas relevant to its successful implementation were included in the ESMP, namely: institutional arrangements, capacity building, environmental and social monitoring. In order to effectively and efficiently implement this ESMP, a system for monitoring and auditing has been built into the overall management plan. Monitoring and auditing assist in the examination of management, employee knowledge, programme responsibilities, records & effectiveness The Environmental monitoring activities shall be based on direct or indirect indicators of discharge to the environment and resource use applicable to the project. Monitoring frequency shall be sufficient to provide representative data for the parameter being monitored. Monitoring shall be conducted by trained


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individuals who can carry out the monitoring and record-keeping effectively using properly calibrated and maintained equipment.

Monitoring data shall be analyzed and reviewed at regular intervals and compared with the operating standards so that any necessary corrective actions can be taken. As part of monitoring programme, visual inspections and quality monitoring for light attenuation will be conducted daily, for instance. Stakeholders and their Concerns The key stakeholders identified and consulted in the area include leaders in the communities, individual people who own properties that will be directly or indirectly affected, and business owners, etc. At the meeting, the overview of the proposed project and appreciation of ESMP were presented. Furthermore, the challenges that could impede the implementation of the project and the support needed from all parties to ensure effective project and successful implementation were also discussed with the stakeholders. A summary of stakeholder perceptions, concerns and how these concerns were addressed is shown in Box a below with more details of the public consultation in Chapter 7. Budget ESMPs have associated costs. Thus to effectively implement the environmental and social management measures necessary budgetary provisions shall be made for this ESMP. The Budgets for the ESMP include the environmental management costs other than the good engineering practices, cost of environmental and resettlement monitoring. All administrative costs for implementing the ESMP shall be budgeted for as part of the project costing. The cost of each measure have been estimated and included in the overall ESMP budget as indicated in Table 6.6 to be N6, 957,500.00 (Six million, nine hundred and fifty seven thousand, five hundred Naira only) . The key elements of the implementation schedule are shown in the Table 6.7. Disclosure This ESMP has been prepared in consultation with the relevant stakeholders. Copies of this ESMP that have been prepared for the project shall be made available to the public by SPMU in the various relevant local government councils, State Ministries of Environment and other stakeholders as well as the Federal Ministry of Environment. All reasonable efforts must also be made to disclose/display them to the public at strategic points within the project’s areas of influence so as to allow all stakeholders to read and understand how their environment stand to be impacted by the project. SPMU will also disclose this ESMP electronically through the World Bank Info Shop.


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CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The Government of Nigeria is implementing the multi-sectoral Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP), which is financed by the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the Special Climate Change Fund, and the Government of Nigeria. NEWMAP finances activities implemented by States and activities implemented by the Federal government. The project currently includes 7 states, namely Anambra, Abia, Cross River, Edo, Enugu, Abia, and Imo. The lead agency at the Federal level is the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV), Department of Erosion, Flood and Coastal Zone Management. State and local governments, local communities and CSOs are or will be involved in the project, given that the project is a multi-sector operation involving MDAs concerned with water resources management, public works, agriculture, regional and town planning, earth and natural resources information, and disaster risk management. The development objective of NEWMAP is: to rehabilitate degraded lands and reduce longer-term erosion vulnerability in targeted areas. The Abia State Government as one of the participating States represented by the State Project Management Unit (SPMU) has selected a gully heads as one of the priority sites to rehabilitate the degraded land. The gully heads are located at Amuda-achala Isuochi in Umunneochi Local Government Area of Abia state. The gully erosion site starts behind Timber Market at Amuda-achalaIsuochi with the gully on both sides of the major road. Isuochi is accessed through Okigwe-Awgu on the Enugu Port Harcourt Express way. It can also be accessed through Umunze- Owele Ezukala Achi road. The site lies between latitude 05° 26’ and N05° 41’ North of the Equator and longitude 007° 12’ and 007° 20’ East of the Greenwich Meridian. The proposed intervention works shall involve small-sized civil works and use of vegetation for the gullies stabilization, reclamation, protection and reinforcement to stop scouring action of flow velocity due to exposed soil surface. In the light of the anticipated impacts of the proposed intervention work activities, it was considered expedient and necessary to prepare a site specific Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the proposed intervention work which is directed at protecting and minimizing any potential adverse environmental and social impacts. 1.2 The Intervention Work Essentially, the intervention work shall include the civil engineering designs and vegetative land management measures. Figure 3.1 shows the dimensions of the Engineering works. The bio-engineering design seeks to provide a more holistic and permanent solution to the gully erosion problem by recognizing three major contending variables, namely: man, earth and rain water. The scope of the control works for this gully erosion site will consist of:

1 Filling of the gullied portion of the road 2 Reinforced rectangular concrete Type 1 and Type 2 drainage channels on both sides of

the road to Achara village, a distance of 1,080 m as indicated in the schematics design shown in Appendix 1. The concrete channels are made to stop at the section where the gullies are stabilized without destroying the bamboos and other vegetation cover which are beneficial to the mitigation of the effects of gully erosion.

3. Reinforced concrete catch pit on the right side to the road to collect storm water into the culvert. Dimensions: 3 m deep, 2 m wide, 2m long, x 0.25 m thick.

4. 1 no. Reinforced concrete single cell box culvert at chainage 1+080 m, of dimensions: Length of 9m, width of 1.2 m, depth 1.5 m and thickness 0.25 m.


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5. Construction of chute channel, catch pit, baffled funnel shaped drainage channel within the confluence with the left side drainage type 2.

6. Restoration/reconstruction of the Amuda – Achara road , Dimensions: Length of 1080 m and, width 9 m.

7. Construction of 8 no. check dams from the end of the 15 m long baffled chute channel

from the culvert to a distance of 880 m along the waterway leading to the Okide River. This is to ensure the protection of the works upstream of the check dams.

Timber Market

Isu

och

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Ow

err

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zu

kala

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Um

un

ze,

Uga

Ekw

ulu

obia

Roa

d

Amuda - Achara Isuochi Road

1080m long

Proposed Single Cell Box Culvert at chainage 1+080m: Length 9m X

Width 1.5m X depth 1.5m

To divert flow from the right side to the left side.

Proposed 1080m of asphaltic layered road from Amuda

to Achara Village. Width: 9m

Road to Achara

Proposed Type 1 Rectangular Drainage Channel Left Side

Length 260m X Width 1m X Depth 1m

To Okide stream

9m long x 3m wide x 1.2m deep chute channel, followed by 4m long x 4m wide x 2m deep catchpit, followed by 10m long x 3m expanding to 6m wide sloping apron,

complete with baffles and riprap to the water wayx 2.5m deep

(see drawings no ----)

Catch pit

7 nos check dams to the Okide stream

(Refer to Drawing No.TCL/ABIA/NEWMAP/ISUOCHI/23/2013on page 23)

Proposed Type 1 Rectangular Drainage Channel Right Side



Length 820m X Width 1.2m X Depth 1m



Boundary between type 1 and type 2 channels

260m 820m

Natural water way

Figure 1.1: Dimensions of the Engineering works 1.3 Need for ESMP for the Proposed Intervention Work By design, the proposed intervention works shall involve small-sized civil works and use of vegetation for the gullies stabilization, reclamation, protection and reinforcement to stop scouring action of flow velocity due to exposed soil surface. To this end, this proposed project intervention activity triggers World Bank (WB)’ s Operational Policy, OP 4.01 on Environmental Assessment. In order to develop site specific, costed, measurable, and monitorable actions for the intervention site it became necessary to prepare this Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). The ESMP mainly consist mitigation, monitoring, and institutional measures to be undertaken during implementation and maintenance of the intervention work to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels. It should be noted that parallel to this ESMP, a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), has been prepared to manage issues of involuntary resettlement or displacement that could result from implementation of the intervention work. Also, during the preparatory stage of the project, two national instruments, a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) which provides guidance for the mitigation and compensation of adverse social impacts and an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) which provides guidance on how general environmental and social impacts arising from these will be managed had been prepared. The ESMP and the RAP provides the specific actionable elements of these national instruments. 1.4 Objectives of this Environmental and Social Management Plan The overall aim of this ESMP is to document the actions necessary to prevent or minimize predicted negative impacts as well as provide a framework for systematic managing of the responsibilities associated with the works. Specifically, this ESMP is designed to ensure the following:


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Compliance with relevant legislative requirements;

Achievement, enhancement and demonstration of sound environmental performance built around the principle of continuous improvement;

Provision of standards for overall planning, operation, audit and review;

Encouragement and achievement of the highest environmental performance and response from individual employee and contractors;

Rationalizing and streamline environmental activities to add value in term of efficiency and effectiveness;

Enabling management to establish environment priorities;

Integrating environment fully into the various activities of the proposed project and ensuring inclusion of environmental requirements into tender documents, continuing management and evaluation of the environmental performance of the project.

Providing detailed design criteria for specific mitigation measures to be implemented.

Tracking to ensure the effectiveness of the mitigation measures at meeting the discharge standards.

Specifying appropriate roles and responsibilities, and outline the necessary reporting procedures, for managing and monitoring environmental and social concerns related to projects.

1.5 Scope/Terms of Reference of the ESMP and Tasks The Terms of Reference is summarized in Appendix 2 of this ESMP. 1.6 Approaches for Preparing the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) The main approach for preparing the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) include the following: 1.6.1 Literature Review Review of the existing baseline information and literature material was undertaken. This assisted in gaining a further and deeper understanding of the project and the environmental and social conditions that exist in the intended states. Among the documents that were reviewed in order to familiarize and deeply understand the project included: Nigeria’s National laws and/or regulations on environmental assessments, World Bank Operational Policies, Project Appraisal document and other relevant literature 1.6.2 Interactive Discussions/Consultations As a process of initiating the process of continual consultation and involvement of the public in the project, various discussions were held with some key relevant community groups/CDAs/CBOs and members of the public in the states. In addition, as part of the process of public consultation/participation a program for the disclosure of the ESMP to facilitate the work has been developed. 1.6.3 Field Visits Field visits were made to the intervention site, and in particular the sub-watershed as delimited in the given gully stabilization design. Particular interest was paid to the proposed civil engineering designs, vegetative land management measures and other activities aimed at reducing or managing runoff that would be carried out within the sub-watershed. With this in mind, the natural resources and infrastructure that could be potentially affected during project implementation and operation were identified and assess. Based in this the management strategies needed to ensure that environmental risks are appropriately mitigated have been designed for the intervention work. The various sites were visited with a view to gathering information on the baseline environmental conditions, institutional arrangement, capacity, etc. in relation to the project implementation. The field work informed the preparation of the existing conditions and any anticipated changes before the start of the sub-projects. Attention was paid to the physical environment (i.e. topography, geology climate and meteorology, surface water hydrology); biological environment (i.e. Flora types and diversity, rare and endangered species within or adjacent to projects intervention sites, including wetlands, sensitive habitats); and socio-economic and cultural environment, such as population, land use, planned development activities, community structure, employment and labour market, sources and distribution of


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income, cultural properties – such as historical and archaeological significant sites, indigenous people, and traditional tribal lands and customs). 1.6.4 Identification of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures The potential impacts were identified through generic and specific assessment of the sites for anticipated changes that could result in the light of the socio-environmental conditions (project-environment interactions)

Mitigation measures have been proffered to either eliminate or minimize adverse environmental and social impacts of specific actions, projects or programs while also enhancing positive effects. The approach to mitigation has been primarily preventive principles of anticipated impacts based on well-known negative outcomes of project-environment interactions.


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CHAPTER 2: POLICY, LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 2.1 Introduction This section covers Nigeria’s legislative and World Bank Safeguards Policy requirements for environmental protection. The essence of the consideration of this legal aspect is to show the commitment of the intervention work to meeting the set standards and guidelines. It should be noted that a number of the national and international environmental guidelines applicable to the operation of the NEWMAP have already been discussed in CHAPTER TWO of the ESMF prepared for NEWMAP. Thus cross references can easily be made to the ESMF. Nevertheless, to show the level of commitment of this intervention work to the overall policy, legal and regulatory framework some these and those not previously presented have been highlighted in this Section. 2.2 Institutional Framework As mentioned in the introduction above, the relevant national and international policies, protocols, regulatory and administrative framework related to the interventions works have already been treated exhaustively in the precursor document, ESMF. So cross reference should be made to detailed analyses of this Section. Suffice it to say that the National Policy on Environment, 1989 (revised 1999), provides for “a viable national mechanism for cooperation, coordination and regular consultation, as well as harmonious management of the policy formulation and implementation process which requires the establishment of effective institutions and linkages within and among the various tiers of government – Federal, State and Local Government”. The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) was Set up by Presidential Directive No. Ref. No. SGF.6/S.221 of October 12, 1999 and empowered to regulate all environmental matters in order to protect enhance and preserve the Nigerian environment. And in response to its mandate the Ministry has developed far reaching legal reference instruments for achieving environmentally sound management of resources and sustainable development across all major sectors of the economy and supervises the activities of a number of Agencies with one directly having a bearing on the proposed intervention activities, namely: National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) The National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) [with Gazette No. 92, Vol. 94 of 31st July, 2007 with responsibility for the protection and development of the environment, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development of Nigeria’s natural resources in general and environmental technology, including coordination and liaison with relevant stakeholders within and outside Nigeria on matters of enforcement of environmental standards, regulations, rules, laws, policies and guidelines. Each State of the Federation has an Environment Ministry/EPA that is charged with the responsibility of providing decent, orderly and reasonable conducive environment for habitable society, as contained in the assignments of Ministerial responsibilities. Inter alia, the Ministry of Environment in the State is empowered to give direction to all issues concerning the environment; monitor and control pollution and the disposal of solid, gaseous and liquid wastes generated by various facilities in the state. Some of the functions of the State Ministry of Environment include:

(i) Liaising with the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) to achieve a healthy or better management of the environment via development of National Policy on Environment

(ii) Co-operating with FMENV and other National Directorates/Agencies in the performance of environmental functions including environmental education/awareness to the citizenry

(iii) Responsibility for monitoring waste management standards, (iv) Responsibility for general environmental matters in the State, and


6

(v) Monitoring the implementation of EIA studies and other environmental studies for all development projects in the State.

The Local Government Councils, without any specific laws on environmental management are charged with the following responsibilities, inter alia:

Co-ordinating the activities of Local Government Council;

Maintenance of Law and Order in collaboration with Law Enforcement Agencies;

Collection of taxes and fees;

Establishment and maintenance of cemeteries, burial grounds and homes for the destitute or infirm

Construction and maintenance of roads, streets, drains and other public highways, parks, and open spaces;

Naming of roads and streets and numbering of houses;

Provision and maintenance of public transportation and refuse disposal; 2.2 Policies and Legal Instruments Duty and responsibility for environmental protection and management related to projects in various sectors of Nigerian economy are mandated under:

Current Federal, State and Local and relevant acts, rules, regulations and standards, and the common law of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (FRN)

International environmental agreements and treaties ratified by the Federal Republic of Nigeria

World Bank Safeguard Policies, especially those supported by the Bank All these have been treated in the ESMF. Nevertheless, since the intervention is now more or like at the State level, consideration has been given to this aspect at that level. Abia State Environmental Basic law 2004, amended on 10 June 2013: This is the main relevant legal instruments by the state for managing Environmental issues. This instrument enables the State to manage issues pertaining to the environment such as waste management, flood and erosion control, forest depletion and degradation and general environmental and atmospheric pollution. The Abia State Ministry of Land, Housing & Survey has the mandate to manage all lands in Abia State, survey, map and chart all real estates in the State. To acquire value and allocate public real property for public projects and gazettes such acquisitions by the State with the ministry. The policy objectives of the Ministry are to process all instruments evidencing ownership and possession of real estate in the state. And to keep in custody all real estate instruments, records, and their management. 2.3 World Bank’s Environmental and Social Guidelines The World Bank's environmental and social safeguard policies are a cornerstone of its support to sustainable poverty reduction. The objective of these policies is to prevent and mitigate undue harm to people and their environment in the development process. These policies provide guidelines for bank and borrower staffs in the identification, preparation, and implementation of programs and projects. The effectiveness and development impact of projects and programs supported by the Bank has substantially increased as a result of attention to these policies. Safeguard policies have often provided a platform for the participation of stakeholders in project design, and have been an important instrument for building ownership among local populations. The World Bank has 10+ 2 Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies to reduce or eliminate the adverse effects of development projects, and improve decision making (Box 1). Appendix 1 summarizes these WB Safeguard Policies. The World Bank's environmental and social safeguard policies are a cornerstone of its support to sustainable poverty reduction. The objective of these policies is to prevent and mitigate undue harm to


7

people and their environment in the development process. These policies provide guidelines for bank and borrower staff in the identification, preparation, and implementation of programs and projects. The Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) and Social Assessment of projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are both socially and environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making. The World Bank's environmental assessment policy and recommended processing are described in Operational Policy (OP)/Bank Procedure (BP) 4.01: Environmental Assessment. 2.4 World Bank Safeguards Policies triggered by NEWMAP proposed activity The World Bank has 10+ 2 Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies to reduce or eliminate the adverse effects of development projects, and improve decision making which are summarized in Appendix 3. Of these Safeguard Policies, the intervention work at the proposed site triggers Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) and Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) as indicated in Table 2.1. Table 2.1: Triggered Safeguard Policies

*NA= Not Applicable 2.5 Nigeria EA Guidelines and World Bank EA Guidelines

Safeguard Policies Triggered by

NEWMAP?

Triggered by Site-specific

Project?

Applicability to Project due to

How Project Address Policy Requirements

Yes No Yes No

Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01)

[x] [ ] [x] [ ] Civil works with site-specific impacts

ESMF prepared for NEWMAP & site specific mitigation measures developed in this ESMP

Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04)

[x] [] [ ] [x] NA* NA

Pest Management (OP 4.09)

[x] [] [ ] [x] NA NA

Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11)

[x] [] [ ] [X] NA NA

Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12)

[x] [ ] [x] [ ] Restriction of access to sources of livelihoods.

RPF prepared for NEWMAP & a standalone RAP spells out site specific issues to be addressed & how.

Indigenous Peoples (OP/BP 4.10)

[ ] [x] [ ] [x] NA NA

Forests (OP/BP 4.36) [ x] [] [ ] [x] NA NA

Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37)

[x] [] [ ] [x] NA NA

Projects in Disputed Areas (OP/BP 7.60)

*

[ ] [x] [ ] [x] NA NA

Projects on International Waterways (OP/BP 7.50)

[x] [] [ ] [x] NA NA

http://www.worldbank.org/environmentalassessment

http://www.worldbank.org/environmentalassessment

http://intranet.worldbank.org/WBSITE/INTRANET/OPSMANUAL/0,,contentMDK:20064724~pagePK:60001255~piPK:60000911~theSitePK:210385,00.html





















8

The Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86 of 1992 requires that development projects be screened for their potential impact. Based on the screening, a full, partial, or no Environmental impact assessment may be required. Guidelines issued in 1995 direct the screening process. According to these guidelines,

Category I projects will require a full Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).

Category II projects may require only a partial EIA, which will focus on mitigation and Environmental planning measures, unless the project is located near an environmentally sensitive area--in which case a full EIA is required.

Category III projects are considered to have “essentially beneficial impacts” on the environment, for which the Federal Ministry of the Environment will prepare an Environmental Impact Statement.

With regard to environmental assessment, the Bank has also categorized projects based on the type of EA required, namely:

Category A - projects are those whose impacts are sensitive, diverse, unprecedented, felt beyond the immediate project environment and are potentially irreversible over the long term. Such projects require full EA.

Category B - projects involve site specific and immediate project environment interactions, do not significantly affect human populations, do not significantly alter natural systems and resources, do not consume much natural resources (e.g., ground water) and have adverse impacts that are not sensitive, diverse, unprecedented and are mostly reversible. Category B projects will require partial EA, and environmental and social action plans.

Category C - Projects are mostly benign and are likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EA action is required for a Category C project, although some may require environmental and social action plans.

Category FI - A proposed project is classified as Category FI if it involves investment of Bank funds through a financial intermediary, in road projects that may result in adverse environmental impacts.

This World Bank categorization ( A, B, & C) corresponds in principle with the Nigeria EIA requirements of Category I, II and III, which in actual practice is done with regard to the level of impacts associated with a given project. The relevant good practice guidelines/policies in line with the World Bank process shall be applied. This is more so since the proposed project is co-sponsored by the World Bank. However, it should be noted that in the event of divergence between the two (World Bank safeguard policy and Nigeria EA laws, guidelines and or standards) the more beneficial to the environment takes precedence between the two. 2.6 Making the ESMP Response to Good Practice This ESMP is seen as being responsive to the objectives of good practice, which must be abided with in the course of the intervention work. This is because the ESMP is prepared in compliance with existing Federal, State and local laws of Nigeria as well as the World Bank’s Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) safeguards instruments prepared for NEWMAP at the preparatory stage. Specifically, the Nigeria’s EIA requirements and World Bank operational procedures were harmonized as far as possible; hence it is made responsive to the objectives of good practice. It is especially made responsive with regard to the followings: Early consideration of environmental and social issues (starting at the screening stage); Identification and early consultation with stakeholders; Prevention of adverse impacts through the consideration of feasible alternatives; and Incorporation of mitigation measures into planning and (engineering) design. Thus this ESMP is seen to be a good guide to drive the sustainability of the intervention work, in addition to other instruments that have been prepared for it, with a view to avoiding and mitigating adverse impacts.


9

CHAPTER 3: EXISTING BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF PROPOSED PROJECT SITE 3.0 Introduction Gully erosion clearly is a threshold phenomenon. This geomorphic process occurs only when a threshold in terms of flow hydraulics, rainfall, topography, nature of vegetation, nature of soil/pedology and land use and capability has been exceeded. Can we identify critical thresholds for the initiation, development and infilling of gullies in different environments? Thus this section and the next provide an overview of the environmental and asocial characteristics of the intervention work area of location, particularly those elements of the environment that may be impacted upon by the intervention work and which should be included in the monitoring programme. The information presented were obtained through extensive literature review, field observations and sampling/surveys and analyses. 3.1 Location of the Gully and Extent The Amuda-Achara Isuochi gully erosion site starts behind Timber Market at Amuda-Achala Isuochi, with the gully on both sides of the major road. It is geographically located within the coordinates N05

o 26

I and

N 05o 41

I Latitude and E007

o 12

I and E007

o 20

I Longitude.

The Amuda–Achara road gully in Isuochi is mainly road gully which is at 2

nd and 3

rd stages of

development. The gully developed as a result of concentrated runoff from the road construction in 2008. No drainages appear to have been included construction of the road. This has given rise to the force of erosion setting in to the extent it is today (Plate 3.1). Since this road became gullied, economic activities between Abia and Enugu along this axis has grounded. The evidence is shown in the closure of the Timber Mill and market in Amuda Isuochi. People coming from Achara village to Isuochi now have to transverse long distances through Achi and Maku in Awgu, a distance of over 20 km which hitherto would have been a journey of 2 km. The only Timber markets in the Local Government Area are under serious threat of devastation by the gully.

Plate 3.1: Location of the Erosion Site along Amuda–Achara road 3.2 The Watershed The watershed area for gully erosion site is about 0.143 km

2 at the gully head, and about 0.375 km

2 at the

outlet of the gully. Figure 3.1 shows the demarcation of the Watershed.


10

The entire watershed area:0.375km (37.5 hectares)2

Area contributing to the gully head

0.143km (14.3 hectares)2

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

SCALE: 1:6500

ISUOCHI

5 57’57.26”N

7 23’35.21”E

0

0 Figure 3.1: Watershed of the Amuda-Achala Isuochi gully erosion site 3.3 Biophysical Environment Obviously, the gully erosion is mainly due to geomorphic process which occurred when the threshold in relation to rainfall, topography, flow hydraulics, nature of vegetation, nature of soil and land use and capability were exceeded. To this end, only information considered relevant with regard to the biophysical environment components are presented in this baseline condition description. 3.3.1 Hydrological Study Hydrology deals with estimating flood magnitudes as the result of precipitation. This is fundamental to the design of drainage facilities with regard to peak rate of runoff, volume of runoff, and time distribution of flow. The rainfall characteristics such as intensity and distribution, as well as run-off are vital in analysis and design Based on the empirical template adopted for NEWMAP at the Calabar Workshop Clinic in January 2012, a 24-hour duration rainfall intensities values were used to generate the IDF for the project site. The rainfall intensity for the gully head of the project was derived as 280mm/hour while the rainfall intensity for the gully end of the project was derived as 240mm/hour (Graph 3.1). Table 3.1 shows the derivation of the Rainfall Intensities for different return periods for intervention site. The discharge (Q) for 100-year return period for the gully head is 5.5 m

3/s and the discharge (Q) for the

end of the gully is 12m3/s. The Gully Site Overland flow time was calculated at 4.122 mins and Channel

flow time at 14.29 mins. Thus the Time of Concentration for the gully head and Channel flow is 19 mins. The Time of Concentration at the End of the Gully is as outlined in Table 3.1.


11

Table 3.1: Rainfall Intensities and Time of Concentration for the Gully

24-HOUR RAINFALL INTENSITIES FOR THE SPECIFIED RETURN PERIODS

2-Year 5-Year 10-Year 25-Year 50-Year 100-Year

5.396 6.695 7.377 8.178 8.762 9.349

Time of Concentration at the End of the Gully Site

Lov

(m) N H1 (m)

H2 (m) Sov Tov

Lch (m)

H2 (m)

H3 (m) Sch Tch Tc

110 0.02 353 347

0.05455

4.12226

1,900 347 274

0.038421

22.89

27.01

Graph 3.1: 24- Hour Rainfall Intensity – Duration – Frequency Curve 3.4 Geology Amuda – Achara Isuochi project area falls within the oldest known geologic unit in Abia State; the Anambra - Imo River Basin. The major geologic formation existing in the area include: Imo shale group, Bende – Ameke formation and some fingers of Ajali formation. Minor rivers and streams in the area form some kind of dendritic patter and drain into Odoko Amuda River before emptying into the Imo River. The lithology of Imo shale comprises of bluish-gray fossilferious shale that is locally sandy and consists of thin bed of mud stone and siltstone. The sand stone forms a good aquifer which is exploited for water supplies in different parts of the Local Government Area. Along the corridor, in addition to being within this formation, shale units could be seen exposed. 3.5 Soil Study The soil is dark reddish brown at top. It can be described as sandy loam and has a tendency to be eroded by weathering agent mostly by water. The Gully vertical profile consists of relatively uniform dark brown to reddish non-indurated lateritic sandy soils grading into yellowish white sand stones with pebbles of

Rai

nfa

ll In

ten

sity

(m

m/h

ou

r)

Duration (minutes)

Developed Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves for Isuochi

100-Year

50-Year

25-Year

10-Year

5-Year

2-Year


12

unconsolidated and consolidated mud stones, silt stones, and sand stones. Bands of sandy grey shale occasionally intercalate with the sand stones. Generally, the soil profile from the gully head shows a uniform grading down to the bed of the gully that is reddish brown lateritic silt-clay. At the middle of gully at about 500m towards the stream, the top soil becomes pronounced but about 0.2m deep after which the dark brown sandy clay continues up to 1.6m.below this point, is sandy grey shale with an intercalation of sandstones and siltstones At about 1.5km from the gully head near the timber market there are exposures of consolidated sandstones, pebbles of sandstones and mudstones overlaying the grey sandy shale. At this point the gully erosion becomes reduced and stability begins to be noticed to the stream which is the outfall. 3.6 Geotechnical Analysis The laboratory test result carried out on the soil samples from the project area in a standalone report by the SPMU is summarized in Appendix 4.1 . The liquid limit (LL) of the samples collected, ranged between 21 and 35 with an average of 26%, the plastic limit of the same samples ranged between 11 and 22 with an average of 15%, while the plastic index ranges from 6 and 24 with an average of 13%. The percentage materials passing sieve 200 is 19% on the average. The Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) of the samples range between 10 and 16 with an average of about 14%. The maximum Dry Density ranged between 1.70 and 1.93 with an average of 1.85gm/cm

3. The California Bearing Ratio ranged between

10% to 49% with an average of 27%. The natural moisture content is between 9%and 16% with an average of 13% and the cohesion is between 25kpa and 40kpa averaging 33kpa% for laboratory compacted samples. The soil in the area is uniformly graded as indicated by the grain size analysis. The soil materials are silts and silty clay from sandstone with little cement materials that falls into a category of erosion prone soils. The soil depicted an interesting phenomena grading from dark-brown silt to reddish sandy clay soil. From the section, the sub-grade material exhibit CBR value greater than 15%. Any of the materials can be used as fill material in case of gully reclamation works. The primary source of the materials is weathered sandstones Furthermore, with regard to the soil Particle Size, Characteristics & Plasticity of Gully Area, the data shows that the top part (lateritic soil) contains more fines (silt/clay) than the bottom stratum. It is apparent that the entire sequence is sand, with a small percentage of silt/clay, a condition that favours easy soil dispersal and erosion (Table 3.2). The low density values show that the soils are loose . This makes the soils susceptible to erosion, a point that is buttressed by the high void ratios and porosities. The samples exhibited low to medium plasticity despite the sandy nature of the soils. The lateritic top layer displays some degree of plasticity and can be used as a base for the control measure. Table 3.2: Soil Particle Size, Characteristics & Plasticity of Gully Area

a. Particle Size parameters

Location Depth (m)

Fine gravel %

Coarse sand %

Medium sand %

Fine sand %

Silt/clay Sample Description

Gully Head >1 2 8 2 80 10 Red silty clay soil

Gully Midway 4 0 2 3 84 11 Dark bown sany silt soil

Gully end 3 0 40 30 20 5 Loose sands


13

b. Density characteristics:

Location Depth (m) Bulk density (Kg/m

3)

Lab. Max. dry density (Kg/m

3)

O.M.C. (%)

Void Ratio Porosity

Gully Head 2 1692 1985 10 0.82 45.0

Gully Midway 4 1735 1830 13 0.76 44.0

Gully end 3 1730 1865 16 0.85 46.2

c. Plasticity and Strength tests parameter

Location Depth (m)

Liquid limit (%)

Plastic limit (%)

Plasticity Index (%)

Cohesion (KN/m

2)

Angle of shearing resistance degree)

Gully Head >1 35 11 24 6 35

Gully Midway 4 22 16 6 20 29

Gully end 3 32 22 10 10 34

3.7 Flora and Fauna The proposed project area and its surroundings are in the secondary succession Rainforest with a mix of few forest flora. The area is a community of regenerating secondary plants, which has been left to fallow with some pockets of functional and abandoned farmlands, and extensive land being badly eroded The important cultivated plants around the area are Cassava (Manihot esculenta), Maize (Zea mays), Beans (Vigna unguiculata), white yam (Dioscorea esculenta), vegetables, pepper (Capsicum spp.) and fruits such as Mango (Mangifera indica), Oranges (Citrus spp.), and Cashew (Anarcardium occidentale). The most important naturally occurring useful plants are locust bean plant (Parkia biglobosa), economic timbers such as Afzelia sp., paper plant (Gmelina plant) and Daniella oliverii (Butter plant), Lophira lanceolata (Iron wood). Economic trees in the cashew, oil-palm, oil bean, icheku trees, banana and oha trees. Based on interviews with the communities’ members, the fauna animals found in the area giant rat (Cricetaomys gambianus), ground squirrel (Xerus erythropus) and greater cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus), grass cutters, antelopes and wild pigs. Smaller animals such as lizards and skinks, as well as the larger ones like the monitor lizards were sighted including and a number of migratory birds during the field survey while some were seen foraging. The wildlife in the area is said to be greatly reduced because of excessive hunting and farming activities by the people. 3.8 Water Resources and Quality Assessment There are two small streams that pass across the road which are seasonal. The proposed intervention work is not expected to physical reach any of the locations of the streams in terms of actual work. However, because of the sloppy nature of the area of work, siltation is likely during rain in the first stream. The other is uphill and no interference is expected from the work. The results of the Mmiri Achara (AKu Stream) physico-chemical, heavy metal and microbiological analysis of the surface water samples are presented in Appendix 4.2. Physical observation of the water shows that the water samples are clean, colourless and had no odour. The pH of the water samples were slightly acidic (Mean=6.5) at the upper-stream and the downstream of the water body. The total dissolved solids, the total suspended solids, total hardness and the total Hydrocarbon contents were within the FMEnv limits for surface water with value of 7,635 and 6410mg/l, 1,331 and 1,656mg/l, 1323 and 1,610mg/l and 3.3 and 3.4 at the upstream and downstream respectively. The background concentrations of heavy metals in the surface water body were analysed both at the upstream and the downstream. The values of the heavy metals detected were: Calcium, 53.6mg/l at both ends of the stream; Iron 0.02 and 0.03mg/l; Lead, 0.04 at both end; Zinc, 0.03 and 0.06mg/l; Copper 0.04


14

and 0.07mg/l; Chromium 0.03 at both ends; Magnesium 63.3 mg/l, and potassium 0.32 and 0.40 mg/l at both ends. The background levels of all the heavy metals in the water body were low when compared with the national and international standards (Appendix 4). The results of the heterotrophic bacterial population in the water samples, incubated at 22

0C and 37

0C

were 1.1 x 104 cfu/ml both at the upstream and downstream. The results showed that the total bacterial

count marginally exceeded the maximum recommended limit of 100 colonies/ml at 220C and 20

colonies/ml at 370C. Apart from domestic uses, Achara water is fit for agricultural and domestic uses other

than drinking. Treatment will be required the water is intended for drinking. Consumption of water that does not meet potability standard put human at the risk of gastro-intestinal diseases apart from other chronic ailments. Such diseases include diarrhea, dysentery and cholera among others. 3.9 Climate and Meteorology of the Study Area The climate of the project area is humid tropics (i.e. semi-hot equatorial). It is controlled by latitudinal locations, prevailing (seasonal) winds and nearness to the Atlantic Ocean. There are two dominant air masses, namely:

(i) The dry Northeasterly Tropical Continental (cT) from across the Sahara, North of the West African region, and

(ii) The wet Southwesterly Tropical Maritime (mT) from across the Atlantic Ocean in the South. Separating the two air masses is an Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), often referred to as Inter-tropical Discontinuity (ITD) or Inter-tropical Front (ITF). The front oscillates with the apparent location of the sun towards the North and South of the equator thereby accounting for the dominant seasons of the area. Marginal alterations are also recorded due to other landform characteristics, especially the dominant ocean currents, configuration of surrounding shoreline and the generally flat topography of the region. Rainfall (i.e. amount and distribution) is the single most important element for defining the climatic seasons in the tropics where the project corridor is located characterized by two dominant seasons; the wet and the dry seasons. Other significant climatic elements in the area are sunshine (hours), atmospheric pressure, wind (direction and speed), and relative humidity. The pattern of some of these elements for the past ten years (2002 - 2012) is highlighted. Rainfall: Rain falls in many months of the year. However, the characteristics vary indirectly with latitudinal location but directly with the location of the ITD and monsoon-initiated winds. Traditionally, onset of rains in the project area actually starts around April, while cessation is about November. Figure 3.2 shows the trend of rainfall in the area over a period of 10 years with the lowest of about 0mm recorded in December, while the highest peaked at 431mm in August .

Figure 3.2: Rainfall Pattern in the Study Area (2002 – 2012) (Source: NIMET) Temperature: Temperature values are high throughout the year over the project environment as shown in Figure 3.3. Mean maximum ambient temperature values range between 32

oC in February and 28

oC in


15

July and September, while minimum temperatures range between 29oC in March and 27

oC in August. A

quick overview of the data indicates that higher temperatures were recorded at the peak of the dry season, between November and May, while lower temperatures were recorded in the rainy season, between June and October. It is obvious that the rains appear to have a moderating influence on temperatures.

Figure 3.3: Average Temperature in the Project Area for the Period 2002 – 2012

Wind Speed and Directions The mean annual wind speed vary between a narrow range of 4.0 and 6.2 m/s. Speeds are higher between July and August, the period of August break. Conversely, at the peak of the rainy season in September and October, wind speeds are lowest, measuring between 4.1and 4.2 m/s. From December, wind speeds begin to rise steadily till March, just before the rains begins and later rises during the August break. There are slightly lower speeds in October/February while high wind speeds are obtained from March to September. The wind pattern follows the migratory ITD. According to the statistics available for the last ten years the prevalent wind directions is South-westerly. Often, the South-westerlies dominate the wetter period of the year in the area while North-easterlies dominate the drier season. Depending on the shifts in the pressure belts in the neighbouring Gulf of Guinea, they are interspersed respectively by South-easterlies and North-westerlies. Humidity (RH) RH is usually in excess of 70%, especially during the peak of the wet season (Figure 3.4). This is understandable given the geographical location and the fact that rain falls almost all the year round. Highest values of 78% occur in June to October and the lowest value of 57% was recorded in February.

Figure 3.4: Average Relative Humidity in Study Area for the Period 2002 – 2012


16

3.10 Noise Level Assessment The noise level was measured using a sound level meter called N09AQ™ Environment meter, which was calibrated before being used for the analysis. The noise levels were taken at three sampling points; within the proposed site, 30m upwind and 30m downwind. The readings recorded from the digital meter were in decibels dB(A). The meter’s measurement range is between 35-100 dB(A). Table 3.3 shows that the ambient noise levels in the site area averaged 50.8 dB(A) compared to the set regulatory limit of 50-60dB for residential areas. Table3.3: Ambient Noise levels at project Intervention Zone

Station Location Noise Level (dB)

Northings Eastings

1 5.99022 7.40387 53.5

2 5.98859 7.41011 48.2

3 5.98864 7.41056 50.7

Control 5.98859 7.41011 44.1

FMENV LIMIT FOR RESIDENTIAL AREAS 50-60

Field Work, 2014 3.11 Air Quality Assessment The results of the baseline in situ ambient quality assessment were based on direct measurements using potable gas analyzers. The ambient air quality around the proposed project area was measured at three points around the project area. The air quality parameters were measured using the MultiRae™ 11 digital gas monitor. The levels of the air quality parameter measured are shown in Table 3.4. With the exception of hydrogen sulphide, Ammonia and oxides of sulphur levels that were not detected in proposed intervention area. The level of Nitrogen and Carbon monoxide gasses in the area was within the Federal Ministry of Environment’s limit for the gaseous compound in the proposed project area. The values for the Nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide gas were. If these gasses exceed the above threshold levels, its major effects are respiratory problems. CO emission is usually caused by incomplete combustion of fuels. The levels of suspended particulate matters range from 35 to 52 µg/m

3, and the values are below the

threshold limits set by the Federal ministry of Environment (FMEnv). Table 3.4: Results of Air Quality Measurements taken at the Proposed Intervention Zone

Stations Location Parameter (µg/m3)

Northings Eastings NOx

(ppm) SOx

(ppm) CO (ppm)

H2S (ppm)

NH3

(ppm) SPM ug/m

3

VOC (CH4)

Station 1 5.99022 7.40387 0.65 <0.01 <0.01 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 35.00 10

Station 2 5.98859 7.41011 0.50 <0.01 <0.01 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 43.00 ≤0.01

Station 3 5.98864 7.41056 0.50 <0.01 <0.01 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 52.00 25

Control 5.98859 7.41011 0.04 <0.01 0.1 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 52.00 <0.01

FMENV LIMIT 75.00 26.00 10.00 <0.01 0.20 250.00 160.00

Field Work, 2014 3.12 Physiography and Drainage The topography is characterized by rolling terrain and steep slope undulating surface area rising from about 160 metres in the eastern end at Achara to about 350 metres in the western end of the gully at Amuda to giving a difference of 190 metres. The drop in elevation and associated steep gradients results


17

in a high velocity of flow of water along the road since there is no drainage and has led to the development of the gully. The gully area is drained by two main streams called Aku Amaohia stream and Ananko stream. These two streams became the headstreams of the tributaries of Imo River after traversing the area. The area lies at the end of the highland areas define the Enugu - Nsukka - Okigwe cuesta. This area has an average height of between 120 m and 180 m above sea-level and lies within Ezi-Aku shale formation. The area has been described as comprises mainly of coarse grains, alternating sediments of grey sands, dark shale which contains sands of impure coal in place of vertical horizon.

MaMap 3.1: Gully Area Showing Drainage 3.13 Environmentally Sensitive Areas There are no threatened or endangered species — Plants and Animals reported in the zones. Also there are not any areas on or around the locations which contain important, high quality or scarce resources which could be affected by the Project. There are no areas on or around the gully corridors which are occupied by sensitive land uses such as Schools, Places of worship and Community facilities. Vehicular traffic do not utilize the road at present except motorcycles, whose riders do that at great risk. Thus if any, only movements of motorcycles will be impeded temporarily during the project execution. This will be necessary to allow for the rehabilitation of sections of the road that are already damaged by erosion. Map 3.1, 3.2 and table 3.5 presents a Summary of Some Specific Baseline Conditions of the corridor depicted in. Table 3.5: Summary of Some Specific Baseline Conditions of the Zones


18

S/No Latitude Longitude Condition

1 5.99022 7.40387 Beginning of the Gully Refuse dump, secondary vegetation and shrubs e.g. Awolowo plant. Cashew orchard with no access road

2 5.98997 7.40516 Secondary vegetation and shrubs. No access road to cashew orchard

3 5.98978 7.40572 Island of tarred road with secondary vegetation.

4 5.98888 7.40880 Locust bean trees, bamboo trees

5 5.98859 7.41011 Secondary vegetation, curve in the gully

6 5.98864 7.41056 Agba trees, Inyema trees

7 5.98894 7.41183 Akpaka trees and shrubs. Slope

8 5.98843 7.43210 End of slope. Secondary vegetation

9 5.98734 7.41531 Spring by the road with palm trees

10 5.98762 7.41965 Clayey soil palm trees and secondary vegetation

11 5.98856 7.42112 River Aku in Achara

12 5.98577 7.42864 Achara stream, culvert almost collapsing

13 5.98557 7.42701 Health Centre, Achara

14 5.97858 7.43926 Ngada Umuelem Primary School

15 5.97003 7.40236 Amuda Junction

16 5.97110 7.44729 Ngada Emuelem


19

Map 3.2: Areal View of the Gullied Erosion Road and Settlements


20

CHAPTER 4 Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Study Area 4.1 Introduction This section focuses the socio-economic characteristics and the health condition of people living in the project site area (Table 4.1). The specific aspects that were considered included the peoples’ education, population profile, religion, and economic status and their health condition. Table 4.1: Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Study Area Item Feature

Amuda Achara Umuneocha LGA, Abia State. rural setting

Population 163,928 (2006 census) with growth rate of 2.83% and Amuda Achara is estimated at 47,650 (Male 78% & Female 22%)

Area Coverage 368 km²

Settlement Pattern Dispersed

People & Religion Igbo and Christians (85%)

Economy

Agriculture - major occupation and subsistence with food crops grown including yam, cassava, rice, cocoyam and maize while the cash crops include oil-palm, rubber, cocoa, banana and various types of fruits.

Income of Respondents

31.58% earn below N15,000, 26.32% earn between N15,000 and N30,000.28.95% earn between N30,001 and N60,000. The High income earners i.e. >N60,000 are 13.16%

Education Respondent

Majority (50%) secondary education, 27% had primary education while 18% had tertiary education.

Common Health Issues

Majority- 90% Malaria

Health Care Facility Availability

81.22% confirmed to the presence of health facilities while some complained of no immediate facility, and others not sure about the availabilkty.

4.2 Quality of Life The quality of life is a measure of the amount and distribution of socio-economic variables, such as electricity, pipe-borne water, communication (transport, access road and telephone) educational institution, health facilities, markets etc. There are good infrastructural facilities such as extensive road networks which are paved with drainages, electricity, communication facilities which is provided by the private GSM operators, health facilities, schools (primary, secondary and tertiary) in the local government area. These infrastructural facilities and the high literacy rates have tremendously contributed to the socio-economic development of the area 4.3 Settlement Pattern The village is the traditional unit of settlement like any other lgbo speaking community. The dispersed type of village settlement is traditional among the lgbos. Each homestead is made up of houses arranged in an oblong form o around a compound. At the gate or in the middle of the compound is a shrine for the gods. The hut of the head of the household is separated from those of his wives and other adult members of the household. Compounds in lgbo communities are walled, thus separating one compound from the other. Traditional houses are built of local materials such as clay for the walls and roofed with mat or thatch or, in more recent times, with corrugated aluminum sheets as a demonstration of increasing prosperity. 4.4 The People, Culture and Religion The gully is situated in Umunneochi, a Local Government Area of Abia State with headquarters in the town of Nkwoagu Isuochi. Nkwoagu is in Amuda and was originally inhabited by the Europeans because of its beautiful scenery. It therefore serves as the political rallying point for Isuochi and presently Umunneochi people. The other towns in Amuda are Umuogele, Umucha, Umumeze and Umurehihie.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Areas_of_Nigeria

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abia_State

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nkwoagu_Isuochi&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuogele


21

They have since been re-organized with their traditional heads known as ndi eze with their chiefs and eze-in-council. The people of isuochi are decendants of ochi, a warrior and wrestler who, in search of a "a healthy, stone less and wind swept area for wrestling and other forms of sport", settled at Nkwoagu in the heart of the area called isuochi. According to oral history, ochi came from the east, passing through ishiagu in Afikpo and Umuchieze and finally settled at Isuochi. Ochi waged war against a village that had settled in the area now enclosed by Nkwoagu, Umuelem and Ndiawa. Ochi had one son called Isu who later had two sons 'Ezi' and 'Ihite'. Ezi Isu had five sons namely Abuga, Egbebi, Logu, Ekegbu, and Digbo who later gave birth to the present villages of Umuelem, Achara, Amuda, Lomara and Umuaku respectively. Ihite Isu had four sons namely Awa, Aguogba, Araka and Atuga who also gave birth to the present villages of Ndiawa, Mbala, Ngodo, and Ihie respectivley. This brings the villages that make up Isuochi community to nine. Over half (85%) of the respondents were found to be Christians, 10% were Muslims while the remaining 5% are animists (Fig 4.1)

Fig 4.1: Religion of Respondents 4.5 Economy Crude oil and gas production contributes 39% of the GDP. Agriculture, which employs 70% of the state’s workforce, is the second main economic sector of Abia State and is responsible for 27% of the GDP. With its adequate seasonal rainfall, the project area produces yams, maize, potatoes, rice, cashews, plantains, and cassava. 4.6 Occupation and Livelihood Ethnically, the people are widely known to be very resourceful, hardworking, sociable, friendly, accommodating and peace loving. They are highly enterprising and are reputed for their business acumen. Skilled manpower resources are readily available in every field of human endeavour. A majority, 62.0% of the men and 67.2% of the women were noted to be self-employed. Fig.4.2 shows the average income of the respondents around the sites for the proposed base stations. Many (88%) of the persons were self-employed and the majority had incomes in the range N5, 000.00– N20, 000.00 per month

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eze


22

Fig 4.2: Income of the Respondents 4.7 Education The highest level of education attained among the greater number of the respondents (50%) is secondary education. About 27% had primary education, those without any formal education was 6% while 18% had tertiary education (Fig 4.3).

Fig 4.3: Educational Attainment of Respondents 4.8 Age, Sex, Marital Status and Number of Children of Respondents Fig.5.2 depicts the age distribution of the respondents around the base station locations. It reveals that (18%) of the persons were within the age bracket of 26 to 35 years of age while (32%) were within the age bracket of 46 to 65 years broken into 46-55 years old, 16% and 56-65 years, 16%. 28% of the respondents were within the age bracket of 36 to 45 years of age. Underage (legal age) of less than 18 years old were 8% while there was none above 65 years of age. There were more Males (78%) identified within the buffer zone as revealed by the interview as shown in Figure 4.4. Figure 4.5 revealed that 78% of the respondents are married, where about 25% of them have three to four children, 16% had one to two, 11% had above six children and 8% had five to six children. Others (22%) are single.


23

Age of respondents (years) Sex of respondents

Fig 4.4 Age Distribution and Sex of Respondents

Marital status

No of children of respondents

Fig 4.5: Marital Status and No. of Children of Respondents 4.9 Awareness of the Proposed Intervention Project The response gotten from the respondents towards the awareness of the proposed intervention zone is significantly loud, which is achieved with the priority gully community stakeholders meeting 92% of the respondents in the area agreed to the response of being aware of the proposed intervention site, while 8% of the respondents claimed not to have any idea on the intervention projects within their zone but all gave their view positively on the encouragement of the proposed intervention project (Fig. 4.6).

Fig 4.6: Proposed Project Awareness among Respondents

<18 %

M…

M

al

e

Fe

m

al

e


24

4.10 Respondents Important Valuables to be Protected Several community and private valuables were categorized for priority selection for protection. Fig 4.7 shows that the respondents most important valuable for protection are the people, followed by the people’s property 27%, the church 15% then the water bodies 2%. No recorded response for shrine.

Fig 4.7: Respondents Important Valuables to be Protected 4.11 Conflict Resolution While Court is seen as good to settle most issues (9%), as many as 91% of the respondents consider informal reconciliation with community leaders as the best with less acrimony (fig 4.8).

Fig 4.8 Respond Way of Conflict Resolution 4.12 Health Status Assessment This sub-section presents the baseline health data of communities in the Territory. It is comprised mainly of information (perception) generated from sampled groups around the project site and members of the communities. 4.12.1 Respondents Common Health Problems From the analysis of the survey instrument, the most common health challenge in the respondent area is malaria (90%) while the least common is jaundice (2%) as shown in Figure 4.9.


25

Fig. 4.9: Common Health Problems occurring in the Respondent’s Area 4.12.2 Awareness of HIV/AIDS Overall 85% of respondents confirmed that they are aware of HIV/AIDS but only 15% admitted knowing persons living with HIV/AIDS. This implies the incidence of awareness is high however. 4.12.3 Awareness of Malaria Many respondents had fever several times in the last one year. 24% of respondents had fever 4 times, 19% three times, 24% two times, 15% one time and 18% none. This demonstrates that there was a recurring high incidence of fever among respondents in the last one year. 4.12.4 Respondents Opinion on Causes of Health According to Fig. 4.10, most (94%) of the respondents feels that poor sanitary conditions/ mosquito bites are the likely causes of the various health problems with the least being bad weather condition.

Fig. 4.10: Likely causes of the Various Health Problems of Respondents


26

4.12.5 Risk of Health Problem as a result of the Intervention Work Majority (95%) of the respondent are of the opinion that they are not at risk of any health problem as regards the intervention work. The remaining 5% are not sure or feels they are at risk of health problems 4.12.6 Main Source of Water Supply to the Facility The main source of water supply to most facilities is borehole with 56%, pipe water 28%, open well 10%, covered well 2% and others 4%. 4.12.7 Availability of Health Care Facility Majority of respondents 81.22% stated that there are health facilities in their communities while 18.78% confirmed the existence of no immediate health care facility in their communities. A further 6% are not so sure.


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CHAPTER 5: ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF

ALTERNATIVES 5.1 Introduction This Chapter contains a summary of the impacts that are likely to result from the intervention work as a result of the interaction between the project components and the environmental elements. The method employed for impact identification and evaluation is also given in this Chapter 5.2 Impact Identification and Evaluation The identification and management of impacts associated with work activities were based on a risk assessment method which involves:

Identification of intervention activities that may interact with the site environment.

Implementing controls to reduce the risk of impacts.

Monitoring the effectiveness of the controls. The key activities of the proposed intervention work were identified and then interacted through the pathways (or events) that may cause impacts on the environment. The associated potential impacts where then identified and listed. The risk of the impacts occurring was analysed by determining the consequence severity of the impacts and the likelihood of consequences occurring. The severity of the consequences was determined using a Consequence Severity Table and the likelihood of an impact resulting from a pathway was determined with a Likelihood Ranking Table and then the level of risk was determined using a Risk Matrix (Table 5.1). To prevent or minimise the impacts, controls were placed on the pathways in this order of priority:

Elimination of the activity.

Substitution with a lower risk activity.

Best solutions (engineering and administrative) to reduce the impact of the event and/or control the activity.

Clean up or remediation measures to mitigate impacts after an event.

Table 5.1: Consequence Severity, Likelihood Ranking & Risk Matrix Tables

Consequence Severity Table

Level Consequence

1 Insignificant No detectable impact to the existing environment

2 Minor Short term or localized impact

3 Moderate Prolonged but recoverable impact on the environment and commercial industries

4 Major Prolonged impact to the environment which may not be recoverable and threatens an ecological community, the conservation of species or the sustained viability of commercial industries.

5 Catastrophic Non-recoverable change to existing environment leading to loss of endangered species or creation of human health risk.

Likelihood Ranking Table

Level Likelihood

A Almost certain

The incident is expected to occur most of the time (i.e. every time).

B Likely The incident will probably occur in most circumstances (i.e. regularly, weekly)

C Moderate The incident should occur at some time (i.e. quarterly)

D Unlikely The incident could occur at some time during the life of the project.

E Rare The incident may occur only in exceptional circumstances and may never happen.


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Risk Matrix Table

Where:

H (High impact) - Senior management involvement and planning needed S (Significant impact) - Senior management attention needed and careful planning and

implementation M (Moderate) - Impact Management responsibility must be specified L (Low impact) - Manage by routine procedures.

5.3 Potential Environmental and Social Impacts of the Project 5.3.1 The Project Benefits The project is envisaged to have a range of positive environmental and social impacts. Some of these are a function of the objectives of the project, while others are a function of the way in which the project is designed to meet its objectives. The major benefits will occur in the form of improved erosion management and gully rehabilitation which will provide for:



Reduced siltation in rivers leading to less flooding and the preservation of the water systems for improved access to domestic water supply.


Progressively restored vegetative cover, improved environmental conditions and more humid local microclimates. This results in increased vegetation cover for wildlife and carbon sequestration.


5.3.2 Negative Impacts The proposed development unfortunately is also likely to exert adverse impacts on the social and physical environment within which it is executed. No major potential environmental impacts are expected, but only minor impacts associated with site preparation, earth works, waste generation, traffic and safety which are localized and reversible. The potential negative impacts of attention are:

Increased level of noise and dust nuisance during the preparation of site, and trucking materials to sites.

Generation, temporary storage and disposal of waste from the labor camp. These may cause dust emissions, erosion, littering, damage to soil.

Contamination of soil and groundwater by stored fuel, lubricants, paints; and refueling of vehicles.

Safety of labor and public during the construction phase in site and around it


29

Traffic disruption

These impacts can be divided into short-term construction related impacts and long-term operation unavoidable impacts. The short-term impacts include rehabilitation/construction related traffic, dust, noise, and disruption of vehicle and pedestrian traffic. A more project specific potential negative impacts and the level of impacts that could emanate from the projects are summarized in Table 5.2. 5.3.2.1 Construction Phase The most damaging impact normally occurs during the construction stage. Generally, due to the type, duration and nature of construction activities envisaged, the anticipated environmental impacts are not expected to be significant. Construction activities are one time activities and not permanent, about six months - one year. Based on the duration of the construction activities, impacts associated with construction activities are rated “Low” on duration.

- Nevertheless, unless good construction management practices are followed, the short-term construction-related impacts shall include impacts such as increased runoff, air quality, noise and vibration, drainage, flooding and solid wastes management. Social negative impacts are unlikely as no displacement is expected other than occupational health and safety.

5.3.2.2 Operation Phase The operational Phase could be seen as the long-term, permanent activity and thus impacts under this as well as their management issues are considered recurring problems. Therefore the impacts are expected to be long-term operation and unavoidable impacts. These are likely to consist mainly of waste generation due to inspection, maintenance of the erosion control devices, etc.

5.3.3 Irreversible Environmental Changes The proposed project site will neither consume nor alter significant land, environmental and socio-cultural resources except for structures within 15 m of the set back. The proposed project will not generate significant demands on natural resources of the immediate or surrounding area nor disturb archaeological sites. Thus no long-term losses of significant resources are anticipated during the intervention works. 5.3.4 Cumulative /Secondary Impacts Cumulative impacts are changes to the environment that are caused by an activity in combination with other past, present and future human activities. The concept of cumulative effects is an important one. It holds that while impacts may be small individually, the overall impact of all environmental changes affecting the receptors taken together can be significant. When a resource is nearing its tolerance threshold, a small change can push it over. The objective of the cumulative impact assessment is to identify the environmental and/or socio-economic aspects that may not on their own constitute a significant impact but when combined with impacts from past, present or reasonable foreseeable future activities associated with this and/or other projects result in a larger and more significant impacts. The envisaged cumulative /secondary impacts arising from the intervention works is considered minimal. This is based on the fact that the project area is not located close to any environmentally sensitive area or human habitation; there is no known environmental degrading facility close to the project location. Most importantly, the project is an intervention work to rehabilitate the devastation of the environment and road. This will enhance public good and reduce travel time and distance for the community members. The project plan includes the planting of vegetation which are environmentally supportive. 5.3.5 Environmental justice The intervention activity serves the remedy the devastation of a road gullied by erosion which has caused nightmare for members of the communities. Thus the outcome is not meant for a particular section of the society, in respective of status. The neighborhood within which the intervention will take place will rather be enhanced and not affected negatively by the physical environmental impacts more than other areas.


30

Table 5.2: Identified Potential Impacts

S/N Envisaged Activities Potential Impact +/- Impact level

N L M H

A

Preconstruction: Planning & Preparatory activities Civil Work Construction

1. Movement of Equipment & materials

Dust raising and noise generation

Increase in noise nuisance

Accidents

X

2. Land acquisition for right of way

Displacement of asset

Negative perception and discontent expressions by members of the community.

x

B Construction

C BIOPHYSICAL ISSUES

1 Site clearing of set-back from edge of gully

Removal of Flora & fauna

Displacement of asset

X

Earthworks - Excavation, grading, compaction, filling and other civil works

Disturbance of the natural drainage of site

Increase in the amount of disturbed soil and could in turn increases the amount of erosion which can occur.

Increase sedimentation and runoff

Risk of pollution to water courses Destruction of visual scenery

Damage to abutting land use construction sites

x

2. General Treatment of the gully erosion

Failure due to poor integration between physical and biological measures.

Failure to complete the treatment works for any reason – tantamount to not getting the required protection and a waste of time and resources.

+/- X

3. Gully Stabilisation/Use of Vegetation as control & buffers Grass-lined Channel (Turf reinforcement mats)

Failure of lined drainage channels and energy dissipaters after major storms/runoffs enters the channel.

Debris/ sediment accumulation in outlets and points where concentrated flow enters the channels, bank instability, and scour holes developing

X

4. Structural Erosion and Sediment Control Practices - Structural practices used in sediment and erosion control to divert storm water flows away from exposed areas, convey runoff, prevent sediments from moving offsite, and can also reduce the erosive forces

Drainage lines and ephemeral waterways may have areas that could be ‘erosion starters’.

Degrade water quality

Alteration of local hydrology

Damage of valuable ecosystems and habitats

The release of fine sediments and turbid water into water body can adversely affect the health and biodiversity of aquatic life in water body downstream, increase in the

X


31


N L M H

concentration of nutrients and metals, reduce light penetration into the water

7 Use of heavy Equipment on site and transport vehicles on the public roads

Vibration generate lateral waves to the surrounding structure and could lead to failure

Contaminate ground or surface water when hydraulic oil, motor oil or other harmful mechanical fluids are spilled

Noise generation and air quality degradation, especially dust

Sediment transport from the site onto public roads or adjacent properties via the wheels, chassis and side of vehicles.

Disruption of visual scenery

X

8. Construction camp and crew

Soil contamination, Unhygienic work environment and disturbance of the neighbourhood

Dis-affection in the community

X

9. Storing Materials/

Loss of the stockpiled material

Damage to valuable ecosystems and habitats

Leaks of hazardous materials from equipment or storage

X

10 Social Issues Poor social interaction between community members and workers.

X

11 Waste/Spoil disposal High volume of waste/spoil

Spoil tipped away from designated areas

X

13 Local culture and society Socio-cultural values may be altered and the stability of communities adversely affected by presence of construction workers in the area

Exposure to rapid social change or tourism.

X

14 Land use/Land take Displacement of assets or means of livelihood

X

15 Utility Disruptions Construction activities and the need to realign utility supply lines

X

16 Quarry for fill materials

Use of agricultural land

Exposure of other erosion prone sites

X

17 Site Work – occupational & Public Safety and Health

Excavation exposes inhabitants and crew to risk of falls and injuries in excavation pits

Use of equipment and movement of vehicles includes accident rates/ traffic hazards.

Burrow Areas for fill materials could lead to accidents

Exposure to atmospheric emissions

X


32


N L M H

from construction equipment

Exposure to excessive and continuous noise and vibration from construction activities

Risk of water source pollution

Dust emission

D Operation and Maintenance

1 Maintenance

Poor maintenance create gullies and standing pools

Create mud-holes, potholes

Breed disease vectors in settling basins and retention ponds

X

E Decommissioning

1 Break up old surface and soil, etc.

Cause soil erosion

Degrade water quality

Dust generation

Disruption of the secondary/ newly emerged flora

X

5.4 Analysis of Project Alternatives In the context of this ESMP, analysis of project alternatives refers to the performance of the natural and socio-economic resources with or without the project or with or without the implementation of the measures of this ESMP and/or other safeguard instrument considered appropriate. For intervention work of this nature, there are usually a number of viable options that can be considered. These alternatives include: the no project option; delayed project; alternative site/location and project execution options. For this project, analysis of the various alternatives is presented as follows: 5.4.1 No Project Option The no project option implies that the intervention work shall not be executed; hence there is no need to carry out this study. This implies the site will remain in its current state and perhaps widen due to natural forces without even any interference from man. Nevertheless, this situation will worsen and put the activities of man and the environment into further jeopardy since the area is already exposed to the forces of erosion. The intervention work is designed to stop these forces and mitigate any negative impacts that may arise. Therefore, choosing the no project option will mean a loss of efforts made by all parties to ensure the erosive forces do not continue to pose risk to lives and the environment and even loss of job opportunity to Nigerians. The ‘no project option’ is therefore not considered a viable option. 5.4.2 Delayed Project Option This option implies that the planned intervention be delayed until a much later date. Such option is usually taken when conditions are unfavourable to project implementation such as in heavy rainfall, war situation, or where the host community is deeply resentful to it. Also, if the prevailing economic climate is not quite favourable, then delayed option may be feasible. None of these conditions is applicable at present. Further delay will mean the onset of heavy rainfall that is not favourable for the proposed treatment method. At present, both the economic and the political environment and natural environmental phenomena are most favourably disposed towards it. Therefore, the implication of delayed project option will mean that all the preliminary work and associated efforts/ costs incurred would have come to nothing. Also, because of inflationary trends, such a delay may result in unanticipated increase in project costs, which may affect the final target from the project. These, and other related problems make adopting the delayed option impracticable.


33

5.4.3 Go Ahead Option This option means going ahead to implement the intervention work. This also entails incorporating professional advice on the most practicable option such as are spelt out in this ESMP and other relevant safeguard instruments and/or best practices relating to the execution of the intervention. This will definitely reassure the public of their safety and the environment. It will also aid employment creation. The environmental threats from the gully erosion will be reduced drastically, if not totally solved in that area. The devastation by erosion that has rendered the existing road impassable will be addressed and solved. This option is therefore considered the most viable and recommended for implementation. However, in going ahead, appropriate measures for the gully treatment must be adopted and applied. 5.5.4 Gully Treatment Options Treatment of gullies depends on a range of factors including: the size of the gully, whether it is actively eroding or not, the soil type, the size and frequency of water flow, the gradient of the area and the desired use of the land after rehabilitation. The situation of the proposed intervention area shows that the best option or combination of the following options should be employed: Table 5.3: Gully Treatment Options

S/No Treatment Option Scenario For Proposed Intervention work

1 The do nothing approach

Applicable when assets are not at risk from erosion.

This option can result in downstream significant sedimentation problems.

Generally the slowest option to achieve a stable gully.

Not applicable

2 Backfilling the gully and forming a stable drainage state

Generally only viable for small gullies.

This option requires only cheap supplies of materials for gully/earth filling

Generally the quickest Option to achieve a stable gully.

Applicable

3 Partially backfilling the gullies using natural sedimentation processes

This is usually the cheapest option in the long run.

This option relies on the on-going supply of sediments from the upstream gully erosion. If the upstream gully is stabilized as part of the overall gully rehabilitation, then there may be insufficient sediments to backfill the weirs.

This option is often adopted, when the gully extends upstream of a given property.

Not applicable

4 Partially backfilling using local or imported materials

This option requires heavy machinery.

High safety risks are often associated with such project and Earth works.

Battering the gully bank to provide a source of fill usually accelerate the rehabilitation of the gull bank.

Not Applicable

5 Stabilization of gully without partial backfilling of the beds or battering of the banks

This option can result in a long drawn-out process, requiring planting and replanting.

Significant sediment loss can occur before the gully bank reach a stable form

Not Applicable

Adopted from Catchment & Creeks Pty Ltd, 2010


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CHAPTER 6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 6.1 Introduction In the project design the impacts identified were duly incorporated. While the design stands to strengthen the positive impacts, a priority in the project planning and design has been to avoid potential negative environmental and social impacts. Thus as much as possible in the design and selection of site, work methods, equipment, for the project, etc. identified negative impacts are already mitigated Nevertheless, some of the impacts will require additional measures such as sound operational procedures and good housekeeping. Provisions have been made for this in the entire arrangement of the planned work for construction and operation for impacts that are unavoidable. With all intent and purpose, the proposed project activities whether during construction or operation shall not constitute environmental and social burdens to the environment that cannot be managed effectively. 6.2 Mitigation Measures The mitigation measures are activities aimed at reducing the severity, avoiding or controlling project impacts and where possible enhance environmental quality through the designed alternatives, scheduling or other means. Mitigation may be in the form of avoidance (alternative action taken to avoid impact), compensatory payment of money or replacement in kind for losses or recreation of lost/damaged habitat. The measures proposed are specific, measurable, achievable and relevant to the proposed and time based (SMART). The measures also took into account the environmental laws in Nigeria, and internationally and the principles of sustainable development and best available technology. Most of the likely impacts due to the proposed project have been considered in the design and selection of treatment options. As outlined in Table 6.1 outlines a summary of the potential impacts associated with the project, together with corresponding mitigation measures. 6.3 Residual Impacts after Mitigation Residual Effects can be considered as those that remain significant following the application of mitigation measures, although they are likely to have been reduced in magnitude as a result of the mitigation measure implemented. Overall, on balance, with the provision of the proposed mitigation measures as outlined in Table 6.1, the positive impacts of the scheme will considerably outweigh the negative impacts. The public as a whole will benefit from the completion of the scheme. 6.4 Enhancement of Positive Impacts and Reduction/Avoidance of Negative Impacts. A Mechanism for Enhancement of Positive Impacts and Reduction/Avoidance of Negative Impacts has been developed as shown in Appendix 6 in relation to the

Project Concept and design,

Construction and Operation,

Control of Earthworks and

Erosion and Sediment Control Plan,

Control of Water Quality, Waste Management ,

Control of Air and Noise Pollution

Environmental Code of Conduct for tender documents and

Social Integration and Participation All these management programmes have been developed as part of the ESMP to make it effective and functional. Appendix 7 highlights the General Environmental Management Conditions For Construction


35

In the course of work, the contractor shall execute all the mitigation measures under the monitoring and supervision of the safeguard officers of the PMU and Ministry of Environment officials with intermittent World Bank supervision mission.


36

Table 6.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan

S/N Activities

Envisaged

Potential Impact Mitigation measures

Monitoring

Indicators

Frequency Responsibility Cost of

Mitigation

Measures implementat

ion

monitoring

A Moblisation/ Preparatory activities

1. Movement of

Equipment &

Materials

Dust raising and

noise generation

Noise

Increase in noise nuisance

Raise public awareness of unusual

activity

Plan activities such that Regulatory

limits are not exceeded

Levels in relation to

regulatory limits

lower, Number or

absence of public

complaints

During

Moblisation/

actual

movement

to the

site/staging

Contractor, SPMU

Environmen

tal and

Social

Safeguard

officer

100,000.00

2 Movement of

Equipment &

Materials

Reduction in air

quality due to

vehicular

movement

Employ fuel efficient and well

maintained haulage trucks with

proper exhaust system to minimize

emissions.

All parked vehicles on the site shall

have their engines turned off;

Service vehicles as at when due and

stick to manufacturers’ specifications

in use

Develop and follow a controlled

fueling, maintenance and servicing

protocol

Levels in relation to

regulatory limits,

Number or

absence of public

complaints

During

Moblisation/

actual

movement

to the

site/staging

Contractor, SPMU

Environmen

tal and

Social

Safeguard

officer

3. Movement of

Equipment &

Materials -

Health &

Safety Issues -

Accidents -

Movement of

heavy equipment

to worksite which

may pose danger

to public

Place visible warning signs on roads

and vehicles

Raise public awareness of unusual

activity

Zero accident/No

of accidents

During

Moblisation/

actual

movement

to the

site/staging

Contractor, SPMU

Environmen

tal and

Social

Safeguard

officer

Sub-total 100,000.00

B. Construction

BIOPHYSICAL ISSUES

1 Site clearing of Removal of Flora Perform clearance in stages Absence of land Once SPMU MH, MOE & 50,000.00 +


37


S/N Activities

Envisaged


Monitoring

Indicators


Mitigation


ion

monitoring

set-back from

edge of gully

&fauna

Displacement of

asset

Develop compensation plan for

displaced asset in line with the RAP

that was prepared where only the LG

was identified as the only PAP

degradation due to

avoidable

vegetation

clearance/no scar,

absence of

complaint from

PAP/communities

during site

clearance

ESSO,

Contractor,

MOW, MoE Payment via

RAP

2. General

Treatment of

the gully

erosion,

Failure due to

poor integration

between physical

and biological

measures.

Failure to

complete the

treatment works

for any reason –

tantamount to not

getting the

required

protection anda

waste of time and

resources.

Careful planning and attention to

detail

Remove the cause of the gullying.

Ensure quality work

Do gully filling only after the water

flow that caused the gully has been

controlled or diverted above the gully

head. Otherwise fill placed in the gully

is likely to be undermined and

washed away.

Avoid filling gullies with rubbish, logs,

rocks, car bodies and other foreign

material that are not suitable.

Use earthen banks that divert runoff

away from the gully head, and

convert it to slower, less erosive flow

away from the actively eroding area.

Absence of failure

due to poor

integration between

physical and

biological

measures

During

Constructio

n -weekly

SPMU

ESSO,

Contractor,

MH, MOE &

MOW World

Bank

250,000.00

3. Gully

Stabilisation,

Use of

Vegetation as

control &

buffers -

Accumulation of

debris, sediment

accumulation,

died grasses,

shrub/bush and

tree planted, lack

Design structures so that the flow in

the gully is reduced to a non-scouring

velocity

Plant vegetation between the

structures and the gully stabilised

Locations of the structures must be

Absence of debris

accumulation

No of debris

remove and repairs

made on outlets

and points where

During

Constructio

n,

especially

after heavy

downpour

SPMU

ESSO,

Contractor,

MH, MOE &

MOW


38


S/N Activities

Envisaged


Monitoring

Indicators


Mitigation


ion

monitoring

Grass-lined

Channel

(Turf

reinforcement

mats)

of integrity

placed so that as much sediment is

collected as possible, while still

ensuring that the structures are

stable.

Sites should also be relatively smooth

at the gully floor, and have a gentle

slope between the gully floor and

sides.

Choose the right time to do it. From

late Dry season to early onset of rainy

season before heavy rains is

generally a suitable time as there is

less chance of high volumes of run-

off, yet there is sufficient soil moisture

and warmth to promote the growth of

vegetation.

concentrated flow

enters channels,

structures.

No of inspection

made on lined

drainage channels

and energy

dissipaters after

major

storms/rainfall .

of rain-

weekly

4. Earthworks -

Excavation,

grading,

compaction,

filling and other

civil works

Disturb the natural

drainage of site,

Increase the

amount of

disturbed soil and

could in turn

increases the

amount of erosion

which can occur.

Increase

sedimentation and

runoff

Risk of pollution to

watercourses

Develop a site plan that does not

require a significant amount of grade

changes–that fits into existing land

contours.

Site that will not be re-disturbed for a

long period should be stabilized to

reduce the erosion force

These areas until they are disturbed

again. E.g. if soil excavated from a

temporary sediment

Trap is stockpiled to be used later to

backfill the trap (when the area is

stabilized) then the stockpile

Carry out earthworks operations such

Number of

drainage lines and

ephemeral

waterways that

could be ‘erosion

starters’.

No of Complaint

from the

community due to

poor water

quality/sedimentati

on

During

Constructio

n,

especially

after heavy

downpour

of rain

SPMU

ESSO,

Contractor,

MH, MOE &

MOW


39


S/N Activities

Envisaged


Monitoring

Indicators


Mitigation


ion

monitoring

that surfaces have adequate falls,

profiling and drainage to control run-

off and prevent ponding and flooding.

Control run-off through silt/sediment

traps as appropriate to minimise the

turbidity of water in outfall areas.

5 Use of heavy

Equipment on

site and

transport

vehicles on the

public roads

Vibration generate

lateral waves to

the surrounding

structure and

could lead to

failure

Contaminate

ground or surface

water when

hydraulic oil,

motor oil or other

harmful

mechanical fluids

are spilled or

dumped

Spills, leaks or

injuries from any

type of hazardous

material (e.g.

bitumen, cement,

paint, explosives,

fuels, lubricants)

As much as possible avoid use of

heavy duty equipment like bulldozers,

pay loaders and trucks used in

excavation and loading at the control

site,

Work schedule to minimize

disturbance.

Alert the public when loud noise will

be generated

Sound-proofed machines shall be

employed

Construction vehicle, machinery and

equipment move or station always in

the designated area only and do not

carry activities beyond land

hired/given

Absence/number of

oil leakage/spill,

absence of impact

on

structures/cracks/

Absence/number of

damage to abutting

construction

site

Absence/number of

complaint due to

noise & dust

generation

Absence of

sediment transport

from the site onto

public roads or

adjacent properties

via the wheels,

chassis and side of

vehicles.

During

Constructio

n,

SPMU

ESSO,

Contractor,

MH, MOE

& MOW

6. Construction

camp and crew

Soil

contamination,

Identify suitable camp site in

consultation with relevant authorities

Wholesome

environment

Daily/All

through

SPMU

ESSO,

MH, MOE &

MOW

100,000.00


40


S/N Activities

Envisaged


Monitoring

Indicators


Mitigation


ion

monitoring

Unhygienic work

environment and

disturbance of the

surrounding

neighbourhood

Dis-affection in

the community

Regular collection and proper

disposal of Solid Waste.

Ensure and enforce good

housekeeping

Absence of conflict

with community

members

during

Constructio

n

Contractor,

7. Storing

Materials/

loss of the

stockpiled

material

Damage valuable

ecosystems and

habitats

Leaks of

hazardous

materials from

equipment or

storage

Stockpiles should not be located

within an overland flow path.

In order to mitigate the flow of water

away from stockpiled material, flow

diversion banks can be constructed

up-slope of the stockpile to divert run-

off.

install a sediment fence (or

heightened bund wall) on the downhill

side

Presence/absence

of moved stored

material by

rain/wind

Presence/absence

of leaks from

substance stored

Daily/All

through

during

Constructio

n

SPMU

ESSO,

Contractor,

MH, MOE &

MOW

Social Issues

1 Waste/Spoil

generation &

management

Waste generation

volume of

waste/spoil

Spoil tipped away

from designated

areas

As part of contract requirements,

contractor will be required to develop,

implement and maintain a Waste

Management Plan during the

construction works with emphasise to

minimise waste and segregate waste

Protection of neighborhood from

debris due to construction

Minimize spoil by balancing cut and

fill wherever possible

Safe tipping areas identified and

Volume of waste

generated and

disposal method.

Good waste

management plan

in place-acceptable

in light of best

practice

Daily/All

through

during

Constructio

n

SPMU

ESSO,

Contractor,

MH, MOE &

MOW,

Waste

Managemen

t authority

100,000.00


41


S/N Activities

Envisaged


Monitoring

Indicators


Mitigation


ion

monitoring

enforced.

Spoil traps constructed.

Dispose in approved sites

2 Local people

excluded from

activities

Conflict Incorporate methods within the skills

of local people.

Contractors encouraged using local

labour wherever possible.

Number of

community

members involved

in construction

Twice

during

construction

SPMU

ESSO,

Contractor,

MH, MOE &

MOW

Officer,

Local

Government

/Site

Committee

100,000.00-

3 Quarry for fill

materials

Use of agricultural

land

Avoidance of agriculture lands as

borrow areas and other sensitive

areas

Redevelopment of borrow areas

Redevelopment of quarries in case

new quarries are setup for the Project

Presence/absence

of scouring,

erosion, damage to

property, water

supply disruption.

Complaints from

local people

During

construction

SPMU

ESSO,

Contractor, ,

MH, MOE &

MOW, Local

Government

/Site

Committee

350,00.00.00

4 Site Work –

occupational

&Public Safety

and Health

Dust – water-

sprays to

control

particulates.

Excavation -

Expose

inhabitants and

crew to risk of falls

and injuries in

excavation pits

excavation slope

instability causing

injury/death

Use of equipment

and movement of

vehicles includes

accident rates/

Take safety precautions to protect

being injured by flying or falling rock

Poorly planned borrow pits and

quarries pose threats, ranging from

falls from quarry faces to drowning in

quarry pits that have become

standing water reservoirs

Use equipment with low operating

noise levels

Restrict construction works to day

time hours in location close to

residence

Introduce traffic/speed control devices

Zero

Accidents/incidents

Every day

during

construction

SPMU

ESSO,

Contractor,

MH, MOE &

MOW, Local

Government

/Site

Committee,

200,000.00


42


S/N Activities

Envisaged


Monitoring

Indicators


Mitigation


ion

monitoring

traffic hazards.

excessive and

continuous noise

and vibration from

construction

activities

Risk of water

source pollution

Provide safety warning and

instruction signboards

Use of excavation dewatering, side-

walls support, and slope gradient

adjustments that eliminate or

minimize the risk of collapse,

entrapment, or drowning

Provide safe means of ingress and

egress from excavations, such as

graded slopes, graded access route,

or stairs and ladders

Sub-total 1,450,000.00

C Operation and Maintenance

Operation -

Maintenance

and Utilization

of

Rehabilitated

Gully

Collapse of

structure/failure of

measures

Monitor and maintain intervention

work for continued stability and

quality

Shortcomings in the control structures

should be corrected before they

develop into serious problems.

Any grass, shrub/bush and tree

planted which dies should be

replaced

Treated gullies should be checked

regularly and the healing process

monitored closely. Structures built in

the gully for stabilization purpose

should be observed for damage

especially during rainy seasons and

after heavy storms. Damaged check-

Number of failure

of structure

Once in

three

months

during dry

periods and

immediately

after heavy

down pour

during rainy

season

Community,

Site

committee,

SPMU

Environment

al and Social

Safeguard

Officer, MoE

MoW,

FPMU,

World Bank

1,000,000.00


43


S/N Activities

Envisaged


Monitoring

Indicators


Mitigation


ion

monitoring

dams should be repaired immediately

to avoid further damage and the

eventual collapse.

Conduct gender study to assess the

challenges and opportunities for the

mainstreaming of gender concerns in

the use of, access to and

maintenance of the gullies

Avoid delay repair even in small

damage or break of control structure

Operation -

Maintenance

and Utilization

of

Rehabilitated

Gully

Unsustainable use

of rehabilitated

gully areas

crossing different

land uses owned

by different land

users/ Conflict

Disharmony in

Identification of users and

development of a use concept or

management plan.

Before treatment of gullies, the users

should be identified and the

boundaries should be clearly

demarcated, the gully rehabilitation

process should be objective oriented

and responsibilities of owners in

managing, maintaining and utilizing

the gully should be agreed upon.

Number of

agreement signed

with Sustainable

users of

rehabilitated gully

areas

Presence/absence

of land users/

Conflict

Disharmony in

Once every

six months

, Community

members,

SPMU,

FPMU World

Bank

600,000.00

Operation -

Maintenance

and Utilization

of

Rehabilitated

Gully

Poor maintenance

of vegetated area,

Maintain healthy pasture swards on

slope to reduce bare ground.

Minimum or no tillage techniques that

protect soil structure as fine soil

particles erode more readily

Regular inspection.

Presence/absence

of Healthy

vegetation

Once every

six months

Community,

Site

committee,

SPMU

Environment

al and Social

Safeguard

Officer, MoE

MoW,

FPMU,

World Bank

Sub-total 1,650,000.00

Decommissio Cause soil Break up old surface and soil. Absence of soil All through Contractor, Environment 400,000.00


44


S/N Activities

Envisaged


Monitoring

Indicators


Mitigation


ion

monitoring

ning erosion, Degrade

water quality, Dust

generation,

Damage valuable

ecosystems and

habitat

Remove and dispose of surfacing

material if necessary and loosen soil

of previous track to accelerate

regeneration of vegetation

Reshape eroded or culled surfaces

with out-sloping, re-vegetate as

needed.

erosion, water

quality degradation

and dust

generation

the

decommissi

oning and

equipment/

material

period

SPMU al and Social

Safeguard

Officer,

Local

Government

/Site

Committee

Sub-total 400,000.00

Grand Total 3,600,000.00


45

6.5 Waste Management Plan During the construction and subsequent operation and maintenance phases, it is inevitable that discharges of materials to the environment will occur. If these are not controlled, they may act as a source of environmental disturbance or nuisance. The rehabilitation/construction activities could yield a variety of wastes in the form of construction materials, scrap metal, municipal wastes, etc. For effective management, the waste management plan during construction and operation phases will ensure that all the waste must be properly identified, minimized, segregated, properly stored, reused, tracked, monitored and audited. All the wastes that cannot be re-used will be safely managed and disposed of in a manner that meets regulatory requirements. Furthermore, awareness shall be created amongst community members not to dump waste in treated gully erosion channels. 6.6 Maintenance and Inspection of Treated Gully In order to be effective, the intervention work must be properly designed, implemented, inspected and maintained. To maintain the integrity of the intervention work (treated gully) the site check shall include regular inspection. Maintenance generally shall focus on the following:

Eroded areas repaired immediately.

Debris removed and repairs made where necessary from the channel.

Outlets and points where concentrated flow enters the channel.

Seeded slopes identified for signs of erosion, filling these areas slightly above original grade, then roughen, reseed, and mulch as soon as possible.

Lined drainage channels and energy dissipaters at regular intervals and after major storms.

Sediment accumulation, piping, bank instability, and scour holes, and repair promptly

Use of sandbags during rainfall events if extra height is needed on the ridges of contour drains.

Repair or reinstate drains if destroyed by machinery movement or other forces.

Check dams cleaned after each significant storm event or when accumulated sediment reaches half the height of the check dam.

To this end, inspection system shall check:

Drains after rainfall or storms and outfall for erosion

Remove any accumulated sediment deposited in diversion channels where there is a risk of overtopping due to a lack of freeboard.

Vegetation is growing.

Check seeded slopes for signs of erosion.

Reseed areas to prevent sheet and rill erosion. Spot seed in small areas.

Lined drainage channels and energy dissipaters should be inspected at regular intervals and after major storms.

Check dams for undermining and/or short-circuiting and keyed into the channel banks a minimum of 18 inches to prevent flow around the dam

6.7 Gender Issues Women are key to ensuring the sensibility and sustainability of the overall project management at the watershed management levels especially. As key players, managers and direct actors in managing natural resources in the watershed areas and addressing the household food security women gender participation is critical. The empowerment of women through generating employment, knowledge and skill development even without formal education would work well collectively through the encouragement of formation of cooperatives amongst them. Income generating activities directly relating to sustainable land and water management through soil, water and biodiversity conservation, including specific technologies


46

such as natural regeneration of vegetation/tree cover and agroforestry at the local levels should be strengthened amongst the women. The empowerment of women groups is essential for public good, to ensure for every watershed management and opportunities at least 60% of major activities should be targeted at women. A gender study that strives to mainstream gender concerns in the use of, access to and maintenance of the watershed and treated gully areas is relevant. Appendix 8 outlines some information that should be provided in an assessment of the challenges and opportunities for the gender concerns.

6.8 Environmental Monitoring and Auditing In order to effectively and efficiently implement this ESMP, a system for monitoring and auditing has been built into the overall management plan. Monitoring and auditing assist in the examination of management, employee knowledge, programme responsibilities, records & effectiveness Specifically, this shall help to:

Improve environmental and social management practices;

Check the efficiency and quality of the environmental management processes;

Establish the scientific reliability and credibility of the ESMP for the project and

Provide the opportunity to report the results on safeguards and impacts and proposed mitigation measures implementation.

6.8.1 Site Inspection and Monitoring To continually achieve the benefits of the gully treatments, site inspection and monitoring programme shall be ensured with the following objectives:

Ensure that the Gully Erosion Treatment and Control Plan (GETCP) is appropriate for the site and is being implemented effectively;

Ensure Gully Erosion Treatments are being appropriately maintained; and

Identify any works at the site that may be contributing to environmental harm. 6.8.2 Site Inspection and Maintenance Following the gully treatment/remediation work or installation of erosion and sediment control measures, a walkthrough or site inspection should be conducted to ascertain that all measures have been implemented in the field, that erosion is being controlled, and that sediment and other pollutants are not being transported off-site or into critical areas on-site. Any improper installation or any repairs necessary to complete the job should be noted at this time. Another purpose of the site walkthrough is to identify critical inspection locations and monitoring points where control measures will need to be routinely checked for performance and checked after storm events. These critical points must include:

• All disturbed areas of the site

• Material storage areas

• Locations where vehicles enter or exit the site

• All erosion and sediment control measures

• Discharge outfall visual monitoring points. The control measures must be in good operating condition until the area they protect has been completely stabilized and the construction activity is completed. In the absence of significant runoff events, all measures must be inspected by the contractor in accordance with any schedule required by the SPMU and Ministry of Works and before any predicted, significant rainfall. During rainfall events, the contractor’s inspector must have the ability to call out work crews to immediately repair the erosion and sediment control measures. Appropriate materials and equipment should be kept on hand to enable a quick and rapid response. 6.8.3 Site Inspection Frequency It is recommended that during the gully erosion treatment inspection should be carried out in the following manner:


47

At least daily during rainfall events;

At least weekly, even if the works are not being conducted;

Within 24 hours of a forecasted rainfall or storm event; and

Within 18 hours of a rainfall or storm event of sufficient intensity to cause run-off. Furthermore, active sites must be inspected by the contractor daily during storm water runoff and within 24 hours after any storm event greater than 0.5 inches in a 24-hour period. Active sites must be inspected at least every 7 days during periods of no runoff. Any site that is inactive for greater than 7 days must be inspected every two weeks. Exposed areas must be stabilized and inspected before a site is left in an inactive state. The inspector should record any damages or deficiencies in the control measures on an inspection report form. The damage or deficiencies should be corrected as soon as practicable after the inspection but in no case later than 7 days after the inspection. Any changes that may be required to correct deficiencies should also be made as soon as practicable after the inspection but in no case later than 7 days after the inspection. Inspections oversight should rest with the SPMU supported by the Ministry of Works with local knowledge, policies and procedures. Inspections of erosion control works should be conducted by a person clearly identified as responsible for this role and may be the project manager, site supervisor or principal contractor representative etc. All inspection details should be formally documented, filed and made available for inspection as required by PMU and relevant authorities. 6.8.4 Vegetation Establishment Monitoring Since vegetation typically is the primary form of permanent erosion control, it is important to ascertain how quickly and how well the vegetation is becoming established. Monitoring for vegetation establishment should be conducted in accordance with local requirements.. Vegetation should be monitored monthly to evaluate the following:

• The type of vegetation that is growing (as compared to the type of vegetation that was planted);

• The density of vegetation that is growing, including the percent of ground that is covered; and Based on regular evaluations of vegetation establishment, recommendations should be made as to whether the vegetation is establishing well, or whether additional measures should be taken, such as over seeding, fertilizing, erosion repair, or irrigation. Vegetation monitoring should continue until the vegetation reaches maturity and is providing the anticipated erosion control effectiveness. 6.8.5 Maintenance Problems The most frequent cause of failure is lack of preventative practices and poor maintenance of treatments administered. Erosion prevention and sediment control must be inspected regularly and operated and maintained using specific procedures to perform properly. Installation mistakes can also impair the performance of the measures. Inspectors should pay particular attention to maintenance problems and installation mistakes during inspections. 6.8.6 Inspection and Maintenance Reports Inspection reports should be prepared during each inspection conducted by the contractor or SPMU or Ministry of Works for civil works and Ministry of Agriculture for vegetation aspect, as the case may be. Reports should include information on damages or deficiencies, maintenance or repair activities, monitoring information, and vegetation establishment. Inspection reports should be kept for a period of three years after completion of final site stabilization.


48

6.8.7 Environmental Monitoring The Environmental monitoring activities shall be based on direct or indirect indicators of emissions, effluents, and resource use applicable to the intervention works. Monitoring frequency shall be sufficient to provide representative data for the parameter being monitored. Monitoring shall be conducted by trained individuals who can carry out the monitoring and record-keeping effectively using properly calibrated and maintained equipment. Monitoring data shall be analyzed and reviewed at regular intervals and compared with the operating standards so that any necessary corrective actions can be taken. As part of monitoring programme, visual inspections and quality monitoring for light attenuation should be conducted daily, for instance. A categorized mitigation measures and its implementation is given in Table 6.2 while summary of Environmental Monitoring Plan during construction and operation is shown in table 6.3. 6.9 Reporting Procedure The nature of issues to report and manner of reporting are outlined below: 6.9.1 Complaints Register and Environmental Incidents Any environmental or social incidents shall be documented (Appendix 8). The report shall be transmitted to the relevant authority by the SPMU, where necessary/applicable. The reporting shall be with a view to taking appropriate mitigation measures. All complaints received should be investigated and a response (even if pending further investigation) is to be given to the complainant within 5 days. The following information must be provided:

• Time, date and nature of the incident/report;

• Type of communication (e.g. telephone, personal meeting);

• Name, house location and contact telephone number of person making the complaint. If this person wishes to remain anonymous then “not identified” is to be recorded;

• Details of response and investigation undertaken as a result of the incident/complaint;

• Name of person undertaking investigation of the incident/complaint;

• Corrective action taken as a result of the incident/complaint. The report shall be rendered for both internal (in-house) uses all phases of the project for internal and external (public) consumption through the regulators. 6.9.2 Record keeping Good records are the paper trail that will prove that this ESMP is working as intended. Keeping records of inspection of maintenance programme for erosion control measures, training programme, etc will be useful to demonstrate that the ESMP is being complied with or not (Appendix 9). The type of records from the various management and monitoring programmes include:

• completed forms, checklists and maintenance logs

• identified problems and corrective actions undertaken

• monitoring data / results Some other types of records will also be valuable for assisting with the implementation of the ESMP and/or ESMP Review such as:

• Incident forms (especially pollution incidents and response, accidents, etc.)

• Internal and external communications regarding the ESMP (e.g. with waste management)

• Results of internal or external assessments and compliance visits.


49

Table 6.2: Environmental and Social Impact Mitigation Monitoring Plan Environmental Monitoring Plan Construction Phase (Pre- Construction)

S/No Activity/Issue Mitigation Measure Implementation Monitoring Activity Frequency Monitoring Responsibility

Cost (N)

1 Erection of contractor construction camp

Contractor to identify suitable camp site in consultation with SPMU/ relevant MDAs

Contractor obtain approval for camp site from members of the public/Local government

Retain a record of discussions

Retain a record of approval

After each discussion

Once

SPMU/Contractor

300,000.00

2 Materials testing

SPMU to include requirement for independent materials testing in contracting documents

SPMU to ensure that Contractor complies with requirements

Retain copy of contracting documents with the requirement

Check record of materials testing

Once

When materials are delivered

SPMU Site Engineers

3 Operation of Contractor construction camp

Inclusion of requirement for regular watering of camp site and construction sites in contracting documents

Contractor to implement approved Contractor work plan

submit monthly reports on Contractor implementation of approved work plan and mitigation measures

Establish and maintain public complaints register

Include the following requirements for worker facilities in contracting documents

- Covered rubbish bins for scraps - Adequately stocked first aid medical kits - Trained person to provide first aid assistance if

required

Include requirement in contracting documents for Contractor to provide facilities for disposal of solid and liquid wastes

Contractor to undertake regular disposal of solid and liquid wastes undertake frequent regular monitoring to ensure compliance with requirements

Retain copy of contracting documents with the requirement

Maintain record of implementation activities

Daily monitoring

Ensure all complaints are recorded in the register

Maintain a record of working hours

Maintain a record of discussions with local members of the public in relation to requests for extension of working hours

Maintain a record of any agreements for extension of working hour

Retain copies of contracting documents with requirement

Retain copies of waste disposal dockets

Maintain a photographic record of disposal activities

Maintain documentary record of monitoring activities

Once

Daily during dry weather condition

Daily

Monthly

As required

Once

As required

As required

Daily and weekly

SPMU Contractor SPMU Site Supervisor

4 Heavy machinery operation

Ensure contracting documents include specifications relating to type, weight and operation of heavy machinery

ensure that acceptance of CCMP includes consideration of heavy machinery operation

Contractor to operate machinery in accordance with accepted CCMP

Retain copy of contracting documents on project files

Include reference in acceptance advice

Maintain record of inspections and public complaints

Once

Once

Weekly

SPMU/Contractor


50

5 Excavation generally

Include requirement in contracting document for Contractor to remove and dispose of surplus material at approved sites

Include the following requirements for Contractors in the contracting documents:

- Provide temporary services acceptable standard where required

- Undertake permanent repair works for disrupted services within specified times

- Provide warning and safety signs in local language at excavation sites

- Provide PPE for site workers

Maintain photographic and documentary record of Contractor material disposal activities

Retain copy of approved list on project files



Maintain duplicate copies record of Contractor performance

Maintain photographic and documentary record of Contractor performance

Daily

Once

SPMU SPMU/Contractor

6 Management of spills and construction debris

Ensure that requirements relating to spill management and debris are included in contracting documents

Ensure that Contractor addresses spill management and debris removal as criteria for acceptable Contractor work plan

Ensure that Contractor to promptly attend to any spills



Once

Daily

SPMU/Contractor

7 Social issues Continual undertake public consultation

Conclude all resettlement issues that may arise

SPMU to include requirement for continual stakeholder consultations and public enlightenment in contracting documents

Retain copies of minutes of discussions

After each discussion

SPMU/Contractor

8 Health and Safety Issues

a) SPMU to include requirement for contract document need for contractor to mount in advance of the construction work awareness campaign relevant to health and safety and adequate road signs to warn pedestrians and motorists of construction activities, diversions, etc. provided at appropriate points.



Once

SPMU/Contractor

9 Traffic Safety and Traffic Management

a) SPMU to include requirement for contract document need for contractor

b) to ensure public safety, and meet traffic safety requirements for the operation of work to avoid accidents.

c) be responsible for the safety along the corridor related to the site,

d) provide and maintain necessary barricades, suitable and sufficient flashlights, flagmen, danger signals, and signs.

e) Submit weekly activities schedule and the locations of his work along the



Once

SPMU/Contractor

Sub-Total for Pre- Construction Monitoring 300,000.00


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Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan during Construction and Operation Air quality Dust Visual Observation at location of

activities Everyday during construction

SPMU/Contractor 200,000.00

PM, SO2, CO, NOX , CO2 Ambient air monitoring using standard method of sampling and analysis at established sampled locations for the baseline data

Annually or where visual observations indicate unpleasant scenario

SPMU/Contractor

Noise Level Disturbance/pinch Everyday during construction

Contractor 50,000.00

Level Sensor measurement around the premises at established sampled locations for the baseline data

annually SPMU/Contractor

Erosion Top soil movement/ground cutting Control and retention of disturbed soil at earthwork

Visual assessment Routinely during construction

Contractor 100,000.00

Water Quality

pH, TSS, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Chlorine, total residual, Phenols, Total coliform bacteria, Temp, etc

Standard method of sampling and analyses at established sampled locations for the baseline data

Where it is established that construction caused impact

Contractor/ Consultant

250,000.00

Annually SPMU/ Consultant,

Soil Quality pH, Conductivity, Heavy Metals, TOC, Total Hydrocarbons, Cations

Sampling and analyses at designated locations

• monthly during construction; • Quarterly during the first 3 years of operation; • Half yearly Subsequently

250,000.00

Sediment retention pond

Sediment build-up Visual Assessment& decants/level spreaders/fore bay

After all rain. During heavy rain

Contractors/Site Committee members/SPMU

125,000.00

Vegetal Cover

Vegetation growing well & maintained Visual assessment Routinely Contractors/Site Committee members/SPMU

100,00.00

General Waste Management

Reduction, Segregation protocols, proper handling, storage, treatment, and transportation

Visual Assessment, General Aesthetics, hazard free environment along the corridor

Routinely, Daily Contractor/HSE Officer

150,000.00

Training

Responsible HSE behavior and culture General HSE Awareness and specific training for workers

Routinely and as need arises

SPMU, Contractor See table 6.6

Socio-economics

Project benefit opinions, Lifestyle, no of

livelihoods opportunities created, income, gender

characteristics, no of women participating in

watershed management programs, etc

Questionnaires, direct observations and interviews.

Once in two years SPMU 200,000.00

Health & Safety

Incidents Hazard assessment Before Start of work and routinely

Contractor/SPMU Management

200,000.00

Sub-Total for Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan during Construction and Operation N1,525,000.00

Grand Total for Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan during Construction and Operation N1,825,000.00


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6.10 Disclosures and Public Consultation Plan All reasonable efforts must be made to disclose/display this ESMP to the public at strategic points within the project’s area of influence so as to allow all stakeholders read and understand how they stand to be affected by the project, and if they do not agree with, to make their grievance known before the start of the project. It should also be disclosed at the Federal Ministry of Environment and the Ebonyi State Ministry of Health and Environment

A key element of sustaining stakeholders’ support in any project execution is to consult and communicate with the stakeholders effectively and to engage them as early as possible with the project which has been done during the preparation of this ESMP and further enhanced in the course of preparation of the intervention work. Like any other business function, stakeholder engagement needs to be managed and driven by a well-defined strategy. Table 6.3 provides a Summary of the stakeholder engagement plan while Appendix 5 provides Stakeholder Engagement and Communication Process.

Table 6.3: Summary of the planned stakeholder engagement schedule Activity Stakeholders / Community Frequency / Timeline

Pre-Construction / Prior to Project Commencement

Project email, postal address and contact details

All stakeholders Once-off establishment

Fact Sheet and FAQ sheets All stakeholders As required, subject to any updates on the Project

Briefings State Government , Local Government, Site committee, World Bank

As required, subject to the approvals process

Newsletters, Media and Advertising

All stakeholders As required, subject to any updates on the Project

Site tours Regulators, Site Committee, community, World Bank, etc.

As required

Personal meetings Targeted stakeholders As required

Community Sessions Residents of affected areas/ Community and interest groups

As required, subject to approvals route and feedback from the community

Develop and disseminate Feedback and Complaints Mechanism and communications procedures

All stakeholders As required, subject to any updates on the Project

Briefings, Site Tours and Community Sessions - for development of the Rehabilitation and Closure Plan

Government authorities, Local communities, • Additional relevant stakeholders

Prior to Work Plan approval

Advertising / media release (update on milestones)

All stakeholders Regular

Project lunch All stakeholders Before civil works

Construction and operations

Ongoing community liaison Local community Ongoing

Project updates

All stakeholders Monthly

Responding to issues and inquiries as per Feedback and Complaints Mechanism

All stakeholders Ongoing / as required

Annual reporting All stakeholders Annually

Personal meetings All stakeholders Ongoing / as required

* Budget to be determined based on profile of stakeholders, duration, location and size


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6.11 Institutional Arrangements Since one of the main purposes of ESMPs is to establish responsibility for the activities that have to be undertaken, this sub-section details below, institutional arrangements and the roles and responsibilities of the various institutions in the implementation of the ESMP as outlined in Table 6.4. Table 6.4: Institutional Responsibilities

S/No Category Roles & Responsibilities

SPMU

Implementing authority, has the mandate to:

Co-ordinate all policies, programmes and actions of all road construction across the States

Ensure the smooth and efficient implementation of the project’s various technical programmes

Cooperate through a Steering Committee that provides guidance to the technical aspects of all project activities;

Maintain and manage all funds effectively and efficiently for the projects

State Ministries of works,

Site assessment and monitoring of works and engineering activities

State Ministry of Environment,

Lead role to ensure adherence to this ESMP and applicable standards, environmental and social liability investigations, Monitoring and evaluation process and criteria

Ministry of Lands, Survey and Urban

Compliance overseer at State Level, on matters of Land Acquisition and compensation and other resettlement issues,

Other MDAs Come in as and when relevant areas or resources under their jurisdiction or management are likely to be affected by or implicated projects such as utility.

World Bank Assess implementation Recommend additional measures for strengthening the management framework

and implementation performance.

Site Manager Ensure land disturbance activities are conducted in accordance with relevant legislation;

Minimise on-site erosion and control sediment in accordance with the site Erosion and Sediment Control Plan;

Communicate the content of, and any changes to the site Erosion and Sediment

Control Plan to all employees and contractors;

Inspect the operation of erosion and sediment control devices and initiate repair or maintenance as required;

Instruct employees and contractors in the purpose and operation of erosion and sediment control devices and the need to maintain these devices in proper working order at all times;

Provide adequate onsite waste collection bins, ensure proper disposal, not to litter and not to create environmental nuisance;

Contractor Compliance to BOQ specification in procurement of material and construction and adherence to the ESMP and good practice

Site Engineers/Supervisors

Provide oversight function during construction and decommissioning to ensure adherence to good practice and the ESMP

Site Committee Ensure compliance to BOQ and quality

Local government Support in monitoring project execution within their domains to ensure compliance with this ESMP and other relevant requirements

Local Community Promote environmental awareness Assist and Liaise with other stakeholders to ensure proper siting and provision of

approval for such sites Support with provision of necessary infrastructures and engage/ encourage

carrying out comprehensive and practical awareness campaign for the proposed projects, amongst the various relevant grass roots interest groups.

CDA/CDOs Ensure Community participation by mobilizing, sensitizing community members;

NGOs/CSOs Assisting in their respective ways to ensure effective response actions, Conducting scientific researches alongside government groups to evolve and


54

devise sustainable environmental strategies and rehabilitation techniques, Organizing, coordinating and ensuring safe use of volunteers in a response action, and actually identifying where these volunteers can best render services effectively & Providing wide support assistance helpful in management planning, institutional/governance issues and other livelihood related matter, Project impacts and mitigation measure, Awareness campaigns

i Others/General Public

Identify issues that could derail the project

Support project impacts and mitigation measures, Awareness campaigns

6.12 Institutional Capacity Building & Training Based on the interaction with the relevant stakeholders, assessment and determination of the characteristics of all the relevant stakeholders with key roles in the project as well as the assessment of the institutional capacities of the different parties shall be involved in the ESMP implementation; areas of awareness creation and training/capacity building/strengthening have been identified. To enhance the respective roles and collaboration of the relevant stakeholders, the following broad areas for capacity building have been identified as deserving of attention for effective implementation of the ESMP. Specific areas for effective institutional capacity needs are given in Table 6.5.

Table 6.5: Training Modules on Environment and Social Management

Programme Description Participants Form Of Training

Duration/Location

Training Conducting Agency

Cost (#)

Sensitization Workshop

Introduction to Environment: Basic Concept of Environment, Environmental Regulations and Statutory requirements as per Government and World bank

Engineers and Environmental/Safeguard Unit, Procurements & other relevant groups

Workshop ½ Working Day

Environmental & Social Specialists of Design Consultant/External Agency engaged for capacity building

250,000

Module I Introduction to Environment: Basic Concept of Environment, Environmental Regulations and Statutory requirements as per Government and World bank

Engineer/MoE Lecture ¼ Working Day


150,000

Module II ESMP and its integration into Designs: Methodology of Assessment of Pollution Monitoring, Methodology for site selection of waste disposal areas, e.t.c.

SPMU Engineer, Contractors/MOE,

Lecture and Field Visit

½ Working Day


200,000

Module III Civil works and use of Vegetation for gully stabilization in environmental management practices: Roles and Responsibilities of officials/contractors/consultants towards protection of environment and Implementation Arrangements Monitoring mechanisms

Officials of MoE, and other line MDAs

Workshop ½ day Environmental & Social Specialists of Design Consultant/External Agency engaged for capacity building

200,000

Module IV Monitoring and reporting system Community Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation

Engineers, MoE, & relevant MDAs, Community leaders/CDOs/NGOs

Workshop ½ day Environmental & Social Specialists of Design Consultant/External Agency engaged for capacity building

100,000.00

Module IV Alternative income generation program -income generating activities with [adequate] commercial potential in the agricultural and non-farm sectors. Agricultural methods and technology to increasing

Community liaison and support professional, site committee members, local government staff, etc

hands-on To be determined

Environmental & Social Specialists of Design Consultant/External Agency engaged for capacity building/World Bank

Seen as part of the normal operation cost


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Table 6.5: Training Modules on Environment and Social Management

Programme Description Participants Form Of Training

Duration/Location

Training Conducting Agency

Cost (#)

production on non-affected land and enhancing the treatment works at the gully site. Skill for off-farm work within or outside of the affected area

Total 900,000.00

6.13 Review and Revision of the ESMP There is need to review and update the ESMP regularly to ensure it reflects the unfolding situation that could occur on site and take into account changes that have occurred since this first version. The changes could be in the project description or new requirements/legislation coming into effect in the course of the project execution. Any changes to the ESMP need to be reflected in the information in the ESMP about the site, pollution controls and/or programmes and systems. Each of these will therefore also need to be updated. A copy of the revised version will be sent to relevant regulatory authorities as the case maybe. 6.14 ESMP Budget and Schedule of Work ESMPs have associated costs. Thus to effectively implement the environmental and social management measures necessary budgetary provisions shall be made for this ESMP. The Budgets for the ESMP include the environmental management costs other than the good engineering practices, cost of environmental and resettlement monitoring. All administrative costs for implementing the ESMP shall be budgeted for as part of the project costing. The cost of each measure have ben estimated and included in the overall ESMP budget as indicated in Table 6.6 to be N6, 957,500.00 (Six million, nine hundred and fifty seven thousand, five hundred Naira only) . The key elements of the implementation schedule are shown in the Table 6.7.


56

Table 6.6: ESMP Budget Summary

S/No Element Responsible N

1 Mitigation Measures SPMU ESSO, Contractor, MH, MOE &

MOW

3,600,000.00

2 Monitoring & Audit Contractors/Site Committee members/SPMU

1,825,000.00

3 Training SPMU , Contractor/HSE Officer, Consultant,

900,000.00

Sub-total 6,325,000.00

10% contingency 632,000.00

Grand total 6,957,500.00 / 34,787.5USD

Table 6.7: ESMP Budget and Implementation Schedule

S/N Activity Description Responsible MONTH (Contruction) Operation

Gully Pre-Treatment

Gully Treatment Period

Gully Treatment Maintenance

1 2 3 4 5 6

1. Disclosure of ESMP Report PMU

2. Allocating Budget for ESMP PMU

3. Appointing Support Staff for ESMP

PMU

4. Review and Approval of Contractor’s ESMP and Sediment, Waste & Safety Plan

PMU

5. Finalisation of Engineering Designs

PMU/Contractor

6. Implementation of Mitigation Measures

PMU/Contractor

7. Supervising ESMP Implementation

PMU/Contractor

8. Environmental Auditing PMU/FMENV/MoE/ Environmental Consultant

A year after construction

9. Monitoring & Reporting on ESMP Implementation

PMU /Contractor

10. Environmental Training Contractor/HSE Consultant

11.


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CHAPTER 7 PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS 7.1 Introduction The consultation conducted in the course of the preparation of this ESMP dovetailed into the one already initiated and established by SPMU, which is routinely carried out in the project zone. It is recognised that one key factor that exists in all successful approaches to project development and implementation is participation by relevant stakeholders. The more direct involvement of the local level people in the planning and management processes, the greater the likelihood that resource use and protection problems will be solved as well as the likelihood of development opportunities occurring in a balanced way and to the broad benefit of all communities in the project area. Community Participation was considered in the entire process as a fundamental tool for: managing two-way communication between the SPMU and the public, building understanding and improving decision-making by actively involving relevant stakeholders, especially the project affected persons and organizations with a stake and reducing the likelihood for conflicts. 7.2 The Objectives of Community Consultations

1. Canvass the inputs, views and concerns; and take account of the information and views of the public in the project design and in decision making.

2. Obtain local and traditional knowledge that may be useful for decision-making; 3. Facilitate consideration of alternatives, mitigation measures and trade-offs and ensure that

important impacts are not overlooked and benefits maximized; 4. Reduce conflict through the early identification of contentious issues; 5. Provide an opportunity for the public to influence the designs and implementation in a positive

manner; 6. Improve transparency and accountability in decision-making; and Increase public confidence in

the project.

7.3 Methodology of the Public Consultations To strengthen the consultation process, meetings were held with the vendors along the corridor, and other relevant stakeholders between March and September, 2014. Stakeholders met include the market women association, National Union of Road Transport Workers, Local Government officials, Ministry of Environments in both states, individuals, community leaders, and other Government officials, Different methods of communication to reach the stakeholders included face to face meeting, telephones and emails. 7.3 The Stakeholders Consulted and their Concerns The key stakeholders identified and consulted in the area include leaders in the communities, individual people who own properties that will be directly or indirectly affected, and business owners, etc. A list of those that had been met is shown in Appendix 5 and the issues discussed. At the meeting, the overview of the proposed project and appreciation of ESMP were presented. Furthermore, the challenges that could impede the implementation of the project and the support needed from all parties to ensure effective project and successful implementation were also discussed with the stakeholders. In Appendix 7.1 those consulted are presented with Plates of some of the stakeholders in Plate 7.1. The highlights of the meetings are presented in Appendix 7.2 and summarized Table 7.1.


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Plate 7.1: Some of the Stakeholders Consulted

Box 7.1: A summary of the Outcome of the Consultation Meetings

Date 7th March, 2014

Venue Amuda Achara Attendance See Appendix Language of Communication Ibo & English Stakeholder Met and Attendance Chiefs, community village heads, local government

council representatives, members of Erosion site committee, women leader and the youths, SPMU, State House of Assembly Rep

Issues/Comments Raised by Communities Response/How Addressed at the meetings or by the Project

We are very happy to see the project come out successful as we shall cooperate and support the successful execution of the project.

This erosion problem has been giving us nightmare because the community may be encroached by the gully if care is not taken.

The community wants the NEWMAP engineer to come and address the community and also wants the culverts at Aku-Amohia bridge to be strengthened.

Opinions of the people must be made to count by utilizing information/suggestion provided as the youth leader We express fears as per poor construction. Please, ensure that the quality of the rehabilitation is worthwhile so that we do not face reoccurrence again.

How soon will the project commence, we are tired of waiting?

Road affected by the gully connects two towns, Amuda and Achara and there are farmlands along the route, which has been rendered inaccessible.

The community market may soon be encroached by the gully if care is not taken

SPMU is happy to have everyone’s support as the project is for the common good of everyone, especially those that are close to the gully corridors.

We look forward to this cooperation as it is needed for the project to succeed.

The project has a properly defined scope based on the engineering design and analyses. The bridge is not part of it.

All fears and concerns shall be properly addressed and people’s opinions count that is why, for instance, this consultation was initiated.

Qualified persons shall be engaged by the contractors at the various sites on merit. Also, with the supervision of you the community members, the quality of work can be ensured.

The project shall commence once all the necessary documentations are ready

The essence of the rehabilitation work is to ensure

accessibility to all assets on the corridor Very shortly the work will commence once all the necessary documentations are in place for the civil works to commence without any hindrance


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CHAPTER 8: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The proposed intervention work is designed to improved erosion management and gully rehabilitation which will provide for:




Reduced siltation in rivers leading to less flooding and the preservation of the water systems for improved access to domestic water supply.


Progressively restore vegetative cover, improved environmental conditions and more humid local microclimates expected to results in increased vegetation cover for wildlife and carbon sequestration.

Enhancement of multipliers effects such as as employment opportunities, poverty reduction, enhanced national reputation and cultural promotion, among others is expected. The report also revealed some negative impacts that were identified. Thus, this ESMP has revealed that:

Potential impacts of sufficient magnitude that could interrupt the execution of the project were not detected. Although, there were few negative impacts that may potentially occur due to the activities associated with the proposed works but adequate and SMART measures have been provided to address them.

Appropriate institutional framework has been drawn up to implement the mitigation measures and environmental management plan while the proposed monitoring programmes shall be set in motion as soon as possible.

The proposed intervention work is most desirable because of the obvious environmental, health and socio-economic benefits. These far out-weigh the negative impacts that could arise in the course of implementation.

Mitigation measures and management plans have been suggested and developed for the negative impacts.

Generally, the study has indicated that the establishment of the proposed project will not severely impact negatively on the existing environmental, social and health as well as safe conditions of the people, locally, nationally or internationally. This inference is further made strong, owing to the fact that a number of the equipment that would be used at the location would be modern equipment and technologies that have the potentials not to constitute further environmental burdens in relation to the present existing environmental conditions.


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References

Commonwealth of Australia (1999): National Water Quality Management Strategy, Effluent Management Guidelines for Intensive Piggeries in Australia

CSIR. 2002. Guidelines for standardised Environmental Management Plans for projects within the water resource management component of the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. CSIR Report ENV-P-C 2002-032. Prepared for DWAF, Directorate: Social and Ecological Services, Pretoria.

Department of Environmental Affairs & Tourism (DEAT). 2004b. Environmental Management Plans, Integrated Environmental Management Information Series 12. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria.

Hill R.C. (2000): Integrated Environmental Management Systems in the implementation of projects. South African Journal of Science 96: 50-54.

Lochner, P. (2005): Guideline for Environmental Management Plans. CSIR Report No ENV-S-C 2005-053 H. Republic of South Africa, Provincial Government of the Western Cape, Department of Environmental Affairs & Development Planning, Cape Town.

Ministry Of Agriculture And Animal Resources (Minagri) (2010): Environmental Management Plan (EMP) For Nyanza 23 Sub Project , Land Husbandry, Water Harvesting And Hillside Irrigation Project (LWH) Prepared by Green and Clean Solution Ltd

Multiple Development Services (MDS )(2010): Environmental Management Plan for Infrastructure (a Multi-level Office Building Complex in Lekki, Lagos

Ramsay , J. (2006): Compendium on Relevant Practices on Improved Decision-Making, Planning and Management of Dams and their Alternatives, Key Issue – Environmental Management Plans, Final Report , United Nations Environment Programme Dams and Development Project, November

UNEP (1988): Environmental Impact Assessment , Basic procedures for developing Countries. World Bank (1999 ): Environmental Management Plan , OP 4.01 - Annex C January, po Federal Republic of Nigeria (1999): Summary of The Environmental and Social Impact

Assessment Study Second National Fadama Development Project (NFDP II) Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources (2003): Third National Fadama Development

Project (Fadama III), Rural Infrastructure, Manual No. 4, August Okpoko, E, Egboka

B., Anike, L & Okoro, E.(2013): Rainfall Harvesting as an Alternative Water

Supply in Water Stressed Communities in Aguata-Awka Area of Southeastern Nigeria in Environ. Eng. Res. 2013 June,18(2) : 95-101

J. Poesena, J., Nachtergaelea, J., Verstraetena, G., & Valentinb, C (2002): Gully erosion and environmental change: importance and research needs, Catena 50 (2003) 91–13, www.elsevier.com/locate/catena

LAKEW DESTA & BELAYNEH ADUGNA (2012): A Field Guide onGully Prevention and Control A Field Guide on Gully Prevention and Control, Nile Basin Initiative Eastern Nile Subsidiary Action Program (ENS AP)

Umec Associates, a Consulting Civil, Structural and Water Resources Engineering firm, is one of the consultants engaged by the Anambra State Ministry of Environment to study and design appropriate erosion control structures for St. Thomas Aquinas/Neros Plaza gully gully erosion site,

Uzoije, A.P, onunkwo, A, A, Ibeneme, S.I and Obioha, E.Y (2014): Hydrogeology Of Nsukka Southeast, – A Preliminary Approach To Water Resources Development, in American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) e-ISSN : 2320-0847 p-ISSN : 2320-0936 Volume-03, Issue-01, pp-150-162

Civil Contractors Federation (,2011):ENVIRONMENTAL BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE GUIDELINEs EROSION & SEDIMENT CONTROL

Otti V. I., Ejikeme, I. R., Nwafor, A.U. (The Environmental Effects of the Drainage System and Flood Control in Awka Urban City

International Journal of Engineering and Technology Volume 3 No. 1, January, 2013 ISSN: 2049-3444 © 2013 – IJET Publications UK. All rights reserved. 28

Awogbemi, A. (2013): Project Baseline Assessment Voice to the People (V2P): Making Governance Work for Poor and Marginalised People, Prepared for Christian Aid Nigeria, October.

Nigerian Meteorological Agency. Nigeria climatic data: Umuhaia. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2013.18.2.095

Catchment & Creeks Pty Ltd, 2010: Gully Erosion - Part 2 Assessment of Treatment Options

http://www.elsevier.com/locate/catena

http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2013.18.2.095


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www.nr.qld.gov.au APPENDICES

Appendix 1 Description of the Components of the Project - The Engineering Profile of the Civil Works The geotechnical survey revealed that the problem arose from unguarded floodwater, adequate control measures are highly recommended. This includes control through construction of concrete flood channels, vegetative control methods, use of stone pitches or rip raps. River training to tame the flow pattern may be necessary as uncontrolled river can erode anything on its path including hard rock as shown below.

Timber Market

Isu

och

i - O

we

rre

Ezu

kala

-n

Um

un

ze,

Uga

Ekw

ulu

obi

a R

oad

Amuda - Achara Isuochi Road

1080m long

Proposed Single Cell Box Culvert at chainage 1+080m: Length 9m X

Width 1.5m X depth 1.5m

To divert flow from the right side to the left side.

Proposed 1080m of asphaltic layered road from Amuda

to Achara Village. Width: 9m

Road to Achara



To Okide stream

9m long x 3m wide x 1.2m deep chute channel, followed by 4m long x 4m wide x 2m deep catchpit, followed by 10m long x 3m expanding to 6m wide sloping apron,

complete with baffles and riprap to the water wayx 2.5m deep

(see drawings no ----)

Catch pit

7 nos check dams to the Okide stream

(Refer to Drawing No.TCL/ABIA/NEWMAP/ISUOCHI/23/2013on page 23)







Boundary between type 1 and type 2 channels

260m 820m

Natural water way

Amuda Achara Gully Erosion Engineering Report, 2012

http://www.nr.qld.gov.au/


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Appendix 2: Terms of Reference for the ESMP Preparation Background

The Government of Nigeria is implementing the multi-sectoral Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP), which is financed by the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the Special Climate Change Fund, and the Government of Nigeria. NEWMAP finances activities implemented by States and activities implemented by the Federal government. The project currently includes 7 states, namely Anambra, Abia, Cross River, Edo, Enugu, Ebonyi, and Imo. The lead agency at the Federal level is the Federal Ministry of Environment (FME), Department of Erosion, Flood and Coastal Zone Management. State and local governments, local communities and CSOs are or will be involved in the project, given that the project is a multi-sector operation involving MDAs concerned with water resources management, public works, agriculture, regional and town planning, earth and natural resources information, and disaster risk management. The development objective of NEWMAP is: to rehabilitate degraded lands and reduce longer-term erosion vulnerability in targeted areas. At State level, NEWMAP activities involve medium-sized civil works such as

construction of infrastructure and/or stabilization or rehabilitation in and around the gullies themselves, as well as small works in the small watershed where gullies form and expand. These works trigger the World Bank’s Safeguard Policies including Environmental Assessment OP 4.01; Natural Habitats OP 4.04; Cultural Property OP 11.03; Involuntary Resettlement OP 4.12 Safety of Dams OP 4.37; Pest Management Safeguard Policy OP 4.09; and Projects on International Waterways OP 7.50. The environmental and social safeguards concerns are being addressed through two national instruments already prepared under the project: an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) and a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF). These framework instruments need to be translated into specific costed, measurable, and monitorable actions for specific intervention sites through the preparation of site-specific management and action plans. ESMF. In general, the ESMF specifies the procedures to be used for preparing, approving and implementing (i) environmental/social assessments (ESAs, or alternately both an SA or an EA) and/or (2) environmental/social management plans (ESMPs, or alternately both an EMP and SMP) for individual civil works packages developed

for each project. ESMPs are essential elements for Category B projects. RPF .The RPF applies when land acquisition leads to the temporary or permanent physical displacement of persons, and/or loss of shelter, and /or loss of livelihoods and/or loss, denial or restriction of access to economic resources due to project activities. It sets out the resettlement and compensation principles, organizational arrangements and design criteria to be applied to meet the needs of project-affected people, and specifies the contents of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for each package of investments. Objective and Scope of the Consultancy

The objective of the consulting services is to prepare an environmental and social management plan (ESMP) for the ABIA State sub-projects in Amuda Achara (Umunneochi Local Government Headquarters) intervention site. This TOR covers only the Amuda Achara (Umunneochi Local Government Headquarters) intervention site.

The Abia State Government as one of the participating States represented by the State Project Management Unit (SPMU) has selected the Amuda-Achara gully head as one of the priority sites to rehabilitate and remedy the degraded land. The gully head is located on Amuda-Achara, Isuochi in Umunneochi Local Government Area, Abia State. The gully erosion site starts behind the Timber Market on Amuda-Achara Road with the gully on both sides of the major road. The site lies between latitude 05° 26’ and N05° 41’ North of the Equator and longitude 007° 12’ and 007° 20’ East of the Greenwich Meridian. The proposed intervention works or project shall involve small-sized civil works and use of vegetation for the gullies stabilization, reclamation, protection and reinforcement to stop scouring action of flow velocity due to exposed soil surface. In the light of the anticipated impacts of the proposed intervention work activities, it was considered necessary to prepare a site specific Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the proposed intervention work aimed at protecting and minimizing any potential adverse environmental and social impacts in course of work and in the operational life of the intervention work. The ESMP is site-specific and consists of a well-documented set of mitigation, monitoring, and institutional actions

to be taken before and during implementation to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels. The ESMP also includes the measures needed to implement these actions, addressing the adequacy of the monitoring and institutional arrangements for the upper and lower watersheds in the


63

intervention site. The consultant will work in close collaboration with the engineering design consultants and NEWMAP State Project Management Unit’s (SPMU) safeguard team, and with other actors as directed by the SPMU. In that respect the sequencing of the technical/feasibility studies and the ESMP will be critical. The consultant will have to receive the draft technical/feasibility studies in order to take into account the technical variants of the proposed activities and also in return inform the technical design consultants of any major constraint that may arise due to the social and environmental situation on the ground. In each intervention site, the consultant will visit the full sub-watershed as delimited in the given gully stabilization design. These sub-watersheds are an average of four square kilometres in southern Nigeria. The consultant will take into account the proposed civil engineering designs, vegetative land management measures and other activities aimed at reducing or managing runoff that would be carried out within the sub-watershed. The consultant will assess natural resources and infrastructures potentially affected during project implementation and operation and select the management strategies needed to ensure that environmental risks are appropriately mitigated. Tasks of the consultant include the following: a) Describe the existing status of the sub-watershed and gullies; b) Identify the environmental and social issues/risks associated with the existing conditions; c) Select and measure appropriate baseline indicators (for example, m3/sec of runoff collected in the sub-watershed during a heavy hour-long rainfall); d) Develop a plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with construction and operation in the gully in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels; e) Develop a time-bound plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with sub-watershed management in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels; f) Identify monitoring objectives and specifies the type of monitoring, with linkages to the impacts assessed and the mitigation measures described above(in a-e); g) Provide a specific description of institutional arrangements: the agencies responsible for carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures (e.g., for operation, supervision, enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing, reporting, and staff training) and the contractual arrangements for assuring the performance of each implementing agency; h) Define technical assistance programs that could strengthen environmental management capability in the agencies responsible for implementation; i) Provide an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project, showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation plans; and j) Provide the expected capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of funds for implementing the ESMP and inform accordingly the design consultants so that these costs are duly taken into consideration in the designs. The following socio-economic issues shall be addressed in the ESMP: • A summary of the impacted communities for the project: location, access, population (number, demographic and social characteristics); economy (employment rate, income distribution); services (types, capacity, and adequacy) and housing. Concern is the ability to provide work force, service new development and absorb and adjust to growth (worker/family). • A summary of the views of the population including vulnerable groups, determined through thoroughly documented discussions with local communities. These meetings and discussions must be documented and should show how issues and problems raised are or will be resolved (note that a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) could be developed for the Site, and this is covered under separate TORs). • Cultural: Summarize the possible effects of the project on historical/archaeological sites, heritage/artifacts, native religious or harvest sites of the affected communities and identification or development of mechanisms for handling chance findings. Information will be gathered from field surveys and secondary data sources (interviews, structured questionnaires, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions). Other Tasks: The consultant shall assist the SPMU to: (i) Register the ESMP with the environmental assessment (EA) departments at Federal and State levels; and (ii) Disclose the finalized ESMP at National, State, LGA and Community levels. Qualifications

The consultant(s) must have expertise and advanced degrees earned in relevant fields including but not limited to: civil/environmental engineering, environmental sciences, or the social sciences. Minimum experience should be eight (8) years with a minimum specific experience of four (4) years on planning related to infrastructure development or disaster response. The consultant(s) must have experience in design and preparation of an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for infrastructure projects. The consultant(s) must have competency and documented experience in social and environmental scientific analysis and development of operational action plans. The consultant(s) must have a working knowledge of World Bank operational safeguards policies gained through hands-on experience in the preparation and implementation of environmental and social management plans in an urban area. Deliverables and timing • Inception Report: One week after contract signing.


64

• Week 4: A draft ESMP will be submitted for comments in Four weeks from the date of signing the contract. • Week 6: The draft final ESMP Report will take into account all comments, and will be submitted to the SPMU. • Week 8: The Final ESMP acceptable to Ebonyi State and to the World Bank. A comprehensive database of

relevant information collected in Excel format. Project-specific background documents

• Environmental and Social Management Framework(ESMF) • Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) • NEWMAP Project Appraisal Document (PAD) • NEWMAP Project Implementation Manual (PIM) • World Bank safeguards policies • Intervention design Payment Schedule

20% of Contract sum on successful conclusion of inception deliverable 30 % of Contract sum on submission of Draft Report 40% of Contract sum on submission of Draft Final Report 10% of Contract sum of submission and Acceptance of Final Report Annex 1: Outline and Substance of the ESMP report

The ESMP Report shall be presented in a concise format containing all studies, processes, analyses, tests and recommendations for the proposed intervention. The report shall focus on the findings, conclusions and any recommended actions, supported by summaries of the data collected and citations for any references used. The ESMP report will include the following topics, organized in a suggested outline that can be adjusted for local needs: Cover page Table of contents List of acronyms and their definitions Executive Summary Chapter 1: Introduction • Description of the proposed intervention • Rationale for ESMP • Map Chapter 2: Institutional and Legal Framework for Environmental Management • Discussion of the World Bank safeguard policies triggered by NEWMAP and the proposed activity • Summary of relevant local and federal policy, legal, regulatory, and administrative frameworks Chapter 3: Biophysical Environment • Description of the area of influence and environmental baseline conditions Chapter 4: Socio-Economic Characteristics and Consultation with Stakeholders • Analysis of existing livelihoods opportunities, income, gender characteristics, age profile, health, transport access, existing community structures – at watershed, community, household, and individual levels • Analysis of existing formal and informal grievance redress mechanisms in and around the intervention area • Presentation of consultations with relevant stakeholders and affected persons • Other topics as relevant Chapter 5: Assessment of Potential Adverse Impacts and Analysis of Alternatives • Methods and techniques used in assessing and analyzing the environmental and social impacts of the proposed project • Discussion of alternatives to the current project and reasons for their rejection, including short description of like ly future scenario without intervention; • Discussion of the potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts of the proposed project Chapter 6: Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP),including: • Discussion of the proposed mitigation measures • Institutional responsibilities and accountabilities • Capacity building plan • Public consultation plan • Description of grievance redress mechanism (in alignment with the ESMF, RPF, RAP, and Project Implementation Manual) to address situations of conflicts or disagreements about some of the project activities • Monitoring and evaluation plan, including suitable indicators for the proposed project • Costs of implementing the ESMP Chapter 7: Summary, Recommendations and Conclusion Annex 1: List of Persons Met Annex 2: Summary of World Bank Safeguard Policies Annex 3: General Environmental Management Conditions for Construction Contracts/Civil Works. Annex 4: References Annex5: Summary of the data base of information collected for ESMP Annex6: Maps Annex7: Photos


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Appendix 3: Summary of World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies (10+2)

Use of Country Systems (OP 4.00). The Bank's environmental and social ("safeguard") policies are designed to avoid, mitigate, or minimize adverse environmental and social impacts of projects supported by the Bank. The Bank encourages its borrowing member countries to adopt and implement systems that meet these objectives while ensuring that development resources are used transparently and efficiently to achieve desired outcomes.

Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01). Outlines Bank policy and procedure for the environmental assessment of Bank lending operations. The Bank undertakes environmental screening of each proposed project to determine the appropriate extent and type of EA process. This environmental process will apply to all sub-projects to be funded.

Natural Habitats (OP 4.04). The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the environment, is essential for long-term sustainable development.

Pest Management (OP 4.09). The policy supports safe, affective, and environmentally sound pest management. It promotes the use of biological and environmental control methods. An assessment is made of the capacity of the country’s regulatory framework and institutions to promote and support safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management.

Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12). This policy covers direct economic and social impacts that both result from Bank-assisted investment projects, and are caused by (a) the involuntary taking of land resulting in (i) relocation or loss of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or access to assets, or (iii) loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location; or (b) the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. The ESMF and RPF reports discuss the applicability of this policy in detail.

Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20). This directive provides guidance to ensure that indigenous peoples benefit from development projects, and to avoid or mitigate adverse effects of Bank-financed development projects on indigenous peoples. Measures to address issues pertaining to indigenous peoples must be based on the informed participation of the indigenous people themselves. Sub-projects that would have negative impacts on indigenous people will not be funded

Forests (OP 4.36). This policy applies to the following types of Bank-financed investment projects: (a) projects that have or may have impacts on the health and quality of forests; (b) projects that affect the rights and welfare of people and their level of dependence upon or interaction with forests; and (c) projects that aim to bring about changes in the management, protection, or utilization of natural forests or plantations, whether they are publicly, privately, or communally owned. The Bank does not finance projects that, in its opinion, would involve significant conversion or degradation of critical forest areas or related critical habitats.

Physical Cultural Properties (OP 4.11). Assist in preserving physical cultural resources and avoiding their destruction or damage. PCR includes resources of archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious (including graveyards and burial sites), aesthetic, or other cultural significance..

Safety of Dams (OP 4.37). For the life of any dam, the owner is responsible for ensuring that appropriate measures are taken and sufficient resources provided for the safety to the dam, irrespective of its funding sources or construction status. The Bank distinguishes between small and large dams.

Projects on International Waterways (O 7.50). The Bank recognizes that the cooperation and good will of riparians is essential for the efficient utilization and protection of international waterways and attaches great importance to riparians making appropriate agreements or arrangement for the entire waterway or any part thereof.

Disputed Areas (OP/BP/GP 7.60). Project in disputed areas may occur the Bank and its member countries as well as between the borrower and one or more neighbouring countries. Any dispute over an area in which a proposed project is located requires formal procedures at the earliest possible stage.

Disclosure Policy (OP 17.50).Supports decision making by the Borrower and Bankby allowing the public access to information onenvironmental and social aspects of projects. Mandated by six safeguard policies that have specific requirements for disclosure in country (Before project appraisal in local language and in English) and World Bank INFO-Shop (Before project appraisal in English). Documents can be in draft but must meet WB standards).


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Appendix 4: Environmental Quality Standards and Criteria - Permissible Levels

Ambient Air Quality Standards

S/N Emissions and Ambient Air Quality Indicators

Average Period World Bank Guideline

NAAQS

1 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 24 hour 20 26

10 minutes 500

2 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

1 year 40

24 hour 200 75

3 Particulate matter (PM10)

1 year 20

24 hour 50 250

4 Ozone 8 hour daily max 100 Nigeria National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)

Air Pollutants Emission Limits

Particulates 250 (ug/m3)

SO2 0.1 (ppm)

Non-methane Hydrocarbon 160 (ug/m3)

CO 11 (ug/m3) or 10 (ppm)

NOX 0.04-0.06 (ppm)

Photochemical Oxidant 0.06 (ppm)

Noise Exposure Limits for NigeriaMaximum Permissible Noise Levels for General Environment

COLUMN COLUMN 2

Maximum Permissible NOISE LIMITS dB (A) (Leq)

DAY NIGHT

A Any building used as hospital, convalescence home, home for the aged,

sanatorium and institutes of higher learning, conference rooms, public

library, environmental or recreational sites.

45 35

B Residential buildings 50 35

C Mixed residential (with some commercial and entertainment) 55 45

D Residential + industry or small scale production + commerce 60 50

E Industrial (outside perimeter fence) 70 60

Above noise levels are weighed average in the facility over the hours defined for night and day below.

Time frame: use duration : Day - 6.00a.m – 10.00p.m, Night - 10.00p.m – 6.00a.m

The time frame takes into consideration human activity.

Maximum Permissible Noise Levels (Continuous or Intermittent Noise) from a factory or Workshop

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3

Leq dB (A) Duration (Daily) Duration (Weekly)

85 8 hours 40 hours

88 4 hours 20 hours

91 2 hours 10 hours

94 1 hours 5 hours

97 30 minutes 2.5 hours

100 15 minutes 1.25 hours

106 7.5 minutes 37.5 minutes

109 1.875 minutes 9.375 minutes

Noise Levels shall not exceed a Leq of: Factory/Workshops 85 dB (A), Offices 50 dB (A), Factory/Workshop Compound 75 dB (A).

World Bank Ambient Noise Standards*

Receptor One Hour LAeq (dBA)

Daytime 07:00 - 22:00 Nighttime 22:00 - 07:00

Residential; institutional; educational

55 45

Industrial; commercial 70 70

Comparative Figures of Limits for Substances Affecting the Acceptability of Water for Domestic Purposes

Substances WHO Limits International European USA Limits EEC Limits


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Appendix 4: Environmental Quality Standards and Criteria - Permissible Levels

Limits Limits

Highest Desirable Maximum Permissible Guide Level Maximum Admissible

Phenolic compound (as phenol)

0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 - 0.001

Fluoride (as F)

1.0-1.7 - 0.2-1.7 0.7-1.5 - 0.7-1.5

Nitrate as (NO3)

50.100 - - 10 (as N) - 0.7-1.5

pH - 7.0-8.5 6.5-9.2 6.5-8.2 6.5-8.5 9.5 Copper(as Cu2+)

0.5 0.05 1.5 1.0 - 0.05

Iron(as Fe2+) 0.1 0.1 1.0 0.5 0.1 0.05 Manganese(as Mn2+)

0.05 0.05 0.5 0.1 0.02 0.5

Zinc (as Zn2+)

5.0 5.0 15 5.0 - 0.1

Magnesium(as Mg2+)

50.125 50-150 150 - 50 50

Sulphate(as SO4 2-

150 200 400 500 50 50

Hydrogen Sulphate (as H2S)

0.05 - - Sulphides - nil

Chloride (as Cl-)

200-600 200 600 350 5 200

Chlorine (free)

- - - nil - -

Anionic detergent

0.2 0.2 1.0 - - 0.1

Ammonia(asNH4)

0.5 - - 2.0(as N) 0.05 0.5

Carbon dioxide (free)

nil - - - - -

Calcium (as Ca2+)

- 75 200 - 100 -

Mineral oil - 0.01 0.5 0.5 - 0.01 Mineral oil with high Sulphur content

- - 0.1 0.1 - -

Turbidity (units)

- 5 25 1.5 5 10

Organics 0.2-0.5 - - -

Appendix 4.1: Soil Characteristics


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Sam

ple

No.

Locati

on

Depth

(M)

Atterberg

Limit Percentage passing B.S. Sieves

Compaction C.B.R.

Value

s

%

Natur

al

moistu

re

conte

nt

Specific

gra

vity

L

L

P

L

PI 4.76m

m

4.175

7

2.36

14

1.18

25

0.60

0

36

0.4

52

0.30

0

100

0.15

0

200

0.07

5

O.MC.

%

M.D.D

gl/cm

3

BH1 1. 0.0 – 1m 35 11 24 96 88 8o 64 23 28 17 12 10% 1.93 10% 10% 3.0

BH2 2 0.0 – 2m - - - 99 93 77 53 46 10 6 4. - - - - 2.6

BH3 3 0.0 – 2m - - - 100 89 75 68 51 47 31 12. 13% 1.82. 49% 9% 2.7

BH4 4. 0.0 – 1m 32 22 10 100 99 96 95 70 55 38. - - 2.6

BH5 5. 0.4 – 2m 21 12 10 100 99 98 94 80 75 57 37. 16% 1.91. 39% 16% 3.0

BH6 6. 0.2 – 2m 22 16 6 98 86 61 45 38 27 15 10 15% 1.70 17% 14% 2.5

BPT 7. 1m> 18 14 4 100 99 86 52 42 20 11 8% 1.90 6% 11% -

BPT 8 0.5> 34 20 14 99 95 92 82 63 60 40 10 1.93 70% 10% 2.1

Appendix 4.2: Result of Water Samples at the Proposed Intervention Area

S/N Parameter Up Stream (N (E

Downstream (N (E

FMENV LIMIT

A Physical

Appearance Colourless Colourless Clear

Temperature 31.2 30.6 < 40 0C

pH 6.8 6.1 6.0-9.0

Odour Unobjectionable Unobjectionable NS

Turbidity 3.0 3.0 NS

Conductivity 61.0 73.7 NS

Total Dissolved Solid mg/l 6,653mg/l 7,310mg/l NS

Total Suspended Solid 1,337mg/l 1,684mg/l NS

Total Hardness 1,441 1,750 NS

Total Hydrocarbon Content 3.2 3.4 10mg/l

B Chemical

DO (mg/l) 6.6 6.0 >2

BOD (mg/l) 15.0 10.3 90.0mg/l

COD (mg/l) 1324 1231

Chloride(mg/l) 12.9 12.9 250

Hardness (mg CaCO3/l) 117 117 200

C Heavy metals

Ca mg/l 53.3 53.9 180mg/l

Fe mg/l 0.02 0.03 0.1mg/l

Pb mg/l 0.04 0.04 0.1mg/l

Zn mg/l 0.03 0.06 0.2mg/l

Cu mg/l 0.04 0.07 1.0mg/l

Cd mg/l <0.01 <0.01 0.5mg/l

Cr mg/l 0.03 0.03 0.5mg/l

Mg mg/l 62.3 63.3 40.0mg/l

K mg/l 0.32 0.40 XXX

D Biological

THBC (cfu/100ml) THBC (cfu/100ml) 1.1 x 10

4

THBC (cfu/100ml) 1.1 x 10

4


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Appendix 5: Stakeholders met and Summary of the Meetings,


70


71

Appendix 6 Erosion and Sediment Control Measures (ADAPTED FROM Fraser Thomas Ahuareka Trust No.2 Ltd (2012)) Staging Staging reduces the time exposed ground is prone to erosion and breaks down earthworks into smaller work packages. This reduces the area and time from stripping topsoil to permanent stabilisation. Proposed Sequencing The expected sequence of bulk earthworks and associated activities is summarised below:

• Install all silt/sediment control structures required for each stage for the main earthworks, including silt fences, flume/pipe drop structure, decanting earth bunds, sediment retention ponds, diversion drains/bunds and construction entrance for machinery access to site, as appropriate. Obtain approval from Engineer prior to commencing works

• Remove vegetation as required

• Strip topsoil and unsuitable materials and stockpile (separately) on designated stockpile areas

• Spread excess topsoil over effluent disposal areas (after erosion and sediment control

measures are installed)

• Undertake earthworks, filling and compacting (with drying when required) all fill areas with cut volumes. Any unsuitable materials will be removed off-site as cleanfill (with approval) if unable to be disposed on-site.

• Install essential services, wastewater & stormwater infrastructure, swales and culverts etc

• Form inlet/outlet structures and diffuse discharge devices or energy dissipaters (detailed design

to be completed)

• Re-spread topsoil across cut/fill and disturbed areas not designated for hard stand

• Mulch, hydroseed or grass all batters and exposed surfaces, as appropriate. Mulching or hydroseeding will be done on intermediate exposed surfaces, while grassing will be done on completed earthworks areas. This will be done progressively as different areas are completed and must be completed prior to 30 April, unless approval is obtained for “winter works”.

Exact sequencing and staging methodology will be agreed upon by the Engineer prior to commencement of works. Further details on specific items from the above list are given in the following sections as required.


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Vegetation Removal/Plantation Vegetation tends to improve erosion and sediment control by binding of the soil via root systems of trees, grass and other vegetation, which provides mechanical reinforcement and resists erosion by surface water. It also reduces surface water flows via increased seepage due to roots and by the evapotranspiration process. Vegetation strips also enhance the natural sediment filtering process. As a consequence vegetation removal shall be limited as much as practicable to within the bulk earthwork areas. Any vegetation removal outside earthwork areas shall occur prior to commencement of bulk earthworks and has not been included in this ESCP. Vegetation removal within the disturbance areas shall be postponed as much as practicable prior to commencement of the stage area. These areas shall be stabilised as soon as practicable. Earthworks Trenchless methodology and mole plough installations will be encouraged as they generally cause less land disturbance. The majority of the below ground services can be installed by way of work packages that are no more than a couple of days long, undertaking excavation, laying bedding & pipe and final inspections prior to starting the next length. We believe this methodology will significantly reduce the time disturbed ground is exposed and allow permanent stabilisation measures to be taken as soon as practicable. It is proposed that trench spoil is placed upgradient of the trench and provision made for covering this spoil with pinned geotextile when wet or windy weather is predicted. Provision should also be made for placing Siltsoxx or similar, downslope of the disturbed ground when trenching is located outside dirty water collection areas and/or on the boundary with the neighbouring site. The trench will then act as a cutoff drain in the event of rainfall, providing a buffer for the downstream erosion and sediment controls while the mounded trench soil shall divert clean runoff around the works. Topsoil shall then be spread and permanently stabilised. Perimeter Controls Prior to earthworks activities commencing, adequate perimeter and open channel drain controls must be installed to prevent sediment from entering the permanent and intermittent streams running through the site. Principal perimeter controls for this site include the installation of two construction entrances, silt fences and diversion drains/bunds. A temporary water supply will be made available to the areas so that vehicle wheels can be washed prior to leaving the site, if necessary. All sediment laden water from wheel washing is to be directed into runoff diversion channels and into one of the decanting earth bunds prior to discharge to the intermittent stream. Siltsoxx Siltsoxx are a tubular stormwater and sediment control device, consisting of a mesh tube filled with filter material (e.g. compost, sawdust, straw). Where works are detached from the main bulk earthwork areas and diversion drains are not required or diverting flows to the sediment retention ponds is not possible, filter socks may be used instead of siltfences to bund the works area and treat the associated dirty runoff. The main advantage of these devices is their portability and flexibility allowing constant adjustments as the land is shaped and gradients change. Siltsoxx will generally be installed:

• Where small gradients exist and the works area is small.

• As a containment structure where it is not possible to drain to the erosion and sediment control device (e.g works in gullies).

• As check dams to slow flow in the diversion drains.

• Filter truck wash and cement waste.


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Contour Drains & Surface Roughening Contour drains or excavated channels are constructed to convey water across sloping land on a minimal gradient, the purpose being to break overland flow down disturbed slopes by limiting slope length and thus the erosive power of runoff. Surface roughening can also be used to reduce runoff velocity and aid establishment of vegetative cover and assist in sediment trapping. Contour drains will be diverted into the dirty water diversion drains and constructed according to the table on

Temporary Diversion Drains/Bunds Diversion drains/bunds will be installed upgradient of earthwork areas for the diversion of clean runoff flows around disturbed or exposed areas and discharged at appropriate locations following energy dissipation and flow distribution structures. Temporary pipe drop structures or flumes (constructed of watertight materials) will be utilised to convey clean water through the works area where required during stage overlaps or due to diversion hydraulics. These drop structures/flumes will protect the sediment removal devices from overloading due to upgradient runoff.

Runoff collection drains/bunds will be used to collect dirty runoff from the topsoil stockpiles, access road, joint owned access ways, and bulk earthworks areas and convey it to the sediment removal devices.

Proprietary Sediment Retention Plant Due to the steep topography in some locations of the proposed earthwork areas and buffer zones, it may be necessary for the contractor to employ proprietary sediment retention plant. This will reduce the additional earthworks required to construct sediment retention ponds on steep grades and allow treatment at source rather than constructing extensive networks of diversion drains. It can also be utilised in conjunction with sediment ponds or decanting earth ponds for dewatering and maintenance. Stockpile Areas During earthworks, it is estimated that a total of approximately 40,000m3 of topsoil will be stripped from the bulk earthwork areas. In addition it is expected there will be some material unsuitable for engineered fill, imported material and material due to relocated as part of cut to fill bulk earthworks. All stockpiles will be located within the bulk earthwork areas or just outside, but within the catchment of the erosion and sediment control devices. Diversion bunds will be provided around the stockpile areas and laid to drain to the sediment removal devices. Dust Control Measures Appropriate dust control measures will be implemented at the site where necessary, such as the use of water carts to dampen exposed areas, or mulching. Dust control measures will be implemented in accordance with health & safety requirements and conditions of consent. Mulching, Temporary and Permanent Seeding The primary objective of erosion and sediment control is to minimise the time ground is exposed prior to permanent stabilisation. If delays occur during the works or an intermediate form of stabilisation is required (such as on stockpiles or on subgrade prior to final grading), mulching or hydroseeding may be utilised. Permanent stabilisation can be achieved via the application of topsoil (100mm minimum), followed by seeding or planting. Permanent stabilisation is designed to permanently stabilise soil on disturbed areas to reduce sediment and runoff to downstream or off-site areas. Culvert Installation Procedure The following procedure applies to all culvert located in natural gullies and outlines culvert installation in terms of ESC:

a) Check all erosion and sediment controls and make necessary repairs.

b) Install perimeter controls – silt fences and diversion drains/bunds, including a 300mm diameter


74

Siltsoxx or equivalent across the gully, below the works area.

c) Install a temporary bund across the gully at the upgradient end of the works, to capture and temporarily store any runoff flowing through the works area while step 4 is undertaken. This shall remain until all civil works are complete. Steps 3 and 4 will only be done during fine weather, ideally after several days without rain, and should be completed within one day. A 2m minimum width bund will be installed at an appropriate location comprising of a 1.0m nominal height of compacted earthern bund.

d) If required, runoff outflow flume will be by at least two 150mm diameter SN16 pipes installed

through the bund at the base (1) and mid-way height (1) to provide further contingency, should these works continue beyond one day or an unexpected heavy rainfall event occur. These pipes will normally be capped. At night time or following heavy rainfall, they shall be connected to 150mm diameter non-perforated draincoil, which will be run through the works area to discharge to the natural stream channel below the lower Siltsoxx. If gravity flow is not possible, overland flows may be pumped through the works area.

e) Undertake required works within the bunded area to the relevant engineering specification, clearing the works area of any accumulated silt/sediment on completion of the works (manual removal or off-site tankerage).

f) Grass, hydroseed or mulch where applicable. The use of biodegradable geotextile soil blanket

may be required for the stream reinstatement. g) Remove any Siltsoxx temporary bunds at the upper and lower ends of the works.

The following measures will be undertaken during swale/culvert construction to minimise the potential for silt/sediment generation and erosion:

a) Completing the works as quickly as practical and after detailed planning of required work package inputs.

b) Working in dry weather to reduce the risk of runoff flowing down the open channel system.

c) Constructing the culvert crossing using high quality materials in accordance with the

civil/geotechnical engineering specifications.

d) Monitoring of the silt fence at the downstream end of the works area following any significant rainfall event to ensure it is effective and not allowing silt/sediment to seep through it.

e) Integration with planting contractor to ensure planting as soon as practical.

MAINTENANCE The sediment control measures shall be regularly monitored during operations and after any significant rain event should this occur during construction. Maintenance of all structures including silt fences, decanting earth bunds, diversion drains and/or bunds shall be carried out throughout the course of site earthworks and restoration. Exposed surfaces should be stabilised with grass by hydroseeding or by geotextile fabric or mulching, and reinstated as soon as practicable after works. Maintenance shall be the responsibility of the contractor and shall be carried out daily-weekly and subsequent to any storm event that produces runoff. DECOMMISSIONING Sediment control works may only be decommissioned once it has been determined that all surface soils have been suitably stabilized through consultation and inspection by the contractor, council and design engineer. Decommissioning shall be undertaken by light weight equipment or manually where possible and include the following:


75

a. Respread any topsoil stockpiled and decommission the topsoil stockpiling area

b. Backfill any temporary collection drains and/or remove any diversion bunds and turf or

sow grass seed as appropriate

c. Removing all silt fences, and any accumulated silt/sediment and reinstating the ground surface in those areas by turfing, sowing grass or planting as appropriate

d. Remove the embankments, bunds and decant structure. Reinstate the areas by grassing

e. Remove the construction entrance once earthworks are complete and mulch or sow

grass seed as appropriate

f. Remove any temporary sediment control devices on stormwater inlets g. Integration with wetland planting contractor.

COMMUNICATION, INFORMATION AND MONITORING It is important that good relations be maintained with potentially affected neighbours and the local community throughout the duration of earthworks. Immediate neighbours will be informed of the intended scope and duration of earthworks and associated activities at least one week in advance. They will be kept informed of any changes to earthworks scheduling throughout the duration of the works. All site contractors, including sub-contractors shall be made familiar with this plan prior to the commencement of any site works.. SEDIMENT AND EROSION Sediment will be removed by the various sediment control measures proposed for this site, primarily silt fences, sediment retention ponds, decanting earth bunds and proprietary devices were required. Detailed design of these devices in accordance with best practice will be undertaken as part of a regional consent application. RUNOFF CONTROL Runoff volumes are likely to increase during earthworks due to a change in the ground surface from grass and vegetation to bare soil. Earthworks will be monitored on site by the supervising engineer, who will review sediment control performance. Overall, given the application of the aforementioned measures, the associated potential negative environmental effects are considered manageable. However additional mitigation measures for runoff control are able to be installed where deemed necessary. NEIGHBOURHOOD EFFECTS The main neighbourhood effects associated with earthworks are noise and dust. Dust from site earthworks and associated activities is considered to be minor and will be minimised by a number of measures, including wetting and mulching, to mitigate potential negative effects on neighbours. Noise will be produced by construction machinery and equipment during normal working hours over the earthworks period. Construction noise shall meet the limits in and be measured and assessed in accordance with NESREA requirements. Work shall not continue on the site if compliance with the above standard is not achieved. Mitigation measures to reduce noise levels will be implemented, if required. ECOSYSTEMS An assessment of ecological features, constraints and opportunities has been undertaken based on this report. Best practise site sediment controls to prevent degradation of the natural environment shall apply. Adequate measures shall be taken to minimise the potential for silt/sediment to enter the downstream receiving environments, while the proposed maintenance regime will check that these measures are in


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place and functioning properly. Hence, it is considered that the potential negative effects of earthworks on any ecosystems in the receiving environment will be avoided or mitigated by these means provided the measures are correctly constructed and maintained.


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Appendix 7: General Environmental Management Conditions For Construction Contracts

SPECIFIC OBLIGATIONS OF CONTRACTORS The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)

Inform himself and those who work with him about this ESMP.

Prepare his work strategy and plan to fully take into account relevant provisions of the ESMP.

If the Contractor fails to implement the approved ESMP after written instruction by the Supervising Engineer (SE) to fulfil his obligation within the requested time, the PMU reserves the right to arrange through the SE for execution of the missing action by a third party on account of the Contractor.

Where it is established that there are persist flouting of the guidelines and other relevant provisions sanction shall be made on the contractor

Sustainability Issues

The Contractor shall ensure in its performance of the construction service to ensure that it uses working methods, equipment and materials that will improve the sustainability of delivering the contract requirements, with particular emphasis on the following sustainability objectives: o Increased recycled content; o Reduced transport distances; o Whole life cost considerations; o Reduced energy use and CO2 emissions; o Waste reduction; and o Reducing impact on the community i.e. noise and disruption of traffic).

The Contractor shall encourage their supply chain to help them meet the sustainability objectives of this contract.

The Contractor shall produce a materials sourcing plan for the items covered under the Schedule of Rates

Transport of products and tools to the site Delivery of products to the site in concentrated form and then dilution on site Use of reusable containers to transport products to the site Delivery of products in bulk and outside peak traffic times Disposal of used products or packaging from products Products or packaging taken away for reuse, recycling or appropriate disposal by the contractor

Training of contractor staff The contractor needs to indicate members of its Staff who are trained on the environmental impact of their work and the environmental policy of the authority on whose project they will be working. Health and Safety

Precautions for maintenance of Contractor’s personnel H&S Appointment of an accident prevention officer at the site and reporting on H&S conditions

HIV-AIDS prevention Prohibitions

Prohibitions on child labour

Prohibitions on forced labour.

Prevent pollution of water bodies and neighbouring environ from wastes arising from construction sites.

Taking Over of Site By Contractor

The date on which the site is handed over to the Contractor shall be recorded and certified in writing by both the Engineer and the Contractor’s Agent and from the date on which the site is taken over the Contractor shall be responsible for maintaining that portion of road in good condition and for repairing damage of an kind to the road culverts or bridges from whatever cause arising whether caused by constructional traffic or not.

Contractor Not To Enter Neighbouring Land

Where it is necessary to enter onto land during the course of construction or maintenance for the purpose of making temporary road diversions, winning construction or maintenance materials or for any other reason, the landowner or occupier shall first be consulted by the Contractors, and his written permission obtained. In the event of the owner of occupier withholding his permission full circumstances of the case shall be referred to the Engineer and no further action shall be taken until


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his instructions are received.

Under no circumstances is land to be interfered with until the compensation, if any, has been paid by the Contractors.

When permission has been obtained and work is carried out, care shall be taken to ensure that no unnecessary damage is caused to the land and that all reasonable precautions are taken to prevent soil erosion, and mosquito breeding. On completion of the work, all land shall be left in a tidy condition with the sides of all borrow pits battered down to a reasonable slope as directed by the Engineer’s Representative. All borrow pits shall be adequately drained to as to prevent storm water collecting in them. No compensation will be paid to the Contractors for any delays due to negotiations with the owners of the land. Any costs incurred in complying with the requirements of this Item shall be deemed to be included in the tendered rates and prices.

Notice Of Operations

No important operation, particularly blocking or cutting of any road, water pipe or other services shall be carried out without the consent in writing of the Engineer. The request in writing must be made sufficiently in advance of the time of operation so as to enable him to make such arrangements as may be deemed necessary for its inspection and the provision of all relevant safety precautions.

Weather Conditions

The Contractor shall be deemed to have taken weather conditions into account when preparing his Tender and he shall not be entitled to extension of time by reason of the occurrence of delays due to weather unless he can show that such conditions could not have been reasonably foreseen in the area of the site.

Precautions Against Pollution Of Streams

The Contractor shall take all necessary precautions to secure the efficient protection of all ditches, streams and waterways against pollution.

Copies Of Orders

The Contractor and Sub-contractors shall provide the Engineer’s Representative with copies of all order, which they may place for the supply of materials or goods required in connection with the Works.

Work During Period Of Maintenance

After the commencement of the period of maintenance the Contractor shall do nothing, which might endanger the safety of the public, and he shall obey all instructions of the Engineer or other duly authorised person or authority in this regard.

Throughout the Period of Maintenance the Contractor shall notify the Engineer’s Representative what work or operations it is intended to carry out on the Site, and he shall obey any instructions which the Engineer’s Representative may give as to times and manner of working so that any inconvenience to the Public is kept to a minimum General 2. Notwithstanding the Contractor’s obligation under the above clause, the Contractor shall implement all measures necessary to avoid undesirable adverse environmental and social impacts wherever possible, restore work sites to acceptable standards, and abide by any environmental performance requirements specified in an EMP. In general these measures shall include but not be limited to:

(a) Minimize the effect of dust on the surrounding environment resulting from earth mixing sites, asphalt mixing sites, dispersing coal ashes, vibrating equipment, temporary access roads, etc. to ensure safety, health and the protection of workers and communities living in the vicinity dust producing activities. (b) Ensure that noise levels emanating from machinery, vehicles and noisy construction activities (e.g. excavation, blasting) are kept at a minimum for the safety, health and protection of workers within the vicinity of high noise levels and nearby communities. (c) Ensure that existing water flow regimes in rivers, streams and other natural or irrigation channels is maintained and/or re-established where they are disrupted due to works being carried out. (d) Prevent bitumen, oils, lubricants and waste water used or produced during the execution of works from entering into rivers, streams, irrigation channels and other natural water bodies/reservoirs, and also ensure that stagnant water in uncovered borrow pits is treated in the best way to avoid creating possible breeding grounds for mosquitoes.


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(e) Prevent and minimize the impacts of quarrying, earth borrowing, piling and building of temporary construction camps and access roads on the biophysical environment including protected areas and arable lands; local communities and their settlements. In as much as possible restore/rehabilitate all sites to acceptable standards. (f) Upon discovery of ancient heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archaeological or historical importance during the execution of works, immediately report such findings to the SE so that the appropriate authorities may be expeditiously contacted for fulfilment of the measures aimed at protecting such historical or archaeological resources. (g) Discourage construction workers from engaging in the exploitation of natural resources such as hunting, fishing, collection of forest products or any other activity that might have a negative impact on the social and economic welfare of the local communities. (h) Implement soil erosion control measures in order to avoid surface run off and prevents siltation, etc. (i) Ensure that garbage, sanitation and drinking water facilities are provided in construction workers camps. (j) Ensure that, in as much as possible, local materials are used to avoid importation of foreign material and long distance transportation. (k) Ensure public safety, and meet traffic safety requirements for the operation of work to avoid accidents.

3. The Contractor shall indicate the period within which he/she shall maintain status on site after completion of civil works to ensure that significant adverse impacts arising from such works have been appropriately addressed. 4. The Contractor shall adhere to the proposed activity implementation schedule and the monitoring plan / strategy to ensure effective feedback of monitoring information to project management so that impact management can be implemented properly, and if necessary, adapt to changing and unforeseen conditions. 5. Besides the regular inspection of the sites by the SE for adherence to the contract conditions and specifications, the Owner may appoint an Inspector to oversee the compliance with these environmental conditions and any proposed mitigation measures. State environmental authorities may carry out similar inspection duties. In all cases, as directed by the SE, the Contractor shall comply with directives from such inspectors to implement measures required to ensure the adequacy rehabilitation measures carried out on the bio-physical environment and compensation for socio-economic disruption resulting from implementation of any works. Worksite/Campsite Waste Management 6. All vessels (drums, containers, bags, etc.) containing oil/fuel/surfacing materials and other hazardous chemicals shall be bunded in order to contain spillage. All waste containers, litter and any other waste generated during the construction shall be collected and disposed off at designated disposal sites in line with applicable government waste management regulations. 7. All drainage and effluent from storage areas, workshops and camp sites shall be captured and treated before being discharged into the drainage system in line with applicable government water pollution control regulations. 8. Used oil from maintenance shall be collected and disposed off appropriately at designated sites or be re-used or sold for re-use locally. 9. Entry of runoff to the site shall be restricted by constructing diversion channels or holding structures such as banks, drains, dams, etc. to reduce the potential of soil erosion and water pollution. 10. Construction waste shall not be left in stockpiles along the road, but removed and reused or disposed of on a daily basis. 11. If disposal sites for clean spoil are necessary, they shall be located in areas, approved by the SE, of low land use value and where they will not result in material being easily washed into drainage channels. Whenever possible, spoil materials should be placed in low-lying areas and should be compacted and planted with species indigenous to the locality. Material Excavation and Deposit


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12. The Contractor shall obtain appropriate licenses/permits from relevant authorities to operate quarries or borrow areas. 13. The location of quarries and borrow areas shall be subject to approval by relevant local and national authorities, including traditional authorities if the land on which the quarry or borrow areas fall in traditional land. 14. New extraction sites:

a) Shall not be located in the vicinity of settlement areas, cultural sites, wetlands or any other valued ecosystem component, or on high or steep ground or in areas of high scenic value, and shall not be located less than 1km from such areas. b) Shall not be located adjacent to stream channels wherever possible to avoid siltation of river channels. Where they are located near water sources, borrow pits and perimeter drains shall surround quarry sites. c) Shall not be located in archaeological areas. Excavations in the vicinity of such areas shall proceed with great care and shall be done in the presence of government authorities having a mandate for their protection. d) Shall not be located in forest reserves. However, where there are no other alternatives, permission shall be obtained from the appropriate authorities and an environmental impact study shall be conducted. e) Shall be easily rehabilitated. Areas with minimal vegetation cover such as flat and bare ground, or areas covered with grass only or covered with shrubs less than 1.5m in height, are preferred. f) Shall have clearly demarcated and marked boundaries to minimize vegetation clearing.

15. Vegetation clearing shall be restricted to the area required for safe operation of construction work. Vegetation clearing shall not be done more than two months in advance of operations. 16. Stockpile areas shall be located in areas where trees can act as buffers to prevent dust pollution. Perimeter drains shall be built around stockpile areas. Sediment and other pollutant traps shall be located at drainage exits from workings. 17. The Contractor shall deposit any excess material in accordance with the principles of the general conditions, and any applicable EMP, in areas approved by local authorities and/or the SE. 18. Areas for depositing hazardous materials such as contaminated liquid and solid materials shall be approved by the SE and appropriate local and/or national authorities before the commencement of work. Use of existing, approved sites shall be preferred over the establishment of new sites. Rehabilitation and Soil Erosion Prevention 19. To the extent practicable, the Contractor shall rehabilitate the site progressively so that the rate of rehabilitation is similar to the rate of construction. 20. Always remove and retain topsoil for subsequent rehabilitation. Soils shall not be stripped when they are wet as this can lead to soil compaction and loss of structure. 21. Topsoil shall not be stored in large heaps. Low mounds of no more than 1 to 2m high are recommended. 22. Re-vegetate stockpiles to protect the soil from erosion, discourage weeds and maintain an active population of beneficial soil microbes. 23. Locate stockpiles where they will not be disturbed by future construction activities. 24. To the extent practicable, reinstate natural drainage patterns where they have been altered or impaired. 25. Remove toxic materials and dispose of them in designated sites. Backfill excavated areas with soils or overburden that is free of foreign material that could pollute groundwater and soil.


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26. Identify potentially toxic overburden and screen with suitable material to prevent mobilization of toxins. 27. Ensure reshaped land is formed so as to be inherently stable, adequately drained and suitable for the desired long-term land use, and allow natural regeneration of vegetation. 28. Minimize the long-term visual impact by creating landforms that are compatible with the adjacent landscape. 29. Minimize erosion by wind and water both during and after the process of reinstatement. 30. Compacted surfaces shall be deep ripped to relieve compaction unless subsurface conditions dictate otherwise. 31. Revegetate with plant species that will control erosion, provide vegetative diversity and, through succession, contribute to a resilient ecosystem. The choice of plant species for rehabilitation shall be done in consultation with local research institutions, forest department and the local people. Water Resources Management 32. The Contractor shall at all costs avoid conflicting with water demands of local communities. 33. Abstraction of both surface and underground water shall only be done with the consultation of the local community and after obtaining a permit from the relevant Water Authority. 34. Abstraction of water from wetlands shall be avoided. Where necessary, authority has to be obtained from relevant authorities. 35. Temporary damming of streams and rivers shall be done in such a way avoids disrupting water supplies to communities downstream, and maintains the ecological balance of the river system. 36. No construction water containing spoils or site effluent, especially cement and oil, shall be allowed to flow into natural water drainage courses. 37. Wash water from washing out of equipment shall not be discharged into water courses or road drains. 38. Site spoils and temporary stockpiles shall be located away from the drainage system, and surface run off shall be directed away from stockpiles to prevent erosion. Traffic Management 39. Location of access roads/detours shall be done in consultation with the local community especially in important or sensitive environments. Access roads shall not traverse wetland areas. 40. Upon the completion of civil works, all access roads shall be ripped and rehabilitated. 41. Access roads shall be sprinkled with water at least five times a day in settled areas, and three times in unsettled areas, to suppress dust emissions. Blasting 42. Blasting activities shall not take place less than 2km from settlement areas, cultural sites, or wetlands without the permission of the SE. 43. Blasting activities shall be done during working hours, and local communities shall be consulted on the proposed blasting times. 44. Noise levels reaching the communities from blasting activities shall not exceed 90 decibels.


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Disposal of Unusable Elements 45. Unusable materials and construction elements such as electro-mechanical equipment, pipes, accessories and demolished structures will be disposed of in a manner approved by the SE. The Contractor has to agree with the SE which elements are to be surrendered to the Client’s premises, which will be recycled or reused, and which will be disposed of at approved landfill sites. 46. As far as possible, abandoned pipelines shall remain in place. Where for any reason no alternative alignment for the new pipeline is possible, the old pipes shall be safely removed and stored at a safe place to be agreed upon with the SE and the local authorities concerned. 47. AC-pipes as well as broken parts thereof have to be treated as hazardous material and disposed of as specified above. 48. Unsuitable and demolished elements shall be dismantled to a size fitting on ordinary trucks for transport. Health and Safety 49. In advance of the construction work, the Contractor shall mount an awareness and hygiene campaign. Workers and local residents shall be sensitized on health risks particularly of AIDS. 50. Adequate road signs to warn pedestrians and motorists of construction activities, diversions, etc. shall be provided at appropriate points. 51. Construction vehicles shall not exceed maximum speed limit of 40km per hour. Repair of Private Property 52. Should the Contractor, deliberately or accidentally, damage private property, he shall repair the property to the owner’s satisfaction and at his own cost. For each repair, the Contractor shall obtain from the owner a certificate that the damage has been made good satisfactorily in order to indemnify the Client from subsequent claims. 53. In cases where compensation for inconveniences, damage of crops etc. are claimed by the owner, the Client has to be informed by the Contractor through the SE. This compensation is in general settled under the responsibility of the Client before signing the Contract. In unforeseeable cases, the respective administrative entities of the Client will take care of compensation. Contractor’s Environment, Health and Safety Management Plan (EHS-MP) 54. Within 6 weeks of signing the Contract, the Contractor shall prepare an EHS-MP to ensure the adequate management of the health, safety, environmental and social aspects of the works, including implementation of the requirements of these general conditions and any specific requirements of an EMP for the works. The Contractor’s EHS-MP will serve two main purposes:

For the Contractor, for internal purposes, to ensure that all measures are in place for adequate EHS management, and as an operational manual for his staff.

For the Client, supported where necessary by a SE, to ensure that the Contractor is fully prepared for the adequate management of the EHS aspects of the project, and as a basis for monitoring of the Contractor’s EHS performance.

55. The Contractor’s EHS-MP shall provide at least:

a description of procedures and methods for complying with these general environmental management conditions, and any specific conditions specified in an EMP;

a description of specific mitigation measures that will be implemented in order to minimize adverse impacts;

a description of all planned monitoring activities (e.g. sediment discharges from borrow areas) and the reporting thereof; and

the internal organizational, management and reporting mechanisms put in place for such.


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56. The Contractor’s EHS-MP will be reviewed and approved by the Client before start of the works. This review should demonstrate if the Contractor’s EHS-MP covers all of the identified impacts, and has defined appropriate measures to counteract any potential impacts. EHS Reporting 57. The Contractor shall prepare bi-weekly progress reports to the SE on compliance with these general conditions, the project EMP if any, and his own EHS-MP. An example format for a Contractor EHS report is portrayed in Annex 6. It is expected that the Contractor’s reports will include information on:

EHS management actions/measures taken, including approvals sought from local or national authorities;

Problems encountered in relation to EHS aspects (incidents, including delays, cost consequences, etc. as a result thereof);

Lack of compliance with contract requirements on the part of the Contractor;

Changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to EHS aspects; and

Observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to EHS management during site meetings.

58. It is advisable that reporting of significant EHS incidents be done “as soon as practicable”. Such incident reporting shall therefore be done individually. Also, it is advisable that the Contractor keep his own records on health, safety and welfare of persons, and damage to property. It is advisable to include such records, as well as copies of incident reports, as appendixes to the bi-weekly reports. A sample format for an incident notification is shown below. Details of EHS performance will be reported to the Client through the SE’s reports to the Client. Training of Contractor’s Personnel 59. The Contractor shall provide sufficient training to his own personnel to ensure that they are all aware of the relevant aspects of these general conditions, any project EMP, and his own EHS-MP, and are able to fulfil their expected roles and functions. Specific training should be provided to those employees that have particular responsibilities associated with the implementation of the EHS-MP. General topics should be:

EHS in general (working procedures);

emergency procedures; and

social and cultural aspects (awareness raising on social issues). Cost of Compliance 60. It is expected that compliance with these conditions is already part of standard good workmanship and state of art as generally required under this Contract. The item “Compliance with Environmental Management Conditions” in the Bill of Quantities covers this cost. No other payments will be made to the Contractor for compliance with any request to avoid and/or mitigate an avoidable EHS impact.


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Appendix 8 : Indicative Framework for Assessing and Mainstreaming Gender Concerns Preamble Nigeria made several commitments to ensuring that gender issues are not only a part of the national discourse but also that they are integrated into policies and development programs. These commitments are contained in frameworks such as the Vision 20:2020 Plan, the National gender Policy and the United Nations’ MDGs framework. To this end and as part of project preparation, a gender study and consultations with communities should be conducted to assess the challenges and opportunities for the mainstreaming of gender concerns in the use of, access to and maintenance of roads. Objective

1. Ascertain how to promote women’s participation in the project and in particular in treated gully maintenance activities.

2. Determine under what conditions women could participate in the community-based treated gully maintenance activities.

As part of project preparation, a gender study and consultations with communities should be conducted to assess the challenges and opportunities for the mainstreaming of gender concerns in the use of, access to and maintenance of treated gully areas. Focus/Scope of the Study In particular, the study should provide information on: - Women’s agricultural and income0generating needs: aims to assess women’s needs and

identify ways to address such needs, including during and after gully treatments. - Women’s voice in community consultation: aims to identify mechanisms to ensure women’s

preferences are reflected in community consultations in the course of project implementation - Women’s participation in community-based maintenance: aims to identify context-specific

entry points and mechanisms (e.g. quotas) for women’s participation in the maintenance of rehabilitated treated gully areas.

- Project impact on women’s livelihoods: recommend indicators or give indications on sex-disaggregation of existing indicators to reflect the project direct and indirect impact on women’s livelihoods.