(computer)

2



4 (Arithmetic and Logic Unit, ALU ) I/O

Prolog



(ALU) ANDORNOT 2

Input/OutputI/O


CPU
( )I/O

OS (embedded OS) OSTRON ITRON WindRiver VxWorks Symbian Symbian OS LinuxWorks LynxOS WindowsLinuxOSOSOS



/

Perl

1948 The Baby
ETL Mark I :
IBM 5MB
1972 PONG()ODYSSEY()
11 the Symposium on Operating Systems PrinciplesUNIX






*
*

*PC
Web
Personal Computer,


Web
OS
BIOS Basic Input/Output SystemOS
OS
APICFORTRAN/Pascal
*1 OSABIOCMP(Open Computing Environment for MIPS Platform)MIPSUNIXNECSONY,,UNIX-OS
OS Windows NTFS Linux ext2

MacSystem 6.0.xGUISystem 7 Mac OS 8Mac OS 9.2.2 Mac OS X Aqua GUI Finder Dock Mac OS X v10.3 X11
OS
2
1960 OS 1964 IBM System/360 OS/360 IBM /360 / OS/360 OS/360IBMOSOS/360OS/360 Multics

5

OS
UNIX
BSDUNIX
BSD4.4BSD encumberd4.4BSD-Lite2AT&TBSDUNIX
V7UNIX
AT&TSVR4UNIXware Windows NT
1994UNIXX/OpenUNIXX/OpenOSF/1SVR4Open Group
UNIX
LinuxOSGNUFSFOS GNU/Linux Debian GNU/Linux
USLBSDUNIX4.4BSD-Lite2OS
UNIXOSunixunix
UNIX
UNIXOS

MacGUIMacMacintosh ToolboxGUI/

Mac OS
Mac Mac OSMac OS 9
OS Mac OS 9
Linux UNIX UNIX (OS)

LinuxOS GNU ProjectLinux(glibcGNU C)(GNU bintuilsfile utils)GNUGNULinuxGNU( GPL LGPL )LinuxUNIX GNU/Linux GNU/Linux
LinuxLinux Is Not UniXGNU's Not UNIXLINus UniX
"Linux"
LinuxLINUX JAPAN "Linax"
Linux
Linux X Window System

1FD LinuxFDLinuxPC Samba
Windows
OS90Windows
MicrosoftWindows XP
Windows
(McIntosh) McIntosh MacintoshSon of Mac-Mc-Mac

OS UNIX BSD Mach Mac OS X UNIX Xcode GUI OS Darwin UNIX

Windows NeXT 5 MO NeXT Cube QuarkXPress 3.3
iMac iBook MacintoshPowerBookPowerMacOSMac Performa LC Classic 12iMaciBook IEEE1394 (Fire Wire) USB
AKIA MacOSOS

Macintosh128k512kQuadraCentris Performa PowerMacintosh iMac eMac iBook Apple Mac OS/Mac OS X MacintoshMac
PowerMacintosh Power Mac Power PowerPC 1997PowerPCMacintoshPowerPC PowerBook Power
PowerMacintoshQuadra LC CentrisQuadra4LCLCCenrisQuadraLCCenter
iMaciBook iTunes iPod i
CPUPowerBook MacBook Pro iBook MacBook Mac mini PowerMac G5 MacPro Xserve CPUiMacMacPro
PowerMacintosh G3 PowerMacintosh G4 PowerMac G4 PowerMac G5 PowerMac

PowerBook100PowerBook100140170
PowerBook
PC
PowerMacintosh9500/8500Mac PCI IDE AGP PC/AT MacintoshAppleSCSI→IDE ATA NuBus→PCI/AGPApple
Mac PowerBook5300cMacWindowsMac
IBMWindows2MacOSWindowsControlMac OS X
Mac
Mac
Mac OS XMac
OSMac OS 9.0 Mac OS X 10.3 PantherMac X Window System
CPU
LaserWriterMC68000 Adobe PostScript
IBM 3 RISC PowerPC PowerPCMC680X0Mac OSMC68LC040MC68LC040 MC68040 FPU MC68LC040 LC 575LC475Quadra840Quadra950MC68040
Sysytem 7.6 Mac OS 8.1 Mac OS8.5PowerPCPowerPCMac OSPowerPC G3 PowerPC 750PowerMac G3G3PowerMacPowerPC 604e604evPowerBookPerformaPowerPC 603e603eviMaciBookPowerPC G4 PowerPC 7500PowerMac G4 CubeG3/G4
PowerMac G5 64bit CPUPowerPC G564bit OS Mac OS X 10.4 TigerPowerMac G59G5PowerMac G5PowerPC G5PowerPC G4iMacG5cmiSightG5G5
1,100PowerMac G5 Dual 2GHz1,150Xserve G5 2.3GHz Cluster3 20031116TOP500 Supercomputer sites 52012
MacintoshPowerPC IBM x86CPURISCPowerPCx86CISC
PowerPC G5PowerPC G4
AppleOSMac OS X EFI Linux OS

(Desktop prepress) DTP DTPDTPrDTPR
DTP Macintosh WYSIWYG WYSIWYG Windows DTPWindows
Unix Linux DTP Unix 1990 DTP Linux

* DTP
DTPDTP1
1() DTP
Apple Adobe AldusDTP33A
AldusAdobePageMakerAdobe
TTPSPSWYSIWYG Adobe Type Manager (ATM)ATMOpenType
1DTP 1 2
2 PostScript
Mac
MacintoshDTPPostScript Macintosh DTP
DTP CRT LCD RGBCMYK CMYK
PS
1985 MacAppleColorSync
DTPOCF
DTP
DTPQuark XPressAdobe PageMaker
DTPQuarkXPress
WindowsDTP TrueType TrueType PostScriptTrueType
View WindowsPostScript
DTPWindowsWindowsWordWindows
DTP
Editor's Work Bench(EWB)UNIX…… FreeBSD Red Hat Linux OS TeX (Editor)WYSIWYGAdobe IllustratorDTP

CD-ROM TeX SGML XML
DTP
DTP
DTPDTPDTP DTPDTP
DTPDesktop PublishingPublishingPress PostpressDTPPrepressDTPDesktop Prepress AppleDTPD&PDesign And Publishing
DTP


()


1 LSI MPU(Micro Processing Unit) DSP DA/ADDMAC


CPU CPU 1CPU111GHzCPU110

CPU
CPUCPUCPUCPU CPU
CPU ALU CPU RISC

CPUCPU
CPU
1964 IBM /360 IBM CPU/360
1964 DEC PDP-8 DEC PDP-11 ICCPU SIMD
CPUMHz
4.8GHz


CPUCPU CPUCPU8CPU828 256CPUCPU 32 8CPU232 4CPU
326448 CPUCPUCPUCPUIBM /370 32CPU 128 CPU
CPU
64bit AMDAthlon64 Intel 64 IntelPentium4Windows XP Professional x64 Edition64bitx64 Edition Windows 64bit Apple Macintosh 64bitPowerPC970(G5)

CPUCPUCPUCPUCPUON/OFFON/OFFCPU
LSI
LSILSI
CPU CPU
32
1632
32 MC68000 1979680003216161632 (16) Lisa Macintosh 680001980 Atari ST Amiga 68000 X68000
32 iAPX432 1981iAPX43268000
6802068020PentiumPC ColdFire ()68020
1980 1632NS16032(32016)32 NS32032 OEM32 1980NS32032(SMP)1980
Z80000
64
PowerPC 6490IA-3264bitIA-3264bit
RISC
POWER PowerPC ( Mac )RISCSPARCSunMIPS SGI ( Cisco )RISC ARM MIPSARMPowerPC
IBMPCAMD VIA x86 642004DEC(-Intel)ALPHA AMD64 HP -Intel Itanium

x86 CPU 2005 218532760 Intel 8 AMD 298.620053
PC
CPUCPUCPUCPU CPUICCPU









WACOM
233

micemouses


3 CAD
24
rpm dpi
4870


(CIS)[Contact Image Sensor] : RGBLEDRGBC-MOSCCDRGBFAXCCDLED

NMR-CTCT X CTXCTXCT
X
CT
XCT


CT
CT
CT
CT







CT
MRI CT
-1000HU0HUHU(Hounsfield unit)CT(CT number)
CT
CTCTX0.5mm1
X20066464CT256CT

CT1cm5mmMRI
CTMDCT0.5mmCRT
3CT
(MPR)
CT4CT
CT
TM
Structure of Barcode.
JAN
*
VDT)
*
ON/OFFCRTLCD/PDP NTSC RCA BNC
3 ON/OFF8RGBIRGB-Intensity8168 IBM-PC CGA 16 TTL RGB TTL9D-Sub
RGB24/32RGB82562448
*

Alt +PrintScreen
Command + shift + 4 + caps lock4Macintosh HD
Mac OS XCommand + shift +334
*X Window System(UNIX,FreeBSD,Linux,etc.)









2026kV




X X

JEITA20022005PC20070.3 ITmediaPCCRT2007“” 14V314131PC3D



LCD




7 09

*STN
*DSTN

*TN

*VA




(R) (G)(B) RGB
R, G, BLED


color gamut




102


20065250

(PDP, Plasma Display Panel)

PDP


LG2006CES103V20069103600
PDP
S-LCD7.5 860


TitusCRT
CRT19733 1978 200
1990



1313

CRT
CRT21 CRTCRT
CRT
80100
DVDNTSC SECAM / PAL
DLP
DLP
bit(6)







2005


FAXFAX

12
FAX 1,000 XY


18(48dpi)48(360dpi)24(180dpi)16 (NIP)

(LED)LED





LED

Windows



1



ESC/P - 1985 AX DOS/V ESC/Page
LIPS -

( TCP/IP )PCTCP/IPPCOSPCPCPCCD
*



1970









4




*
*

10
*
*
*
CD-ROMCDYellow Book
CD1CD
1990 300500MB
CD-ROMCD-ROM
DVDDigital Versatile DiscDigital Video DiscDVD DVD Digital Versatile DiscDVDDigital Versatile DiscDVD DVD DVD-Video
D
0/1
DVDVTRCDDVDDVD
DVD

2 DVD-DVD+DVD-RWDVD-RAM
20061 48DVD 48DVD

DVD-ROM
DVD
for DATAfor VIDEO2 DVD
*
DVD-R90%DVD DVD-RDVDDVD+RROM
Version1.03.95GBVersion2.04.7GBVersion2.0DVD-R for AuthoringDVD-R for Generalfor GeneralDVD-R for AuthoringPioneer
DVD-RAM/RDVD-RW/RCD-R
DVDDVD-R/-RW2005DVD-RW
DVDMediaBoxDVD-R for MASTER50
DVD-RAM/RDVD-RW/R

* DVD-RW
DVD-R DVD-RDVD-RDVD-ROMDVD-RDVD-R DVD-RAM DVD-RWDVD-R
4.7GB1,00010DVD-RAMDVDVideoVR1
* DVD-RAM
2000 4.7GBVersion2.0
Windows XPMac OS X
DVD-RAM
NECDVD-RAMDVD-RAMDVD-RAMDVD20064DVD-RAMPC
DVDDVDDVDDVD
DVD+RWDVD+R/+RW+R/+RW+R/+RWDVD+R/+RW
DVD-R/-RW/-RAM(for DATA)(for VIDEO)
+RW-RW

2DVDDVD-R/-RW/-RAM
*
DVD-R
DVD+RDVD+RWDVD+RW DVD+R
PSX DIGADVD+RDVDDVD-R
DVD-R11.1GBDVD+RIDDVD-ROMIDROMROMDVD-RDVDDVD-RDVD-R

2.4-RW1200511+RW8-RW62DVD+RW ID
DVD-RWDVD-RW
DVDVHSVHSDVDDVDUDF Ver.1.02
DVD2222 LD
DVD-VideoLD20061 VHS 12cm LCDPC DVD-ROM PCDVD-Video
DVDDVD-Video
MPEG-2 PCM AC-3 DTS
DVD-Video
DVDDVD-Audio 1
DVD-AR
DVD-SR
HDDDVDHDDDVD-VRHDDMPEG2-TSHDD


ROM

DVD
DVD
DVD-RDVD-RWDVD+RWDVD+R4DVD-RAMDVD+R DLDVD-R DL()
DVD
DVD
DVD±RW

4.7GB
8.5GB
9.4GB
17GB
1GB10 ⇒4.37GB4483MB⇒7.91GB8106MB
22
“0”“L0”“1”“L1” 0 2
01
DVD Blu-ray Disc (BD)NEC( HD DVD )DVD200542006621 VHS 2006
BDHD DVDBD 3 BD VHD
DVD20051014 Blu-ray DiscHD DVD
NECVHS 1993
PD CD-ROM
CD-RW CD-RWCD-RW
MD
32000

CD
MDMD
CD


292kbps146kbpsMD CD
MDMD

SCMS1CD
MDMD22SCMS
HCMSCD74

Combine (Divide) (Move) (Erase) 41Track EraseAll Erase1

201143792…1
112611…

23321700800 800
MDLP
MDLPMD
MDLP
LP4Joint StereoLP2ATRAC

2005Net MD
Hi-MDHI-MD(MD
Hi-MD1GBHi-MD AUDIO (48kbps) 451700
48kbps64kbps48kbps
Hi-MD AUDIO
Hi-MD AUDIO
256kbpsHi-SP64kbpsHi-LPHi-MD
2005Hi-MD AUDIO
Hi-MD PHOTO
1Hi-MDMZ-DH10P130CMOS1.5Hi-MD Hi-MD AUDIO CD Hi-MD AUDIO
PC19937SCSIMDH-10MD
Picture MDMD Picture MDJPEGpmp
1999 MDMD DISCAM MPEG-2 ATRAC 204,500260
software












1 1

:
(UNIX)(Windows)




()







SIGCHLD SIGCHLD waitpid WNOHANG SIGCHLD wait signal sigaction SIGCHLD SIG_IGN SIGCHLD SIG_IGN POSIX .1-1990 POSIX.1-2001
init wait
UNIX ps STAT "Z"
kill SIGCHLD init init wait





OS
/


*




* SDI Single Document Interface
* MDI Multiple Document Interface
*



*
()

OS
*





(The Internet, The Net)
2 (Internet2) (an internet) 2
The Internet
IP

1( ICANN IETF ) RFC ( Request for Comments ) ICANN

(IP) TCPUDP WWW HTTP NNTP IRC FTP RFC
IP(The Internet) LAN
IP
IPIP ja.wikipedia.org 145.97.39.155 IP (ISP) .( FQDN )
IP()IP DNS IP
Web
(Web)HTML Webw3mlynx
FTTH


() LAN (Hub) XBASE-T
* ring topology
* bus topology
* hybrid topology



10BaseT100BASE-TX1000BASE-T()
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SONET Synchronous Optical NETworking
HDLC High Level Data Link Control
IP Internet Protocol
IPX Internetwork Packet Exchange
BGP Border gateway protocol
IGRP Interior gateway routing protocol
RIP Routing information protocol
3+4
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
FTP File Transfer Protocol
HTTP over SSL HTTPS SMTP over SSL
6
Gnutella
DNS Domain Name System
IRC Internet Relay Chat
DICT Dictionary protocol

*

PAD
DTE(Data Terminating Equipment) :
PAD(Packet Assembly Disassembly) :

MIT CTSS(Compatible Time Shareing System)

*
* BSC

collects



OS


PCI USB OS CPU



1990




*OS
* OS
CPU Multics [10] CPU
* UNIX


API
API
APIOSopen, read, write, ioctl, close APIAPIAPIopenreadwriteioctlclose
read,writewritewritereadreadwritereadread,writeioctl

OSOS
OS
ioctl
OS PDA





20062










MACIPMAC
IPIPARPMAC/MACMACIP ICMP Net Unreachable
ARP


ISP Web IP192.168.0.1 telnet
IPIP
IP MSB LSB

192.168.0.1

3316
32IP
3232235521 (= 192.168.0.1((192×256+168)×256+0)×256+1=3232235521
(OS) Web URL

B128.0.0.0191.255.255.2551616
C192.0.0.0223.255.255.255248
IPACBB65,534IP8


IP

IP
IPIP
IP
IP
IP WHOIS DNS WHOIS IPDNS IP
IPISPIP
IP
IPIP
ISPIP

1
1
11

CPU

CPUCPU
CPUCPU PCI
S100 ISA 2006 PCI Express
CPU



CPU
CPU
PC I/O1990PC

GPIB IDE/() ATA SCSI PCI
PCI PCI Express ATAATA
LAN


LANLAN
* 2
LAN
LAN
1

LAN IEEE802.11 PDA
Wi-Fi

LANIEEE802.11b/g 2450 ISM
LAN IrDA
LANLAN
LANLANLAN

* IEEE802.11
IEEE802.11g - 2.4GHz OFDM IEEE802.11b54MbpsIEEE802.11b
IEEE802.11n - 2007 MIMO 100Mbps
IEEE802.11j - IEEE802.11a
IEEE802.11b 2005 IEEE802.11gIEEE802.11b IEEE802.11a11gAirMacIEEE802.11bIEEE802.11g20061IEEE802.11a11a11b/g
* IEEE802.15
* Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
* Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi DS DS
Wi-Fi USBOS WindowsXP Wi-FiUSBUSBLANWi-Fi FREESPOT

Wi-Fi
 :
SSID(Service Set ID)ESSID(Extended SSID) : LANID32
LANSuperAGSuperGXR (:eXtended Range) Atheros Communications
LAN
WEP 20014IEEE802.11iLAN
IEEE802.11iLANWi-Fi Alliance200210WPAWi-fi Protected AccessLANIEEE802.11i
WPAWEP RADIUS IEEE802.1x WPATKIPWEPRC4
IEEE802.11i20047WPA AES Wi-Fi AllicanceWPA2WPAWPA2IEEE802.11iWPA
LAN 59 3
LAN LAN
2




Port


2 22
1 MAC 4
1995 8-16



CRC

18BGALSI4-161U2448

CATV(Common Antenna TeleVision, Community Antenna TeleVision)CATVCACAble






2011 CATV
CATV NHK2

1 CATV

108170MHz : - C13C22ch
170222MHz : VHF(Hi) - 412ch
222470MHz : - C23C63ch
470770MHz : UHF - 1362ch

*






RAIDRedundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks
RAID

(Inexpensive Disk) ()RAID 0RAID 56
6RAID 2RAID 3RAID 4RAID RAID 0RAID 1RAID 53RAID 5RAID 6
32
RAID 1RAID 0RAID 5 RAIDRAID
RAID2000 RAID RAID300020057 RAID
RAID

*

* RAID
*
SCSI
SCSI
20057
2RAID2
RAID
RAID 0RAID 67RAID 0RAID 1RAID 4RAID 5RAID 6RAID 0RAID 1
RAID 1RAID 5RAID 0RAID 0 RAID
RAIDRAID
RAID 0 + RAID 1 : RAID 0+14
RAID 5 + RAID 0 : RAID 5 6
RAID 0 + RAID 5 : RAID 0 6
RAID 0:
I/O
RAID11 1%11%2RAID 02%(0.99*0.99=0.9801)2
RAIDRRedundantRAID 0RAID 0RRAID 0RAID 0




I/O

2003RAID 0 RAID 0OSRAID 0
RAID 1

RAID 1RAID 5

DVDRAID 250GB120067
RAID 2: ( ECC )
RAID 2
RAID 3RAID 5RAID 3RAID 5RAID 3RAID 3


RAID 1RAID 5RAID 5RAIDRAID 5RAID 0
3RAID 5
DISK1DISK2XOR DISK3
3
RAID 5RAID 61
RAID 1RAID 5RAID 5RAID 6
RAID 64
RAID 16
Intel



RAID 3:

RAID 5: