MyCurrent

Author: Pim SmitYear: Bachelor 3.2, 2018Coach: C. J. P. G. MegensProject Coach: P. D. Levy

Final Bachelor Project

Personal Energy Awareness

Executive Summary

Key Words

MyCurrent is a personal energy awareness system that triggers the users to think about their daily energy distribution. While using the product, it shows a visual representation of one’s energy perception. After a workday, the user can revise the visualizations of these perceptive energy levels. This creates a daily reflection moment that stimulates the user to think about their energy distribution.

During this project I have observed how people act in their workplace. Oftentimes I saw young professionals struggling with completing their planned daily tasks. Mostly this resulted in more sedentary behavior, staying at the desk for lunch is one example. After a qualitative survey was analyzed, it seemed that the origins of the struggles were immediate gratification. This could be found in the use of a mobile device, web surfing, playing video games and distractions from people’s surroundings. At the end of the day, my fellow students felt fatigued and were left with little energy to spend in the evening.

A first step in being able to renew one’s personal energy is to become aware of where it is distributed to throughout the day. With my design I want to provide a tool for creating this awareness by means of visualizations through water movement.

During this project, the tool for personal energy awareness was created named MyCurrent. This on-desk product helps office employees of the future, with reflecting on personal energy distribution.

Personal - Energy - Awareness - Management - Office

Table of contents1 Introduction 1.1 Prologue 1.2 Project Goal

2 Context 2.1 Theoretical Background 2.2 Related Work

3 Design 3.1 Approach 3.2 Design Process 3.3 Design Choices 3.4 Final Design

4 Realization 4.1 Production

5 User Study 5.1 User Study Setup 5.2 Findings

6 Conclusion 6.1 Discussion 6.2 Project Conclusion

05 06

07 08

09 10 11 13

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17 19 21 21

7 Acknowledgements

8 References

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Demo Day Presentation

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INTRODUCTION

1.1 PrologueIt is time for the next generation to invade the office workspace. Just as this generation of people have primitive needs in life such as food, water and safety, these people have various needs at work too. In the office environment, organizations have to provide employees with technology, workplaces that suit the work, connections and vitality. And if employers expect their future employees to thrive, they got to provide stimulating products and services for productivity and vitality. In my opinion and based on my working experience, the sum of personal management and discipline will result in individual and collaborate performance and vitality.

During this Final Bachelor Project (FBP), I want to explore future office life and the factors that influence the individual employee. I aim to translate these factors into useful knowledge for product development. I am interested in the user as it is a fundamental being, being pleased, stimulated or motivated in minimal ways.

Designing a valuable office tool that evaluates the user needs in the office environment is what this final bachelor project is about.

Personally, I am motivated to further expand and apply the knowledge gained during my internship, within this project. Being able to professionally fabricate the design is one of the goals during this project.

When I was younger, one of my hobbies was painting. After I achieved a certain level of perfection, I was asked multiple times to create decorative paintings in exchange for some money. In this way, my hobby became my job.

As a designer I believe that the reverse has its positive effects on the individual too. Products and services that are designed to augment the human skillset transform the job into a professional hobby.

I believe that design can influence job satisfaction and that this creates lots of design opportunities within the office environment.

Designing a tool that enables reflection on personal energy awareness in order to improve the individual vitality in an open-workspace environment.

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1.2 Project Goal

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2.1 Theoretical background CONTEXT

Self-evaluation and health promotion have emerged in the past decades to become vital element of everyday and office life. Workplace Health Promotion Programs (WHPPs) have been set up with the aim to improve lifestyle and consequently improve health and work-related outcomes (Rongen A, et al., 2013).

Several reviews have demonstrated that WHPPs have a positive effect on overall health and wellbeing, mental health and nutrition and physical activity (Hendriksen I. J. et al., 2016). Besides the health perspective, the organizational perspective is also taken into account. Work-related aspects such as sickness absence, work productivity and presenteeism can be positively influenced by these programs. In combination with cost-effectiveness, WHPPs become increasingly attractive programs to companies (Chapman, 2012).

A new WHPP was developed focusing on two relevant company aspects, the first one being: "Energy" - an important measure of individual vitality (Strijk, 2013), and "Performance" - an important element of employability (Fugate, 2004). A key element of this WHPP intervention was improving self-management with regard to individual vitality (Hendriksen et al., 2016).Self-management is described extensively

in literature, two definitions are: Self-management relates to the active participation of an individual in a treatment or in ensuring health maintenance (Lorig, et al, 2003); Self-management means being able to set work and personal objectives and develop individual skillsand strengths (Mládková, 2015).

Additionally, self-management is part of the "3’s principle" used by knowledge workers. Where 3S means self-management, self-organization and self-control. Self-organization means being able to organize the work and personal tasks to achieve objectives and tasks and self-control means being able to control results of individual’s activities and adjust behavior to changes and opportunities. There is no autonomy if the knowledge worker cannot work by the 3S principle (Mládková, 2015).

With regard to the earlier stated new WHPP, It was hypothesized that by increasing self-awareness and knowledge of health practices, and stimulating ownership and responsibility, the employee is willing and able to improve its health behavior, resulting in improved health and vitality, which in turn should improve work performance and decrease presenteeism and sickness absence (Rongen, et al., 2013).

When it comes to personal perceived energy levels, the term ‘aliveness’ can be used to describe a feeling of high energy. However, This positive sense of aliveness and energy refers to more than merely being active, aroused, or even having stored caloric reserves. Rather, we believe it concerns a specific psychological experience of possessing enthusiasm and spirit that we refer to as vitality (Ryan, et al., 1997).

In the final design, the phenomenon of subjective vitality is used, this is defined by (Ryan, et al., 1997) as"one’s conscious experience of possessing energy and aliveness", later referred to as ‘energy perception’. Subjective vitalitydoes not, therefore, refer to just any energy, but rather to energyfelt to be one’s own (Ryan, et al., 1997).

2.2 Related WorkThe Office Jungle project, a radical new office environment made for the modern ape, is created by I. Nieuweboer and O. Overdijk. The Office Jungle is inviting more physical activity in the office environment. The Office Jungle provides modern day offices with suspended, dynamic geodesic structures that are physically and sensuously engaging, affording people to climb and manoeuvre their body in a playful fashion. When interviewing one the makers, He told me to step away from the efficiency-based perspective because this barricades creative thinking and exploration.

The Virtual Energy Frame project by X. Meijering is designed for increased engagement to household energy usage. This Final Master’s project is focused at enabling (or at least increase) households their ability to (ethically) assess their energy usage. Stimulating households to reflect-inactionabout their energy consuming behaviour (Meijering, 2017). During an interview with the maker I was told to search for rich interactions; "Interactions that use the capabilities of the human body and cognition in a balanced combination.". This insight was implemented in the final design.

Ahrend Loungescape Powernap by Basten Leijh is a half-open office bed that facilitates powernapping in office spaces. The Ahrend Loungescape Powernap is a source of energy renewal that uses a Whole-Body-Vibration mattress that vibrates to relax your muscles. When interviewing P. Thomassen, economic psychologist and the product manager of this product, she informed me about the implementation of this product. One of the biggest obstacles when introducing Ahrend Loungescape Powernap was the social acceptance of the user concerning sleeping during work. When it comes to energy renewal, the social acceptance element can be noticed in privacy.

Figure 1: Office Jungle project, Ingmar Nieuweboer & Otis Overdijk, https://www.tuecontest.nl/candidate/details/111

Figure 2: The Virtual Energy Frame, Xander Meijering, (Mei-jering, 2017).

Figure 3: Ahrend Loungescape Powernap, Basten Leijh, https://www.ahrend.com/

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DESIGN

3.1 ApproachFor the design project to start, literary research was executed in the context of an open-space office environment. Topics that emerged from this research were evaluated on importance and relevance. When a topic was considered relevant for the research, more literature was revised on this topic. This set foot to the project and brought a design direction: Focusing on the essence of the next generation office worker’s stimulation and motivation within the open workspace in order to increase productivity and vitality.

While initiating the design process, a vision-centered design process was used called "Vision in Design" (Hekkert & Van Dijk, 2011). The reason for this choice was found in one of the steps in the process. The Vision in Design process explains a deconstruction and design phase from different levels; context level, interaction level and product level (Figure 4). In this way, an existing product van be redesigned, or a new product can be designed in an existing or future context.

However, as this design guideline was very theoretical, which helped me with the initiation of the project, it was not very practical. Therefore, it barricaded my creativity and I chose to continue with another process, namely; the user-centered

design process used during my internship (Figure 5).

This process was implemented when landed in the concept-phase. This created an open space for ideas to flow and concepts to be generated concerning the topic at hand.

The focus of the FBP shifted several times during the project process. This shift of focus was evoked by both literature and expert interviews who provided valuable insights.

When the project reached a concrete concept, the design was approached in a very pure way. Searching for a way to visualize the intended output is a good example.

In order to achieve the project goal, a project value proposition was established. In this proposition, links were created between the design concept and the user value with the use of questions. [APPENDIX]

Figure 4: Vision in Design Process (Hekkert, & Van Dijk, 2011)

Figure 5: User Centered Design Process Pim Smit

Using water to make personal perceived

energy visual withan on-desk product

Coupling energy levels/intensities

with activities

Creating structurein a work day using

Energy management

Creating structure in a work day usingtime management

Working with daily energy levels and looking at the effect of visualizing those levels

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3.2 Design Process

3.3 Design ChoicesFor the concept to develop, an empirical and literary foundation was made for the design choices to be grounded to.

Stimulating themes of self-managementAn empirical and literary study on self-management in office life showed four themes pairing with seemingly increased productivity: Flex working, Periodization, Multidimensionality and Energy Renewal.

Flex working is proven to increase employability factors. These include increased productivity, above average financial performance and improvements in quality, the ability to attract and retain valued employees, reduced absenteeism and greater employee loyalty and commitment (Kelliher & Anderson, 2010).

Periodization is found in professional sports. Periodization is defined by (Groppel & Wiegand, 2013) as "the long-term and short-term work/rest ratio". Periodization allows an athlete to endure training and competitive schedules. Seasonal sports such as track and field have utilized periodization of training for years. By altering the activity as well as the volume, intensity, and frequency of training according to the sport’s season, athletes can peak physiologically and psychologically for their respective sport (Gamble, 2006), (Bompa & Buzzichelli, 2018)

Multidimensionality, in addition to periodization, is linked to professional sports. Sport science takes a multidimensional approach to performance and self-management. This includes, when improving performance, humans have to make improvements in four dimensions. These four dimensions are: Physical, Emotional, Mental and Spiritual. By increasing their awareness and capacity in al four dimensions, professional athletes have learned how to train, prepare and perform more effectively. (Groppel & Wiegand, 2013).

This links to the multidimensionality found in personal energy, which is described by (Loehr & Schwartz, 2005) in the connection with the concept of ‘full engagement’. "Full engagement requires drawing on four separate but related sources of energy: physical, emotional, mental and spiritual." (Loehr & Schwartz, 2005).

Energy recovery, also known as personal energy renewal, has also been proven to increase performance (Groppel & Wiegand, 2013). During empirical research, forms of personal energy renewal such as lunch breaks or physical activity were found to increase performance on the short term.

Design decisionsStarting the project, a design was made to link periodization with self-management. With this, to bring periodization into another context, being the office environment. This resulted in the creation of a "learning timer", a device that is used to input the user’s concentration periods in (Figure 6). The device would save these periods and remind the user every time the average of the inputted periods was reached. ln this way, by adding period and period, and taking the average, the device (and the user) learns about the users perfect concentration momentum.

However, two reasons encouraged a different design decision. One of which is the fact that the design was based on time management. Creating the perfect concentration period depends on tasks and activities, which vary in length. This made it nearly impossible to find an exact perfect concentration time per user. The second reason was based on the assumption that people are always concentrated or focused while working.

At last, this time management tool was purely focused on the individual user, which was a design aspect that was brought along in continuation of concept development.

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Impairing themes of self-managementAnother empirical and literary study on self-management in daily work life showed two themes impairing with increasing productivity: Instant Gratification and Short-term Task Switching.

In order to design for instant gratification inspiration was found in Matthias Laschke, a Post-Doc Industrial Designer and expert in designing persuasive technologies. Persuasive technologies are convincing because these technologies or designs create a clear suggestion of action, but leave the eventual choice up to the user. This is another design aspect that was brought along in the continuation of concept development.

A concepts was designed based on the observation of excessive mobile device use during work, as a form of instant gratification (Figure 7). The concept consisted of a sleeve on a base, where users could put their phone in. In order to slide the phone out, the user had to use both hands in order to do so. This interaction was based on the observation of people working with a laptop, regularly grabbing their phone with one hand. This concept was meant to create a higher threshold for the user to switch tasks.

During the empirical research, one noticed the benefit of occasional energy renewal and expenditure in multiple dimensions. However, in order to know when to expend and renew personal energy, one has to create knowledge and awareness about their personal energy levels. In addition, difficulty was found in linking one’s personal energy levels with the activity at hand. Furthermore, this aspect of self-management showed high personal value as it focuses on the individual, which was one of the design aspects mentioned earlier.

This set foot to the concept development of the final design. Being able to manage one’s personal energy in an office environment starts with becoming aware of oneself, which in turn is an emerging trend in modern society. Becoming self-aware takes discipline, and is stimulated with the use of routines and rituals in using a tangible object. Routines differ from rituals as described by (Lévy & Hengeveld, 2016): "However, they differ as routines value the quality of the result (...) and rituals the quality in the doing (...).". The product aims to create a ritual for knowledge workers during a workday. To create this ritual, a visual representation of personal energy levels was created.

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Figure 6: "Learning Timer" Prototype by Pim Smit

Figure 7: Instant Gratification reducing concept by Pim Smit

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3.4 Final DesignFollowing the concept approval, the final design was developed. Bringing along al the suitable insights from empirical, qualitative and literary research, to be formed into a final design. With this design, focusing on the individual knowledge worker, users are helped to improve their self-management by creating self-awareness through personal energy visualization.

Starting with prototyping, the focus was to be efficient and create minimal viable prototypes. An energy visualization device was created using laser cut wood and electronics consisting of a programmed arduino(CODE APPENDIX >>), a potentiometer, a pushbutton and a LED (Figure 8). In this way, personal energy could be visualized by rotation of a potentiometer, which in turn created light output.

The prototype was evaluated, resulting in two revisable factors. The first one being the output provided to the user. The second one being the iteraction with the product in collaboration with the output generated. The output was considered to be uncharacteristic and bold. Additionally, the output did not create an aesthetically pleasing visualization of personal energy. Furthermore, after a test group was asked to visualize their personal energy levels throughout the day, these visualizations did

not match the visualization the LED provided. The interaction with the product did not create a satisfactory output. This lowered the motivation of short- and long-term use.Therefore, a second prototype was created. Iterating on the output of the product, brainstorming was started in collaboration with Marieke Jansen, interior and spatial designer. During this brainstorm, primitive elements of life were emphasized such as fire, water and wind, all linking to energy. In conclusion of this brainstorm, water was considered as output for the interaction. Water is a valued source of life in every culture on the planet, for most it creates a source of energy too. The waves created by energy distribution through water resemble the rhythms of personal energy distribution present in our everyday life.

The result of the brainstorm led to iterations in the design of the final concept. The concept was redesigned containing a water tank and electronics able to move the water. The code used to control the product can be found in (APPENDIX >>). Using a combination of artificial and natural materials, an aesthetically pleasant desk product was created.

MyCurrent is a personal energy awareness system, creating reflection moments throughout daily office life.

While using the product, it shows a visual representation of one’s energy perception. After a workday, the user can revise the visualizations of these perceptive energy levels. This creates a daily reflection moment that stimulates the user to think about their energy distribution. In this way, the subject can improve his or her self-knowledge on where and when personal energy is expended and renewed, both equally important for improved personal well-being (Loehr & Schwartz, 2005). The interaction with the product is done using the rotary knop, which influences the water movement. Turbulent water is linked to high energy levels, calm water is linked to low energy levels. Figure 8: Personal Energy Indication concept by Pim Smit

With a push of the button, the input energy level can be saved. The user can provide input on his or her energy input throughout the workday which is visualized in water movement for a short time. At the end of the workday, the subject can push the rotary knob again which triggers the visualization of the sequential input throughout the day. Showing a pleasing personal energy visualization through vivid water movement.

The product has a rounded-rectangular form and is shaped to have a low center of gravity. This makes it very difficult to knock over the product containing water. in order to increase the visibility of the water, a slope was included in the water container. this slope merges with the top of the product and creates a black glass impression. The slope increases the surface area of the displayed water in movement. Additionally, it creates a privacy element, as users indicated to find it uncomfortable if the product visibly showed their low energy levels: "I would turn it off if it showed me low energy levels, this is something I don’t like to be seen with.". The slope makes it difficult to see the water movement from the other side of the desk as it is in parallel with the line of sight. The combination of wood and Perspex was used to create a natural but modern contrast aesthetic, visible in modern offices.

Final Design

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4.1 Production REALIZATION

The first and foremost personal development goal in this semester was directed towards realization and product development, which in turn applies my knowledge gained during my internship. Being able to realize a product creates a higher product feasibility.

As a designer, I value realization because it has the power complete the design circle after concept development.

During my internship in a production facility I learned a lot about efficient production of designs. In production, less is more really holds when it comes to complexity. I learned that this made communication and production itself a lot easier.

The intention of the realization of MyCurrent was focused on easy and efficient production. For the main body of the design I chose for CNC milled wood. CNC milling is used for two reasons. First, because it is fast and clean, which excludes additional production steps such as chipping or sawing. Second, because it is easy to change elements of the design during production in comparison to other production techniques. In the future, the body could be produced from different materials, recycled plastics e.g., to make the process more sustainable.

In order to create the desired effect of a glass

plate that forms the top and slope of the product, injection molded plastic is used. In this way, the top fluently merges with the slope in the water container. The water container is also produced using the same method. The reasons why I use injection molding is because it saves manufacturing costs, it is fast, and it hardly requires any after-production work. Additionally, the process is environmentally friendly because the waste van be reground and reused.

Proceeding, the electronics need to be waterproof. For this, a waterproof housing has to be developed in order to protect the electronics.

To assemble the product, a few steps are present. First of all, the waterproof housing, as well as the water container, fit into the body of the product. To continue, the top and slope are lowered into the water container from the top. The slope is secured with the extruded circle on the body part, that creates a tight fit with the circle in the top and slope part. At last, the rotary knob is assembled and the cable is plugged into the designated hole in the front of the product.

To turn on the product, the user can press and hold the rotary knob.

Injection molded top and slope

Hardwood rotary knob

CNC milled wooden body

Injection molded water container

Waterproof housing for electronics

REALIZATION

Exploded View Render

5.1 User Study SetupWhile evaluating the design, a user study was executed. The main goal of this study was to find out what elements of the design affected the motivation of the user. Additionally, the user study clarifies the motivation of the user’s participation in the ritual that MyCurrent intends to create, which contributes During the study, questions referring to the subject’s motivation were asked. To conclude, the user was asked to provide an opinion on the final design based on a test and explanation.

Studying these principles in relation to the design helped me to further evaluate the design. In finding a way to interpret the study of human motivation, the following definition was found.

"We may define the study of motivation broadly as a search for determinants of human and animal activity." (Young, 1961, p.24)

"Questions about motivation, then, are questions about the causes of specific actions. Why does this organism, this person or rat or chimpanzee, do this particular thing we see it do? The study of motivation is the search for principles that will help us

understand why people and animals initiate, choose, or persist in, specific actions in specific circumstances. (Mook, 1987, p.4)"

To be able to research the motivation of the user before, during and after using MyCurrent, a measure was used.

"How to measure the motivational behavior: - What the individual is doing; choice of behavior- How long it takes before the individual initiates the behavior; latency of behavior- How hard the individual is working at the activity; intensity of the behavior- What length of time the individual will undergo this behavior; persistence of behavior- What the individual is feeling before during and after; emotional reactions", (Weiner, B., 1996).

Concluding, the user study consisted of several questions surrounding the use of MyCurrent. [Appendix A] Afterwards, the questions and use of the product were evaluated and analyzed using the measure named above. This resulted in determinants of user activity.

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USERSTUDY

Final Design Use

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5.2 FindingsDuring the User Study I was mainly focused on finding determinants for motivation in the use of MyCurrent. These determinants were concluded using the qualitative thematic analysis method (Braun, V., Clarke, V., 2006). Quotes from the test participants were evaluated and clustered in order to find similarities or contrasts. In order to validate the results, these quotes were agian clustered by an independent party. [APPENDIX ?]

When looking for motivational behavior of the user, the choice of behavior was considered. In using the MyCurrent, people immediately chose to go for the rotary knob. This element of the design creates most affordance for interaction (Shaer, O., Hornecker, E., 2010). The reason for this is that its circular aesthetic triggers the primitive movement of rotation. Additionally, in all cases, the product remained in the same place. Test participants did not move or lift the product, neither did the participants intend to do so.

Moreover, test participants referred to their use of flexible working environments. This created a pattern among participants stating for example: "A mobile version would motivate me to use it more often because of my type of work." and " I work at a lot of different places, this means it is useful for

me if I would be able to take it with me. It would also be beneficial if the product would be placed in central places, where I can check in with NFC or my phone.".

Furthermore, when test participants were asked when (time of day) the product would be used, one answered with coming back to the personal desk. This refers to a classical working environment, where one has a personal working space. This is in line with the intention of the situatedness of the design (Shaer, O., Hornecker, E., 2010).

In order to create a more precise insight in one’s behavior, the latency and persistence of the behavior was noted. The average time of the first interaction with the product was 16 seconds. The average persistence time of the participants was 20 seconds. This implies that shortly after the first interaction, the interaction was stopped. One of the participants thought MyCurrent would display personal energy constantly throughout the day; "It is calm water, that is not disturbing". However, the persistence of this participant’s behavior was influenced by a certain personal energy level. When the energy level was low, the participant did not like to be reminded of this too much.

Some participants noted that the design’s subtleness was beneficial for their way of

working: "However, when I am not on the move, the design is very calming and not in your face. That encourages me to place it on my desk, because it is not disturbing me from my work.". The design creates an calm intervention that is both calming and informing. Two elements that describe a ‘Calm Technology’ (Weiser, M., Brown, J. S. 1996).

"A calm technology will move easily from the periphery of our attention, to the center, and back."(Weiser, M., Brown, J. S. 1996).

Concluding, the following determinants for (lack of) motivation were established:

interaction affordance, mobility, situatedness, calmness.

The interaction affordance that is created by the rotary knob creates a positive determinant for user motivation. Subsequently, the determinants ‘situatedness’ and ‘calmness’ create positive user motivation. From this test, mobility of the product was considered a determinant for lack of motivation.

Final Design User Test

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6.1 Discussion 6.2 Project Conclusion CONCLUSION

The following points are proposed main aspects to be taken into consideration for improvement of MyCurrent: Output data use, collaborate use, quantitative personal energy distribution research.

The data output created by MyCurrent can be used in multiple ways. One of which is the use of output to create suggestions for action. In this way, users can be provided with more value and awareness can turn into action possibilities.

Adding, the data input can be uses for quantitative personal energy distribution research which might provide valuable insights in personal energy awareness and collaborate energy management.

Furthermore, MyCurrent focuses on individual energy awareness. When looking at the proposed context, collaboration is found to me prominently present. This creates the reason for proposing this aspect of improvement.

These are the three aspects to be assessed in a follow-up research or design project.

This project focused on increasing personal energy awareness among knowledge workers in an open-workspace environment. Due to the intangible character of personal energy, a calm technology was created to visualize personal energy in one’s periphery. Because of the increasing autonomy of knowledge workers in open-workspace environments, knowledge workers are getting higher and higher demands when it comes to self-management. This increases the need for tools that encourage self-reflection and control.

DesignThe final design of MyCurrent is build up out of multiple iterations that all brought along insights. These insights were aspects such as individuality, privacy, user persuasion, output information and material use. Realization of the product was taken into serious account using 3D production methods.

InteractionThe interaction with MyCurrent was shortly evaluated with test participants. The motivation of use was researched and provided four determinants for (lack of) motivation, namely: interaction affordance, mobility, situatedness, calmness.

MyCurrent provides opportunities for future research in the personal and collaborate energy management context

For the coaching during my project I would like to thank Carl Megens, Teacher Coach throughout a big part of my bachelor. Additionally, I would like to thank Ida Damen, for being a valuable project coach throughout my Final Bachelor Project. Following, I am thanking Pierre Levy for his worthy input during the project.

Furthermore, I would like to thank my colleague and friend, Timo Smeding, for helping me in the process of my design. I am grateful for Chet Bangaru, for helping me in the realization phase of the project. Also, I want to thank Marieke Jansen for her support in abstraction.

At last, I would like to thank the faculty of Industrial Design and the Eindhoven University of Technology in facilitating the tools and knowledge during the project.

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7 Acknowledgements

Bompa, T. O., & Buzzichelli, C. (2018). Periodization-: theory and methodology of training. Human kinetics.

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101.

Chapman, L. S. (2012). Meta-evaluation of worksite health promotion economic return studies: 2012 update. American Journal of Health Promotion, 26(4), 1-12.

Fugate, M., Kinicki, A. J., & Ashforth, B. E. (2004). Employability: A psycho-social construct, its dimensions, and applications. Journal of Vocational behavior, 65(1), 14-38.

Gamble, P. (2006). Periodization of Training for Team Sports Athletes. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 28(5).De Bruin, J., Hertz, B., Project Management for PhDs.

Groppel, J. L., & Wiegand (2013), Biology Of Business Performance.

Hekkert, P., & Van Dijk, M. (2011). ViP-Vision in Design: A Guidebook for Innovators. BIS Publishers.

Hendriksen, I. J., Snoijer, M., de Kok, B. P., van Vilsteren, J., & Hofstetter, H. (2016). Effectiveness of a multilevel workplace health promotion program on vitality, health, and work-related outcomes. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 58(6), 575.

Kelliher, C., & Anderson, D. (2010). Doing more with less? Flexible working practices and the intensification of work. Human relations, 63(1), 83-106.

Lévy, P. D., & Hengeveld, B. J. (2016). What matters for ritual visualization.

Loehr, J., & Schwartz, T. (2005). The power of full engagement: Managing energy, not time, is the key to high performance and personal renewal. Simon and Schuster.

Lorig, K. R., & Holman, H. R. (2003). Self-management education: history, definition, outcomes, and mechanisms. Annals of behavioral medicine, 26(1), 1-7.

Meijering, X. (2017). Design for increased enegagement to household energy usageThe Virtual Energy Frame.

Mládková, L. (2015). Knowledge Workers and the Principle of 3S (Self-management, Self-organization, Self-control). Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 181, 178-184.

Mook, D. G. (1987). Motivation: The organization of action. WW Norton.

Rongen, A., Robroek, S. J., van Lenthe, F. J., & Burdorf, A. (2013). Workplace health promotion: a meta-analysis of effectiveness. American journal of preventive medicine, 44(4), 406-415.

Ryan, R. M., & Frederick, C. (1997). On energy, personality, and health: Subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well-being. Journal of personality, 65(3), 529-565.

Shaer, O., & Hornecker, E. (2010). Tangible user interfaces: past, present, and future directions. Foundations and Trends in Human-Computer Interaction, 3(1–2), 1-137.Weiser, M., & Brown, J. S. (1996). Designing calm technology. PowerGrid Journal, 1(1), 75-85.

Shagvaliyeva, S., & Yazdanifard, R. (2014). Impact of flexible working hours on work-life balance. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 4(1), 20.

Strijk, J. E., Proper, K. I., van Mechelen, W., & van der Beek, A. J. (2013). Effectiveness of a worksite lifestyle intervention on vitality, work engagement, productivity, and sick leave: results of a randomized controlled trial. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health, 66-75.

Weiner, B. (1996). Human motivation: Metaphors, theories, and research. Sage.

Young, P. T. (1961). Motivation and emotion: A survey of the determinants of human and animal activity.

8 References

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