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Fig 56.2 Restoration Ecology- human involvement in recovering from a disturbance.

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Restoration Ecology- human involvement in recovering from a disturbance. Fig 56.21. Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-Analysis J M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A Diaz, J M Bullock Science 28 August 2009: Vol. 325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 – 1124 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Fig 56.21

Fig 56.21

Restoration Ecology- human involvement in recovering from a disturbance.

Page 2: Fig 56.21

Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-AnalysisJ M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A Diaz, J M BullockScience 28 August 2009: Vol. 325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 – 1124

Looked at the results of 89 different ecological restorations.

Page 3: Fig 56.21

Tbl 1: Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-AnalysisJ M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A Diaz, J M BullockScience 28 August 2009: Vol. 325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 - 1124

Types of Disturbances:Cessation of prescribed burning; Cultivation and cropping; Disturbance, excavation, or burial of Substrate; Eutrophication; Hydrological disruption; Invasion by non-native species; Logging of trees; Over-grazing; Removal of carnivores or herbivores; Soil contamination

Restoration action:Cessation of degrading action only (passive restoration); Extirpation of damaging species (including non-natives); Nutrient removal; Planting of forbs or grasses; Planting of trees; Reinstatement of burning; Reintroduction of herbivores or carnivores; Remodeling of topography; Soil amendments

Page 4: Fig 56.21

Fig 1: Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-AnalysisJ M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A Diaz, J M BullockScience 28 August 2009: Vol. 325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 - 1124

(goods)

(nutrients and primary production)

(climate, water, etc)

Page 5: Fig 56.21

Fig 1: Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-AnalysisJ M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A Diaz, J M BullockScience 28 August 2009: Vol. 325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 - 1124

Page 6: Fig 56.21

Fig 1: Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-AnalysisJ M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A Diaz, J M BullockScience 28 August 2009: Vol. 325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 - 1124

Restoration recovered 86% of biodiversity and 80% of combined ecosystem services compared to non-disturbed systems.

Page 7: Fig 56.21

Restoring ecosystems can also be seen as directly benefiting people,

“Restoration Marketplace”

Restoration

Restoration of Ecosystem Services for Environmental MarketsM A Palmer and S Filoso Science 31 July 2009: Vol. 325. no. 5940, pp. 575 - 576

Page 8: Fig 56.21

“Restoration Marketplace”

Might lead to sub-standard restoration

Restoration

Restoration of Ecosystem Services for Environmental MarketsM A Palmer and S Filoso Science 31 July 2009: Vol. 325. no. 5940, pp. 575 - 576

Page 9: Fig 56.21

Fig 1: Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-AnalysisJ M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A Diaz, J M BullockScience 28 August 2009: Vol. 325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 - 1124

What limits the success of restoration?

Page 10: Fig 56.21

What limits the success of restoration?

One problem... Invasive Species

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What limits the success of restoration?

One problem... Invasive Species

...biotic thresholds resulting from species invasions are likely to be difficult to reverse and have long-term consequences for restoration projects.

Species Invasions and the Limits to Restoration: Learning from the New Zealand ExperienceDavid A. Norton Science 31 July 2009: Vol. 325. no. 5940, pp. 569 - 571

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Why are species going extinct?

"Global Biodiversity" Chapman & Hall, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, London, 1992

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CB 55.6

Invasive species can disrupt an ecosystem

Page 14: Fig 56.21

The brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis)

• Its native in Australia and was introduced to Guam accidentally in the 1950’s

• Overall responsible for the extinction of 3 out of 4 seabirds; 9 out of 13 forest birds; 3-5 out 12 reptile species on the Island of Guam.

• This snake caused the extirpation or serious reduction of most of the island's 25 resident bird species on the main island of Guam.

Page 15: Fig 56.21

Nile Perch (Lates niloticus)

• Introduced to Lake Victoria in 1954 to increase fish yield

• Caused extinction of 200+ endemic fish species through predation, and competition

• Fish caused indirect increased erosion on land, causing higher nutrient levels in the lake.

Page 16: Fig 56.21

Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)

• Introduced as ornamental plant around the world• Now in 50 countries on 5 continents including US• In California it replaced the native pennywort

(Hydrocotyle umbellata) which occupies a similar habitat, leading to a marked decrease in invertebrate communities

• Limits water transport, reduces oxygen and light levels in the water

Page 17: Fig 56.21

Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)

• Spread from its native range in the Baltic Sea via ballast water

• Spreads in Europe and North America

• Kills native molluscs, changes ecosystems, and damages infrastructure

• Estimated annual damage in US $3 billionNapela T.F., Schloesser, D.W., 1992

Page 18: Fig 56.21
Page 19: Fig 56.21

How Many Invasive Species Are There in Texas?

67 terrestrial plants 12 aquatic/wetland plants 10 mammals 4 birds 7 fishes 11 insects 11 mollusks and crustaceans

Page 20: Fig 56.21

Hydrilla verticillata

Aquatic invader covering nearly 100,000 surface acres of water in Texas.

Spreads rapidly, in one Texas lake it covered 23 acres in 1999 but over 200 in 2000.

Depletes water of oxygen and blocks sunlight killing off many native plants and animal species.

Page 21: Fig 56.21

Hydrilla on Longhorn dam over Town Lake

Page 22: Fig 56.21

The level of Lake Austin is lowered in winter to kill the hydrilla and other invasive plants

Page 23: Fig 56.21

Why are species going extinct?

"Global Biodiversity" Chapman & Hall, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, London, 1992

Page 24: Fig 56.21

Ecological Restoration benefits on a large scale

Restoration of the Mississippi Delta: Lessons from Hurricanes Katrina and RitaJ W Day, Jr et al.Science 23 March 2007: Vol. 315. no. 5819, pp. 1679 - 1684

Page 25: Fig 56.21

Storm surge, damage, and deaths were less where coastal wetlands are intact

Restoration of the Mississippi Delta: Lessons from Hurricanes Katrina and RitaJ W Day, Jr et al.Science 23 March 2007: Vol. 315. no. 5819, pp. 1679 - 1684

Page 26: Fig 56.21

Future storm damage could be reduced by reestablishing coastal wetlands.

Restoration of the Mississippi Delta: Lessons from Hurricanes Katrina and RitaJ W Day, Jr et al.Science 23 March 2007: Vol. 315. no. 5819, pp. 1679 - 1684

Page 27: Fig 56.21

Future storm damage could be reduced by reestablishing coastal wetlands,cost $5-$17 billion

Restoration of the Mississippi Delta: Lessons from Hurricanes Katrina and RitaJ W Day, Jr et al.Science 23 March 2007: Vol. 315. no. 5819, pp. 1679 - 1684

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