field surveillance and laboratory diagnoses of african swine fever in nigeria
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AFRICAN SWINE FEVER IN NIGERIA
INTERNATIONAL PIG SUMMIT 23-25TH NOV. 2010INSTITUTE FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGYMOOR PLANTATION, IBADAN, NIGERIA
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SCIENTIFIC SESSION
INTERNATIONAL PIG SUMMIT 23-25TH NOV.2010INSTITUTE FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND
TECHNOLOGY, MOOR PLANTATION NIGERIA
Lazarus, D. D.; Fasina, F. O.; Shamaki, D.; Makinde, A. A.
National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom
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AFRICAN SWINE FEVER VIRUS
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AFRICAN SWINE FEVER
Is a tick bone, contagious, febrile, systemic viral disease of swine.
It may present with up to 100% mortality in pig.
Death usually results from haemorrhagic fever.
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AFRICAN SWINE FEVER VIRUS
Family: Asfarviridae (ASF And Related virus) Genus: Asfarvirus Only DNA arbovirus (insect virus) Only (Icosahedral cytoplasmic
deoxyribovirus) ICDV pathogenic for mammalian species.
One of the only two mammalian viruses (+Aleutian virus of Mink) that does not induce neutralising antibodies.
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AFRICAN SWINE FEVER VIRUS
Resistance plays a role in its epizootiology - stable in blood, urine and faeces - isolated in varying conditions including: -
70°C to +56°C, pH 3.9-13.4, dead animals exposed to trypsin, EDTA, antibiotics.
Transmitted by ticks, formites, airbone route and other animals.
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ASF-NIGERIAN SITUATION
First reported initial sporadic infection in 1973.
West-African widespread epizootics started in 1996.
Nigerian pig population increased from 2 to 7 million between 1984 and 1997.
Nigerian epizootics started in 1997. Between 1997-8 lost 125,000 pigs worth
N292, million.
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ASF CURRENT SITUATION
Prior to the 2007 ASF PITT between NVRI, ARCN, ILRI, CISA-INIA, Spain and ISU Global extension program Iowa, USA, no coordinated national management plan or surveillance activities was in place.
No full cost implication of ASF. Detected in pigs, bush pigs, red river hog and
warthogs. Research reports regionalised and
fragmented.
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CURRENT SITUATION-VACCINE
No effective neutralising antibodies are produced against the virus.
There is no vaccine for African Swine Fever till date.
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PITT ACTIVITIES
Established in 2007 to determine the prevalence of
ASF virus infection in Nigeria. carry out isolation, molecular
characterization of virus strains from Nigeria.
survey for the presence of soft tick vectors and their possible role in the transmission of virus.
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PITT ACTIVITIES
determine the possible involvement of wild suids in the epidemiology of ASF in Nigeria
recommend a national control strategy for implementation.
consider possible development of biologicals and techniques for diagnosis.
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SURVEILLANCE ACTIVITIES Nigeria divided into agro-ecological zones Key areas with pig activities identified Surveillance visits made to markets,
abattoirs and farms 1092 sera and 864 tissues collected Ticks and questionnaires were collected 10 members and 4 collaborators involved 2 external collaborating Institutions {CISA-
INIA, Spain and Extension Unit, Iowa State University, USA}
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FIELD EXPERIENCE
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FIELD EXPERIENCE
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FIELD EXPERIENCE
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FIELD EXPERIENCE
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FIELD EXPERIENCE
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FIELD EXPERIENCE
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SUMMARY OF LESIONS
Dark red to purple areas of skin on ears, feet, and tail. Petechial haemorrhages on serosal surfaces of visceral Renal cortical petechial/ecchymotic haemorrhages Peri-renal oedema Oedema of the gall bladder Swollen liver Pulmonary oedema
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LABORATORY ANALYSIS-SEROLOGYINDIRECT ELISA
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RESULTS: NATIONAL PREVALENCE (SEROLOGY)
SAMPLE PER ZONE (%)
SAMPLE POSITIVE (%)
SAMPLE NEGATIVE (%)
NORTH-CENTRAL
526 (48.17) 123 (11.26) 403 (36.90)
NORTH-EAST 128 (11.72) 45 (4.12) 83 (7.60)
NORTH-WEST 74 (6.78) 5 (0.46) 69 (6.32)
SOUTH-EAST 68 (6.23) 4 (0.37) 64 (5.86)
SOUTH-SOUTH 195 (17.86) 30 (2.75) 165 (15.11)
SOUTH-WEST 101 (9.25) 26 (2.38) 75 (6.87)
TOTAL 1092 (100) 233 (21.34) 859 (78.66)
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DISCUSSION ASF has had significant economic and social
impact in Nigeria since 1997. In this study, we confirmed that ASF is still
prevalent and widespread in Nigeria. Results from both serosurveillance and
virological analyses indicated that ASF is present in most of the agro-ecological zones of the country.
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DISCUSSION
9% of serum samples and 48% of tissue samples were positive for ASF antibody and genome, respectively.
Areas with high pig-related activities have higher prevalence compared to areas with less pig activities.
Farm-gate buyers, marketing system and the transport of untested pigs within the country assist with the circulation of the virus.
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DISCUSSION
Only by putting in place: a comprehensive routine surveillance and
testing system re-organising the market and transport
systems for pigs implementing on-farm biosecurity protocols
and considering the option of compensation will it be possible to achieve a significant reduction in ASF prevalence in Nigeria.
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